Reference: Armies
Watsons
ARMIES. In the reign of David, the Hebrews acquired such skill in the military art, together with such strength, as gave them a decided superiority over their competitors on the field of battle. David increased the standing army, which Saul had introduced. Solomon introduced cavalry into the military force of the nation, also chariots. Both cavalry and chariots were retained in the subsequent age; an age, in which military arms were improved in their construction, the science of fortification made advances, and large armies were mustered. From this period, till the time when the Hebrews became subject to the Assyrians and Chaldeans, but little improvement was made in the arts of war. The Maccabees, after the return of the Hebrews from the captivity, gave a new existence to the military art among them. But their descendants were under the necessity of submitting to the superior power of the Romans.
Whenever there was an immediate prospect of war, a levy was made by the genealogists, De 20:5-9. In the time of the kings, there was a head or ruler of the persons, that made the levy, denominated ?????, who kept an account of the number of the soldiers, but who is, nevertheless, to be distinguished from the generalissimo, ?????, 2Ch 26:11. Compare 2Sa 8:17; 20:25; 2Ch 18:16. After the levy was fully made out, the genealogists gave public notice, that the following persons might be excused, from military service, De 20:5-8:
1. Those who had built a house, and had not yet inhabited it.
2. Those who had planted a ???, that is, an olive or vine garden, and had not as yet tasted the fruit of it; an exemption, consequently, which extended through the first five years after such planting.
3. Those who had bargained for a spouse, but had not celebrated the nuptials; also those who had not as yet lived with their wife, for a year.
4. The faint-hearted, who would be likely to discourage others, and who, if they had gone into battle, where, in those early times, every thing depended on personal prowess, would only have fallen victims.
At the head of each rank or file of fifty, was the captain of fifty. The other divisions consisted of a hundred, a thousand, and ten thousand men, each one of which was headed by its appropriate commander. These divisions ranked in respect to each other according to their families, and were subject to the authority of the heads of those families, 2Ch 25:5; 26:12-13. The centurions, and chiliarchs or captains of thousands, were admitted into the councils of war, 1Ch 13:1-3; 1Sa 18:13. The leader of the whole army was denominated ??????????, the captain of the host. The genealogists, (in the English version, officers,) according to a law in De 20:9, had the right of appointing the persons who were to act as officers in the army; and they, undoubtedly, made it a point, in their selections, to choose those who are called heads of families. The practice of thus selecting military officers ceased under the kings. Some of them were then chosen by the king, and in other instances the office became permanent and hereditary in the heads of families. Both kings and generals had armour bearers, ??? ????. They were chosen from the bravest of the soldiery, and not only bore the arms of their masters, but were employed to give his commands to the subordinate captains, and were present at his side in the hour of peril, 1Sa 14:6; 17:7. The infantry, the cavalry, and the chariots of war were so arranged, as to make separate divisions of an army, Ex 14:6-7. The infantry were divided likewise into light-armed troops, ??????, and into spearmen, Ge 49:19; 1Sa 30:8,15,23; 2Sa 3:22; 4:2; 22:30; Ps 18:30; 2Ki 5:2; Ho 7:1. The light-armed infantry were furnished with a sling and javelin, with a bow, arrows, and quiver, and also, at least in latter times, with a buckler. They fought the enemy at a distance. The spearmen, on the contrary, who were armed with spears, swords, and shields, fought hand to hand, 1
Chronicles 12:24, 34; 2Ch 14:8; 17:17. The light-armed troops were commonly taken from the tribes of Ephraim and Benjamin, 2Ch 14:8; 17:17. Compare Ge 49:27; Ps 78:9.
The art of laying out an encampment appears to have been well understood in Egypt, long before the departure of the Hebrews from that country. It was there that Moses became acquainted with that mode of encamping, which, in the second chapter of Numbers, is prescribed to the Hebrews. In the encampment of the Israelites, it appears that the holy tabernacle occupied the centre. In reference to this circumstance, it may be remarked, that it is the common practice in the east, for the prince or leader of a tribe to have his tent pitched in the centre of the others; and it ought not to be forgotten, that God, whose tent or palace was the holy tabernacle, was the prince, the leader of the Hebrews. The tents nearest to the tabernacle were those of the Levites, whose business it was to watch it, in the manner of a Pretorian guard. The family of Gershom pitched to the west, that of Kehath to the south, that of Merari to the north. The priests occupied a position to the east, opposite to the entrance of the tabernacle, Nu 1:53; 3:21-38. At some distance to the east, were the tribes of Judah, Issachar, and Zebulon; on the south were those of Reuben, Simeon, and Gad; to the west were Ephraim, Manasseh, and Benjamin; to the north, Dan, Asher, and Naphtali. The people were thus divided into four bodies, three tribes to a division; each of which divisions had its separate standard, ???. Each of the large family associations likewise, of which the different tribes were composed, had a separate standard, termed, in contradistinction from the other, ???; and every Hebrew was obliged to number himself with his particular division, and follow his appropriate standard. Of military standards, there were,