Reference: Trade and Commerce
Hastings
The processes by which international trade is carried on consist in the interchange of commodities or of services, and these latter may be positive or negative in character: they may be represented by actual performance or by the withdrawal of opposition. Such procedure as the occupation of passes or other natural channels for traffic, with the view of demanding tolls of the traders who use them, is the subject of few allusions in the OT; yet the location of the Israelitish kingdoms was such as to favour the production of revenue in this way. The most practicable routes both from the North and from the East to the Red Sea lay through their country; and the land route from Egypt to Asia either traversed or skirted it. United under a powerful sovereign, Palestine could levy large contributions on the traffic of the surrounding nations; and this appears to have been done in Solomon's time.
1. The products of Canaan were in the main agricultural, horticultural, and pastoral, and some of these could be exported. Oil was sent to Egypt (Ho 12:1) and Ph
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And when they had sat down to eat bread, they lifted up their eyes and looked, and lo! a caravan of Ishmaelites, coming in from Gilead, - and, their camels, were bearing tragacanth gum, and balsam and cistus-gum, they were going their way, to take them down to Egypt.
And there passed by certain Midianites travelling merchants, so they drew forth and uplifted Joseph out of the pit, and sold Joseph to the Ishmaelites, for twenty pieces of silver, - and they brought Joseph into Egypt.
So they lifted up their corn on their asses, - and went their way, from thence.
Then Israel their father said unto them - If so, then do this, - Take of the song of the land in your vessels, and carry down to the man a present, - A little balsam and a little honey, tragacanth gum and cistus gum, pistachio nuts, and almonds.
In the days of Shamgar son of Anath, in the days of Jael, the roads were forsaken, - and, the frequenters of highways, betook them to roundabout paths:
And he said, This, will be the manner of the king who will reign over you, - Your sons, will he take and appoint for himself, as his charioteers and as his horsemen, and they shall run before his chariots; and he will appoint for himself, princes of thousands, and princes of fifties, - and to plough his fields, and to reap his harvest, and to make his weapons of war, and the instruments of his chariots; read more. And, your daughters, will he take, - as perfumers and as cooks, and as bakers; And, your fields, and your vineyards, and your oliveyards, the best of them, will he take, and give to his servants; And, your seed, and your vineyards, will he tithe, and give to his courtiers and to his servants; And, your men-servants, and your maidservants, and your oxen, even the goodliest, and your asses, will he take, - and put them to his work; Your flocks, will he tithe, - and, ye yourselves, shall become his servants.
and, the second company, turned unto the way of Beth-horon, - and, the third company, turned unto the way of the boundary that overlooketh the valley of Zeboim, towards the wilderness.
Ye daughters of Israel! For Saul, weep ye, - who clothed you in crimson, decked with lovely things, who hung ornaments of gold on your apparel!
My servants, shall bring them down out of Lebanon unto the sea, and, I, will put them in rafts on the sea, unto the place of which thou shalt send me word, and will cause them to be discharged there, and, thou, shalt receive them, and, thou, shalt do my desire, by giving food for my household.
Yea she came to Jerusalem with a very heavily-laden train, of camels bearing spices, and gold in great abundance, and precious stones, - and, when she was come to Solomon, she spake unto him all that was near her heart;
And it came to pass that, the weight of the gold which came in unto Solomon in one year, was six hundred and sixty-six talents of gold; besides the tribute of the subjugated, and of the travelling merchants, - and of all the kings of Arabia, and the pashas of the land.
besides the tribute of the subjugated, and of the travelling merchants, - and of all the kings of Arabia, and the pashas of the land.
And a chariot came up and forth out of Egypt, for six hundred shekels of silver and a horse for a hundred and fifty, - and, so, for all the kings of the Hittites, and for the kings of Syria, by their means, came they forth.
And he said unto him - The cities which my father took from thy father, will I restore, and, bazaars, shalt thou make thee in Damascus, as my father made in Samaria. So then, I, with this covenant, will let thee go. So he solemnised with him a covenant, and let him go.
