Reference: Propitiation
Easton
that by which God is rendered propitious, i.e., by which it becomes consistent with his character and government to pardon and bless the sinner. The propitiation does not procure his love or make him loving; it only renders it consistent for him to execise his love towards sinners.
In Ro 3:25; Heb 9:5 (A.V., "mercy-seat") the Greek word hilasterion is used. It is the word employed by the LXX. translators in Ex 25:17 and elsewhere as the equivalent for the Hebrew kapporeth, which means "covering," and is used of the lid of the ark of the covenant (Ex 25:21; 30:6). This Greek word (hilasterion) came to denote not only the mercy-seat or lid of the ark, but also propitation or reconciliation by blood. On the great day of atonement the high priest carried the blood of the sacrifice he offered for all the people within the veil and sprinkled with it the "mercy-seat," and so made propitiation.
In 1Jo 2:2; 4:10, Christ is called the "propitiation for our sins." Here a different Greek word is used (hilasmos). Christ is "the propitiation," because by his becoming our substitute and assuming our obligations he expiated our guilt, covered it, by the vicarious punishment which he endured. (Comp. Heb 2:17, where the expression "make reconciliation" of the A.V. is more correctly in the R.V. "make propitiation.")
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And thou shalt make a mercy-seat of pure gold: two cubits and a half the length thereof, and a cubit and a half the breadth thereof.
And thou shalt put the mercy-seat above on the ark, and shalt put in the ark the testimony that I shall give thee.
And thou shalt put it in front of the veil which is before the ark of the testimony in front of the mercy-seat which is over the testimony, where I will meet with thee.
whom God has set forth a mercy-seat, through faith in his blood, for the shewing forth of his righteousness, in respect of the passing by the sins that had taken place before, through the forbearance of God;
Wherefore it behoved him in all things to be made like to his brethren, that he might be a merciful and faithful high priest in things relating to God, to make propitiation for the sins of the people;
and above over it the cherubim of glory shadowing the mercy-seat; concerning which it is not now the time to speak in detail.
and he is the propitiation for our sins; but not for ours alone, but also for the whole world.
Herein is love, not that we loved God, but that he loved us, and sent his Son a propitiation for our sins.
Fausets
Ro 3:25, hilastrion, "the propitiatory" or mercy seat, the bloodsprinkled lid of the ark, the meeting place between God and His people represented by the priest (1Jo 2:2; 4:10).HIlasmos, abstract for concrete noun. He is all that is needed for propitiation in behalf of our sins, the propitiatory sacrifice provided by the Father's love removing the estrangement, appearing God's righteous wrath against the sinner. A father may be offended with a son, yet all the while love him. It answers in Septuagint to Hebrew kaphar, kippurim to effect an atonement or reconciliation with God (Nu 5:8; Heb 2:17), "to make reconciliation for ... sins," literally, to expiate the sins, eeilaskesteeai. Ps 32:1, "blessed is he whose sin is covered." (See ATONEMENT; RECONCILIATION.)
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And if the man have no kinsman to recompense the trespass unto, the trespass which is recompensed to Jehovah shall be the priest's, besides the ram of the atonement, wherewith an atonement is made for him.
{Of David. Instruction.} Blessed is he whose transgression is forgiven, whose sin is covered!
whom God has set forth a mercy-seat, through faith in his blood, for the shewing forth of his righteousness, in respect of the passing by the sins that had taken place before, through the forbearance of God;
Wherefore it behoved him in all things to be made like to his brethren, that he might be a merciful and faithful high priest in things relating to God, to make propitiation for the sins of the people;
and he is the propitiation for our sins; but not for ours alone, but also for the whole world.
Herein is love, not that we loved God, but that he loved us, and sent his Son a propitiation for our sins.
Hastings
The idea of propitiation is borrowed from the sacrificial ritual of the OT, and the term is used in the English Version of the NT in three instances (Ro 3:25; 1Jo 2:2; 4:10) of Christ as offering the sacrifice for sin which renders God propitious, or merciful, to the sinner. In the first of these passages the word is strictly 'propitiatory' (answering to the OT 'mercy-seat'), and Revised Version margin renders 'whom God set forth to be propitiatory,' without, however, essential change of meaning. In the two Johannine passages the noun is directly applied to Christ: 'He is the propitiation for our sins; and not for ours only, but also for the whole world' (1Jo 2:2); 'Herein is love, not that we loved God, but that he loved us, and sent his Son to be the propitiation for our sins' (1Jo 4:10). In one other passage. Heb 2:17, the RV renders 'to make propitiation for the sins of the people,' instead of, as in AV, 'to make reconciliation.'
1. In the OT.
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And, moreover, ye shall say, Behold, thy servant Jacob is behind us. For he said, I will propitiate him with the gift that goes before me, and afterwards I will see his face: perhaps he will accept me.
And it came to pass the next day, that Moses said to the people, Ye have sinned a great sin. And now I will go up to Jehovah: perhaps I shall make atonement for your sin.
And he shall lay his hand on the head of the burnt-offering; and it shall be accepted for him to make atonement for him.
And he shall take away all the fat thereof, as the fat of the lamb is taken away from the sacrifice of peace-offering; and the priest shall burn them on the altar, with Jehovah's offerings by fire; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin which he hath sinned, and it shall be forgiven him.
