Reference: Church Government
Hastings
1. The general development seems fairly clear, though its later stages fall beyond NT times. The Apostles were founders of churches, and therefore regulated and supervised the first arrangements; then were added sundry local and unlocal rulers; then the unlocal died out, and the local settled down into the three permanent classes of bishops, elders, and deacons. The chief disputed questions concern the origin of the local ministry, its relation to the other, and the time and manner in which it settled down under the government of (monarchical) bishops.
2. Twice over St. Paul gives something like a list of the chief persons of the Church. In 1Co 12:28 he counts up
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beginning from the immersion of John till the day on which he was taken up from us, must one be appointed as a witness with us of his resurrection.
But Peter standing up with the eleven, lifted up his voice and said to them: Men of Judea, and all you that dwell in Jerusalem, be this known to you, and give ear to my words.
And the young men arose and wound him in his mantle, and carried him out, and buried him.
And the twelve called the multitude of the disciples to them, and said: It is not right that we should leave the word of God, and serve tables.
which also they did; and they sent it to the elders by the hands of Barnabas and Saul.
But, having made a sign to them with his hand, that they should keep silence, he made known to them how the Lord had brought him out of the prison, and he said: Tell this to James, and to the brethren. And he went out, and departed to another place.
But the magician Elymas (for this is his name, when translated) withstood them, desiring to turn away the proconsul from the faith.
But when the apostles, Barnabas and Paul, heard of it, they rent their clothes, and ran in among the multitude, crying out,
And when they had appointed elders for them in every church, with prayer and fasting, they commended them to the Lord, on whom they believed.
And God, who knows the heart, became a witness for them, by giving them the Holy Spirit, as he gave it also to us;
Then it pleased the apostles and the elders, with the whole church, to send to Antioch, with Paul and Barnabas, chosen men from among themselves; Judas, who was surnamed Barsabas, and Silas, chief men among the brethren;
From Miletus he sent to Ephesus, and called the elders of the church.
Therefore, take heed to yourselves, and to all the flock over which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers, that you be shepherds to the church of God, which he has purchased with his own blood.
On the following day we departed, and came to Caesarea, and went into the house of Philip the evangelist, who was one of the seven; and we remained with him. This man had four virgin daughters, who had the gift of prophesy.
And, on the following day, Paul went in with us to James, and all the elders were present.
or, if any exhorts, let him attend to exhortation; if any one gives, let him do it with sincerity; he that rules, with diligence: he that shows mercy, with cheerfulness.
I commend to you Phoebe our sister, who is a deaconess of the church that is in Cenchrea,
Salute Andronicus and Junia, my kinsmen, and my fellow-prisoners, who are noted among the apostles, who, also, were in Christ before me.
I speak to your shame. Is it so, that there is not among you a wise man, not even one, who shall be able to arbitrate between his brethren?
Wherefore, my beloved, flee from idolatry.
But every woman that prays or prophesies with her head uncovered, dishonors her head: for it is one and the same as if she was shaved.
Does not nature itself teach you, that, if a man has long hair, it is a dishonor to him?
And God has placed some in the church, first, apostles; secondly, prophets; thirdly, teachers; then mighty deeds; then gifts of healing; helps, governments, kinds of tongues.
And God has placed some in the church, first, apostles; secondly, prophets; thirdly, teachers; then mighty deeds; then gifts of healing; helps, governments, kinds of tongues.
and that he was seen by Cephas, then by the twelve;
PAUL, an apostle, (not from men, nor by man, but by Jesus Christ, and God the Father, who raised him from the dead,)
but of the apostles I saw no other, but James the brother of the Lord.
(for he who gave efficiency to Peter, for the apostleship of the circumcision, gave efficiency to me also, as an apostle for the Gentiles,)
having been builded upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner-stone,
which, in other generations, was not made known to the sons of men, as it is now revealed to his holy apostles and prophets by the Spirit;
And he himself gave some to be apostles, and some, prophets; and some, evangelists; and some, pastors and teachers;
And he himself gave some to be apostles, and some, prophets; and some, evangelists; and some, pastors and teachers;
PAUL and Timothy, servants of Jesus Christ, to all the saints in Christ Jesus that are in Philippi, with the bishops and deacons:
Now we beseech you, brethren, to have regard for those who labor among you, and preside over you in the Lord, and admonish you,
Their wives likewise must be grave, not slanderers, watchful, faithful in all things.
Do not rebuke an elderly man, but entreat him as a father; the younger men, as brothers:
Let the elders who rule well, be counted worthy of double honor, especially those who labor in word and teaching.
Let the elders who rule well, be counted worthy of double honor, especially those who labor in word and teaching.
I left you in Crete for this purpose, that you might set in order the things that are wanting, and ordain elders in every city, as I commanded you:
For the bishop must be blame less, as the steward of God; not self-willed, not passionate, not fond of wine, not quarrelsome, not one who makes money by base means;
Remember those who rule over you, who have spoken to you the word of God: attentively consider the result of their conduct, and imitate their faith.
Obey those who rule over you, and be submissive: for they watch for your souls, as those who must give an account; that they may do this with joy, and not with grief: for that would be fatal to you.
But above all things, my brethren, swear not, either by heaven, or by the earth, or with any other oath: but let your yes, be yes, and your no, be no, lest you fall into condemnation.
Is any one among you sick? let him call for the elders of the church, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil, in the name of the Lord.
The elders that are among you I exhort, who am a fellow-elder, and a witness of the sufferings of the Christ, and a sharer in the glory that is to be revealed.
But I have against you that you suffer that woman Jezebel, who calls her self a prophetess, and teaches and deceives my servants to practice lewdness, and to eat things sacrificed to idols.
And the wall of the city had twelve foundations, and on them were the names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb.