(3) (1.) The flag or banner of the larger kind, serving for three tribes marching together. These standards, of which there were four, were worked with embroidery and beautifully ornamented (Nu 1:52; 2:2-3,10,18,25; Song 2:4; 6:4,10).

(4) (2.) The flag borne by each separate tribe, of a smaller form. Probably it bore on it the name of the tribe to which it belonged, or some distinguishing device (Nu 2:2,34).

(5) (3.) A lofty signal-flag, not carried about, but stationary. It was usually erected on a mountain or other lofty place. As soon as it was seen the war-trumpets were blown (Ps 60:4; Isa 5:26; 11:12; 13:2; 18:3; 30:17; Jer 4:6; 21; Eze 27:7).

(6) (4.) A "sign of fire" (Jer 6:1) was sometimes used as a signal.

(7) The banners and ensigns of the Roman army had idolatrous images upon them, and hence they are called the "abomination of desolation" (q.v.). The principal Roman standard, however, was an eagle. (See Mt 24:28; Lu 17:37, where the Jewish nation is compared to a dead body, which the eagles gather together to devour.)

(8) God's setting up or giving a banner (Ps 20:5; 60:4; Song 2:4) imports his presence and protection and aid extended to his people.

Hebrew neec, not, in the English sense of the term, an arbitrary token to distinguish one band or regiment of Israel from another, but a common object of regard, a signal of observation, a rallying point to awaken men's hopes and efforts (Ex 17:15). Moses called the altar of thanksgiving, after Amalek's defeat, JEHOVAH NISSI, "Jehovah is my banner." The altar is the pledge that Jehovah, in covenant with Israel, shall enable His people to defeat utterly Amalek and all his foes. (Compare Nu 21:8, "a pole"; Isa 5:26; 11:10, "a root of Jesse shall stand for an ensign of the people," Isa 13:2; 30:17; 49:22; Ps 60:4.)

Messiah set forth manifestly as the crucified Savior (Ga 3:1) is the rallying point for the gathering together in one unto Him of all the redeemed in spirit, in the glorified body also hereafter (Ge 49:10; Mt 24:31; 2Th 2:1). His love displayed is the "banner" under which His people rally for almighty protection and unspeakable comfort (Song 2:4). As neec is a "signal," raised on some special occasion, always on an elevation and conspicuous, so degel is a military standard for a large division of an army; oth, for a small one. (See ENCAMPMENT.)

See STANDARD.

Banner.

[See ENSIGN]

See Ensign

BANNER, an ensign, or standard, used by armies or caravans on their journeys in the eastern countries. The original ???, is rendered by lexicographers and translators under this word, as a noun, in which form it often occurs, a standard, banner; as a verb, once, to set up a banner; Ps 20:5; as a participle pahul, vexillatus, one distinguished by a banner, the chief; as a participle niphal, bannered, or with banners. The meaning of the root is illustrated by the very ingenious and sensible author of "Observations on Divers Passages of Scripture," who shows, from Pitts and Pococke, that, "as in Arabia and the neighbouring countries, on account of the intense heat of the sun by day, people generally choose to travel in the night; so, to prevent confusion in their large caravans, particularly in the annual one to Mecca, each company, of which the caravan consists, has its distinct portable beacon, which is carried on the top of a pole, and consists of several lights, which are somewhat like iron stoves, into which they put short dry wood, with which some of the camels are loaded. Every company has one of these poles belonging to it; some of which have ten, some twelve of these lights on their tops, more or less; and they are likewise of different figures, as well as numbers; one, perhaps, in an oval shape; another, triangular, or in the form of an M, or N, &c, so that by these every one knows his respective company. They are carried in the front, and set up in the place where the caravan is to pitch, before that comes up, at some distance from one another. As travelling then in the night must be, generally speaking, more agreeable to a great multitude in that desert, we may believe a compassionate God, for the most part, directed Israel to move in the night. And in consequence, must we not rather suppose the standards of the tribes were moveable beacons, like those of the Mecca pilgrims, than flags or any thing of that kind?" This ingenious author seems, however, to forget,

1. That the pillar of fire was with the Israelites to direct their marches. 2. That the Israelites were not a mere caravan, but an army; and, as such, for order, required standards as well by day as by night. See ARMIES.