And the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin which he hath sinned in one of these, and it shall be forgiven him; and it shall be the priest's, as the oblation.
And he shall bring a ram without blemish out of the small cattle, according to thy valuation, as trespass-offering, unto the priest; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his inadvertence wherein he sinned inadvertently, and knew it not, and it shall be forgiven him.
And no sin-offering whereof blood hath been brought to the tent of meeting, to make atonement in the sanctuary, shall be eaten: it shall be burned with fire.
And he shall have it, and his seed after him, the covenant of an everlasting priesthood; because he was jealous for his God, and made atonement for the children of Israel.
And it was told the king of Jericho, saying, Behold, men have come hither to-night from the children of Israel to search out the land.
And the priests who bore the ark stood in the midst of the Jordan, until everything was finished that Jehovah had commanded Joshua to speak unto the people, according to all that Moses had commanded Joshua. And the people hasted and passed over.
He came for witness, that he might witness concerning the light, that all might believe through him.
And Jesus also, and his disciples, were invited to the marriage.
Jesus answered, Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except any one be born of water and of Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God.
Jesus answered and said to her, If thou knewest the gift of God, and who it is that says to thee, Give me to drink, thou wouldest have asked of him, and he would have given thee living water.
whom God has set forth a mercy-seat, through faith in his blood, for the shewing forth of his righteousness, in respect of the passing by the sins that had taken place before, through the forbearance of God;
whom God has set forth a mercy-seat, through faith in his blood, for the shewing forth of his righteousness, in respect of the passing by the sins that had taken place before, through the forbearance of God;
Wherefore it behoved him in all things to be made like to his brethren, that he might be a merciful and faithful high priest in things relating to God, to make propitiation for the sins of the people;
For if the blood of goats and bulls, and a heifer's ashes sprinkling the defiled, sanctifies for the purity of the flesh,
and he is the propitiation for our sins; but not for ours alone, but also for the whole world.
Herein is love, not that we loved God, but that he loved us, and sent his Son a propitiation for our sins.
Morish
The word ??????? is from the verb 'to be propitious.' Propitiation represents in scripture that aspect of the death of Christ in which has been vindicated the holy and righteous character of God, and in virtue of which He is enabled to be propitious, or merciful, to the whole world. 1Jo 2:2; 4:10. A kindred word (the verb) occurs in Heb 2:17, where, instead of 'to make reconciliation,' should be read "to make 'propitiation' for the sins of the people." In '/Romans/3/25/type/darby'>Ro 3:25, 'propitiation' (??????????) should be 'mercy seat,' as the same word is, and must be, translated in Heb 9:5. See ATONEMENT.
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whom God has set forth a mercy-seat, through faith in his blood, for the shewing forth of his righteousness, in respect of the passing by the sins that had taken place before, through the forbearance of God;
Wherefore it behoved him in all things to be made like to his brethren, that he might be a merciful and faithful high priest in things relating to God, to make propitiation for the sins of the people;
and above over it the cherubim of glory shadowing the mercy-seat; concerning which it is not now the time to speak in detail.
and he is the propitiation for our sins; but not for ours alone, but also for the whole world.
Herein is love, not that we loved God, but that he loved us, and sent his Son a propitiation for our sins.
Watsons
PROPITIATION. To propitiate is to appease, to atone, to turn away the wrath of an offended person. In the case before us, the wrath turned away is the wrath of God; the person making the propitiation is Christ; the propitiating offering or sacrifice is his blood. All this is expressed in most explicit terms in the following passages: "And he is the propitiation for our sins," 1Jo 2:2. "Herein is love, not that we loved God, but that he loved us, and sent his Son to be the propitiation for our sins," 1Jo 4:10. "Whom God hath set forth to be a propitiation through faith in his blood," Ro 3:25. The word used in the two former passages is ???????; in the last ??????????. Both are from the verb ??????, so often used by Greek writers to express the action of a person who, in some appointed way, turned away the wrath of a deity; and therefore cannot bear the sense which Socinus would put upon it,
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And if the man have no kinsman to recompense the trespass unto, the trespass which is recompensed to Jehovah shall be the priest's, besides the ram of the atonement, wherewith an atonement is made for him.
And on the day that he goeth into the sanctuary, unto the inner court, to minister in the sanctuary, he shall present his sin-offering, saith the Lord Jehovah.
And the priest shall take of the blood of the sin-offering, and put it upon the posts of the house, and upon the four corners of the settle of the altar, and upon the posts of the gate of the inner court.
whom God has set forth a mercy-seat, through faith in his blood, for the shewing forth of his righteousness, in respect of the passing by the sins that had taken place before, through the forbearance of God;
whom God has set forth a mercy-seat, through faith in his blood, for the shewing forth of his righteousness, in respect of the passing by the sins that had taken place before, through the forbearance of God;
in whom we have redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of offences, according to the riches of his grace;
and he is the propitiation for our sins; but not for ours alone, but also for the whole world.
and he is the propitiation for our sins; but not for ours alone, but also for the whole world.
Herein is love, not that we loved God, but that he loved us, and sent his Son a propitiation for our sins.