Reference: Power of the Keys
Hastings
In ecclesiastical history the phrase is associated primarily with the so-called 'Privilege of Peter,' upon which the dogma of papal supremacy has been built, but also with the delegated authority of an official priesthood to pronounce sentence of the absolution or the retention of sins.
1. The fundamental passage is Mt 16:18. When St. Peter at C
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They say unto him, Yes, Lord. Then said he unto them, Therefore every scribe instructed unto the kingdom of heaven, is like unto a man, the master of a family, who bringeth out of his storehouse things new and old.
And Jesus replying, said to him, Blessed art thou, Simon Barjona; for flesh and blood hath not revealed this to thee, but my Father, who is in heaven. And I tell thee, That thou art Peter, and upon this rock will I build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it.
And I tell thee, That thou art Peter, and upon this rock will I build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it.
Verily I say unto you, Whatsoever things ye shall bind on earth, shall be bound in heaven: and whatsoever things ye shall loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.
Wo unto you, teachers of the law! for ye have taken away the key of knowledge; ye yourselves enter not in, and those who were entering ye have hindered.
And the Lord said, Who indeed is a faithful steward, and prudent, whom the lord will place over his household, to give them their proportion of provision at the proper season?
And indeed, certain women belonging to us exceedingly amazed us who were very early at the sepulchre;
Then these recounted what had passed on the road, and how he was known to them by the breaking of the bread.
whose soever sins ye forgive, they are forgiven them; and whose sins soever ye retain, they are retained.
This very Jesus hath God raised up, of which we all are witnesses. He therefore being exalted at the right hand of God, and having received from the Father the promise of the Holy Spirit, hath poured out this, which ye now see and hear. read more. For David is not ascended into the heavens: for he saith himself, "The Lord said unto my Lord, Sit on my right hand, until I make thine enemies a footstool for thy feet." Let all the house of Israel therefore know assuredly, that God hath made him Lord and Messiah, even that very Jesus whom ye crucified.
They therefore who gladly received his discourse were baptised: and there were added to them that day about three thousand souls.
Those therefore who were dispersed, travelled through the country, preaching the word.
Then Peter opening his mouth, said, In truth I perceive that God is not a respecter of persons: but in every nation he that feareth him, and worketh righteousness, is acceptable to him. read more. The word which he sent to the children of Israel, preaching peace by Jesus Christ, (he is Lord of all,) ye know:
The word which he sent to the children of Israel, preaching peace by Jesus Christ, (he is Lord of all,) ye know: even that which was the common talk through all Judea, beginning from Galilee, after the baptism which John preached;
even that which was the common talk through all Judea, beginning from Galilee, after the baptism which John preached; respecting Jesus, who was of Nazareth, how God had anointed him with the Holy Ghost and with power: who went about doing good, and healing all that were tyrannically oppressed of the devil; for God was with him.
respecting Jesus, who was of Nazareth, how God had anointed him with the Holy Ghost and with power: who went about doing good, and healing all that were tyrannically oppressed of the devil; for God was with him. And we are witnesses of all things which he did both in the region of the Jews, and in Jerusalem; whom they killed suspending him on a tree: read more. him God raised up the third day, and ordained that he should be visibly manifested; not to all the people, but to witnesses chosen before of God, even to us, who did eat and drink with him after he was arisen from the dead. And hath commanded us to proclaim to the people, and to bear our testimony that this is the person who is ordained of God the Judge of the living and the dead. To him bear all the prophets witness, that through his name every one who believeth in him, shall receive remission of sins. While Peter was yet speaking these words, the Holy Ghost fell on all who heard the discourse. And they of the circumcision who were believers, as many as came with Peter, were amazed, because even on the Gentiles the gift of the holy Ghost was poured out. For they heard them speaking in different languages, and magnifying God. Then Peter addressed them, Can any one forbid the water for baptising these persons, who have received the Holy Ghost as well as we? So he commanded them to be baptised in the name of the Lord. Then they entreated him to tarry there some days.
Now those also who were dispersed by the persecution which arose on account of Stephen passed on as far as Phenice, and Cyprus, and Antioch, speaking the word to no man except the Jews only.
And as they were employed in the ministry, and kept a fast, the Holy Ghost said, Set apart for me now both Barnabas and Saul for the work whereunto I have called them.
So when they arrived they called the church together, and related what great things God had done by them, and that he had opened to the heathen the door of faith.
Then the apostles and presbyters were assembled to consider of this matter. When after much dispute, Peter arose, and said unto them, Men and brethren, ye know that a considerable time ago God chose among us, by my mouth, that the Gentiles should hear the gospel-word, and believe.
When after much dispute, Peter arose, and said unto them, Men and brethren, ye know that a considerable time ago God chose among us, by my mouth, that the Gentiles should hear the gospel-word, and believe. And God, who is the discerner of the heart, bore them witness, giving them the Holy Ghost, even as to us; read more. and made no difference betwixt either us or them, purifying their hearts by faith. Why then now tempt ye God, by imposing a yoke on the neck of the disciples, which neither our fathers nor we were able to bear? But we believe that we shall be saved by the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, in the same way as they.
Now when they ceased speaking, James replied, saying, Men and brethren, hear me:
Therefore I am decided, that we give no unnecessary disquietude to those who from the heathen have turned to God:
Then it was determined by the apostles and presbyters with the whole church, to send select men from themselves unto Antioch with Paul and Barnabas; Judas surnamed Barsabas, and Silas, leading men among the brethren; writing a letter by their hand, in these words: The apostles and presbyters and the brethren, to the brethren from among the Gentiles which are at Antioch, and in Syria, and Cilicia, greeting: read more. Forasmuch as we have heard, that certain persons who went out from us have disturbed you with discourses, unsettling your minds, insisting, that you should be circumcised, and observe the law: to whom we gave no such charge: it hath seemed fit to us, assembled unanimously, to send unto you select men with our beloved Barnabas and Paul, men who have hazarded their lives for the name of our Lord Jesus Christ. We have sent therefore Judas and Silas, and they by word of mouth will tell you the same things. For it hath seemed good to the Holy Ghost and to us, to lay upon you no other burden except these things which are of absolute necessity;
AND after these transactions, Paul departing from Athens, came to Corinth;
Then Paul abode there yet many days, and taking leave of the disciples, he set sail for Syria, and with him Priscilla and Aquila; having cut off his hair at Cenchrea: for he had a vow. And he came to Ephesus, and left them there: but he himself went into the synagogue, and discoursed with the Jews. read more. But when they were importunate with him to prolong his stay among them, he consented not;
But when Peter came to Antioch I withstood him to his face, because he was blameable.
BRETHREN, if a man also be surprised into any act of offence, ye that are spiritual, replace such a one in the spirit of meekness; keeping an attentive eye on thyself, lest thou also be tempted.
though ye have an unction from the Holy One, and know all things.
And to the angel of the church in Philadelphia write, These things saith the Holy One, he that is true, who hath the key of David, who openeth, and none shutteth, and shutteth, and no man openeth.