Reference: Chalcedony
American
A precious stone, resembling the agate; of various colors, but often a light brown or blue, Re 21:19. It is found in most parts of the world, though named after Chalcedon in Bithynia opposite Constantinople; and is much used as a material for cups, vases, and other articles of taste. Carnelian is said to be one of its varieties.
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Easton
Mentioned only in Re 21:19, as one of the precious stones in the foundation of the New Jerusalem. The name of this stone is derived from Chalcedon, where it is said to have been first discovered. In modern mineralogy this is the name of an agate-like quartz of a bluish colour. Pliny so names the Indian ruby. The mineral intended in Revelation is probably the Hebrew nophekh, translated "emerald" (Ex 28:18; 39:11; Eze 27:16; 28:13). It is rendered "anthrax" in the LXX., and "carbunculus" in the Vulgate. (See Carbuncle.)
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Fausets
Re 21:19. With it the third foundation of the wall of New Jerusalem is adorned. An agate-like quartz in modern mineralogy, of pearly luster and transparent, found in the Travascus mine in Cornwall. Cups, plates, knife handles, etc. are formed of it in India. Pliny makes it resemble turquoise; others make it of a light brown. The chalcedony of Theophrastus is called from Chalcedon in ancient Thrace, and was the copper emerald obtained from the mines there.
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Morish
A precious stone, mentioned but once: it forms one of the foundations of the wall of the heavenly Jerusalem: it cannot be identified with any certainty. Re 21:19.
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Smith
Chalcedony,
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The name is applied in modern mineralogy to one of the varieties of agate. It is generally translucent and exhibits a great variety of colors. So named because it was found near the ancient Chalcedon, near Constantinople.
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Watsons
CHALCEDONY, ????????, Re 21:19; a precious stone. Arethas, who has written an account of Bithynia, says that it was so called from Chalcedon, a city of that country, opposite to Byzantium; and it was in colour like a carbuncle. Some have supposed this also to be the stone called ????, translated "emerald," Ex 28:18.