Reference: Church Government
Hastings
1. The general development seems fairly clear, though its later stages fall beyond NT times. The Apostles were founders of churches, and therefore regulated and supervised the first arrangements; then were added sundry local and unlocal rulers; then the unlocal died out, and the local settled down into the three permanent classes of bishops, elders, and deacons. The chief disputed questions concern the origin of the local ministry, its relation to the other, and the time and manner in which it settled down under the government of (monarchical) bishops.
2. Twice over St. Paul gives something like a list of the chief persons of the Church. In 1Co 12:28 he counts up
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beginning from the baptism of John until the day in which he was taken up from us, one of these should be a witness with us of his resurrection.
But Peter, standing up with the eleven, lifted up his voice and spoke forth to them, Men of Judaea, and all ye inhabitants of Jerusalem, let this be known to you, and give heed to my words:
And the young men, rising up, swathed him up for burial, and having carried him out, buried him.
And the twelve, having called the multitude of the disciples to them, said, It is not right that we, leaving the word of God, should serve tables.
which also they did, sending it to the elders by the hand of Barnabas and Saul.
And having made a sign to them with his hand to be silent, he related to them how the Lord had brought him out of prison; and he said, Report these things to James and to the brethren. And he went out and went to another place.
But Elymas the magician (for so his name is by interpretation) opposed them, seeking to turn away the proconsul from the faith.
But the apostles Barnabas and Paul, having heard it, rent their garments, and rushed out to the crowd, crying
And having chosen them elders in each assembly, having prayed with fastings, they committed them to the Lord, on whom they had believed.
And the heart-knowing God bore them witness, giving them the Holy Spirit as to us also,
Then it seemed good to the apostles and to the elders, with the whole assembly, to send chosen men from among them with Paul and Barnabas to Antioch, Judas called Barsabas and Silas, leading men among the brethren,
But from Miletus having sent to Ephesus, he called over to him the elders of the assembly.
Take heed therefore to yourselves, and to all the flock, wherein the Holy Spirit has set you as overseers, to shepherd the assembly of God, which he has purchased with the blood of his own.
And leaving on the morrow, we came to Caesarea; and entering into the house of Philip the evangelist, who was of the seven, we abode with him. Now this man had four virgin daughters who prophesied.
And on the morrow Paul went in with us to James, and all the elders came there.
or he that exhorts, in exhortation; he that gives, in simplicity; he that leads, with diligence; he that shews mercy, with cheerfulness.
But I commend to you Phoebe, our sister, who is minister of the assembly which is in Cenchrea;
Salute Andronicus and Junias, my kinsmen and fellow-captives, who are of note among the apostles; who were also in Christ before me.
I speak to you to put you to shame. Thus there is not a wise person among you, not even one, who shall be able to decide between his brethren!
Wherefore, my beloved, flee from idolatry.
But every woman praying or prophesying with her head uncovered puts her own head to shame; for it is one and the same as a shaved woman.
Does not even nature itself teach you, that man, if he have long hair, it is a dishonour to him?
And God has set certain in the assembly: first, apostles; secondly, prophets; thirdly, teachers; then miraculous powers; then gifts of healings; helps; governments; kinds of tongues.
And God has set certain in the assembly: first, apostles; secondly, prophets; thirdly, teachers; then miraculous powers; then gifts of healings; helps; governments; kinds of tongues.
and that he appeared to Cephas, then to the twelve.
Paul, apostle, not from men nor through man, but through Jesus Christ, and God the Father who raised him from among the dead,
but I saw none other of the apostles, but James the brother of the Lord.
(for he that wrought in Peter for the apostleship of the circumcision wrought also in me towards the Gentiles,)
being built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the corner-stone,
which in other generations has not been made known to the sons of men, as it has now been revealed to his holy apostles and prophets in the power of the Spirit,
and he has given some apostles, and some prophets, and some evangelists, and some shepherds and teachers,
and he has given some apostles, and some prophets, and some evangelists, and some shepherds and teachers,
Paul and Timotheus, bondmen of Jesus Christ, to all the saints in Christ Jesus who are in Philippi, with the overseers and ministers;
But we beg you, brethren, to know those who labour among you, and take the lead among you in the Lord, and admonish you,
The women in like manner grave, not slanderers, sober, faithful in all things.
Rebuke not an elder sharply, but exhort him as a father, younger men as brethren,
Let the elders who take the lead among the saints well be esteemed worthy of double honour, specially those labouring in word and teaching;
Let the elders who take the lead among the saints well be esteemed worthy of double honour, specially those labouring in word and teaching;
For this cause I left thee in Crete, that thou mightest go on to set right what remained unordered, and establish elders in each city, as I had ordered thee:
For the overseer must be free from all charge against him as God's steward; not headstrong, not passionate, not disorderly through wine, not a striker, not seeking gain by base means;
Remember your leaders who have spoken to you the word of God; and considering the issue of their conversation, imitate their faith.
Obey your leaders, and be submissive; for they watch over your souls as those that shall give account; that they may do this with joy, and not groaning, for this would be unprofitable for you.
But before all things, my brethren, swear not, neither by heaven, nor by the earth, nor by any other oath; but let your yea be yea, and your nay, nay, that ye do not fall under judgment.
Is any sick among you? let him call to him the elders of the assembly, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord;
The elders which are among you I exhort, who am their fellow-elder and witness of the sufferings of the Christ, who also am partaker of the glory about to be revealed:
But I have against thee that thou permittest the woman Jezebel, she who calls herself prophetess, and she teaches and leads astray my servants to commit fornication and eat of idol sacrifices.
And the wall of the city had twelve foundations, and on them twelve names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb.