Easton

an Assyrian king (Ho 10:14), identified with Shalmaneser II. (Sayce) or IV. (Lenormant), the successor of Pul on the throne of Assyria (B.C. 728). He made war against Hoshea, the king of Israel, whom he subdued and compelled to pay an annual tribute. Hoshea, however, soon after rebelled against his Assyrian conquerer. Shalmaneser again marched against Samaria, which, after a siege of three years, was taken (2Ki 17:3-5; 18:9) by Sargon (q.v.). A revolution meantime had broken out in Assyria, and Shalmaneser was deposed. Sargon usurped the vacant throne. Schrader thinks that this is probably the name of a king of Moab mentioned on an inscription of Tiglath-pileser as Salamanu.

Illustration: Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser II Illustration: Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser II, Second Row Illustration: Monolith of Shalmaneser II

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Fausets

SHALMANESER. Ho 10:14 the 'eser common to Shalman with three other Assyrian kings is omitted, Tiglath Pil-eser, Esar-haddon, and Sharezer. No monuments of Shalman remain, because Sargon his successor, an usurper, destroyed them. The Assyrian canon agrees with Scripture in making Shalman king directly after Tiglath Pileser. Menander of Ephesus spoke of his warring in southern Syria and besieging Tyre five years (Josephus, Ant. 9:14). (See HOSHEA; SARGON.) Hoshea king of Israel revolted; then, on Shalman coming up against him, became his tributary servant, but conspired in dependence on So of Egypt, and withheld tribute. Shalman a second time invaded the Holy Land (723 B.C.). As Sargon claims the capture of Samaria he must have ended what Shalman began. Scripture (1Ki 17:3-6, the general expression "the king of Assyria," and 1Ki 18:9-10, "they took it,") accords with this: "Shalman spoiled Beth Arbel in the day of battle." G. Smith states that tablets prove the S.E. palace at Nimrud to be that of Shalmaneser, 860 B.C.

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Hastings

This name occurs only in the clause 'as Shalman spoiled Beth-arbel in the day of battle' (Ho 10:14). The person and place referred to are both unknown. Shalman may be a contraction for Shalmaneser, but it is impossible to say which, if any, of the four kings of Assyria bearing that name suits the connexion. It has been suggested that the Moabite king Salmanu (mentioned in Tiglath-pileser's triumphal inscription, ii Rawl. 67, line 60) may be the person referred to by the prophet. The Vulgate version seems to think of the slaughter of Zalmunna by Gideon (Jg 9). See also art. Beth-arbel.

W. F. Boyd.