Then, said Ahaziah son of Ahab, unto Jehoshaphat, Let, my servants, go with, thy servants, in the ships, - but Jehoshaphat did not consent. So Jehoshaphat slept with his fathers, and was buried with his fathers, in the city of David his father, - and, Jehoram his son, reigned, in his stead.
Now, a certain woman of the wives of the sons of the prophets, made outcry unto Elisha, saying - Thy servant, my husband, is dead, and, thou, knowest that, thy servant, was one who revered Yahweh, - now, the creditor, hath come to take my two boys to himself as bondmen.
So Hazael went to meet him, and took a present in his hand, even every good thing of Damascus, forty camels' burden, - and came, and stood before him, and said - Thy son, Ben-hadad king of Syria, hath sent me unto thee, saying, Shall I recover from this sickness?
the sons of Shelah, the son of Judah, Er, the father of Lecah, and Laadah, the father of Mareshah, - and the families of the house of them that wrought fine linen, of the house of Ashbea;
And lo! for the hewers that cut the timbers, have I given wheat as food for thy servants, twenty thousand measures, and barley, twenty thousand measures, and wine, twenty thousand baths, and oil, twenty thousand baths.
Now, therefore, the wheat and the barley, the oil and the wine, whereof my lord hath spoken, let him send unto his servants;
and, between the ascent of the pinnacle and the sheep-gate, repaired, the goldsmiths, and the traders.
And we laid on ourselves charges, appointing for ourselves the third of a shekel, yearly, - for the service of the house of our God:
And, men of Tyre, dwelt therein, who were bringing in fish - and every kind of ware for sale, - and were selling, on the sabbath, to the sons of Judah, and in Jerusalem;
But the traders and sellers of all kinds of wares lodged outside Jerusalem once or twice.
Caravans turn aside by their course, they go up into a waste, and are lost:
For this cause, came I forth to meet thee, to seek diligently thy face, and I have found thee:
He that keepeth back corn, the populace will curse him, but there is, a blessing, for the head of him that selleth.
Bad! bad! saith the buyer, but, going his way, then, he boasteth.
In that day, will My Lord remove the finery - of the anklets, and the little suns and the little moons; the pendants and the bracelets and the veils; read more. the chaplets and the armlets and the girdles, and the scent-cases, and the amulets; the rings and the nose-jewels; the robes, and the over-tunics, and the cloaks and the purses; and the mirrors and the linen wraps, and the tiaras and the cloaks. And it shall come to pass - That instead of fragrance, a putrid odour, shall be, And instead of a girdle, an encircling rope, And instead of braided hair, baldness, And instead of a festal robe, a girding of sackcloth, Branding instead of beauty:
The oracle on Arabia, - Among the shrubs in Arabia, must ye lodge, Ye caravans of Dedanites.
Let, every valley, be exalted, And every mountain and hill, be made low, - And, the steep ground become, level, And, the chain of hills - a plain:
Is not, this, the fast that I must ever choose - To unbind the tight cords of lawlessness, To unloose the bands of the yoke, - and To let the crushed go free, and That every yoke, ye tear off?
The multitude of camels, shall cover thee The young camels of Midian and Ephah, All they of Sheba, shall come, - Gold and frankincense, shall they bring, And, the praises of Yahweh, shall they joyfully tell:
Build ye houses and dwell in them, - And plant ye gardens and eat the fruit thereof;
Then were the princes wroth against Jeremiah, and smote him, - and put him in prison, in the house of Jonathan the scribe, for that, had they made the prison.
The time hath come. The day hath arrived, The buyer, let him not rejoice, and The seller, let him not mourn, - For indignation, is against all her multitude.
Son of man, Because Tyre hath said concerning Jerusalem. Aha! She is broken that was the doors of the peoples. She is turned unto me, - I shall be fled, She is laid waste,
With oaks from Bashan, made they thine oars, - Thy benches, made they of ivory, inlaid with boxwood, From the shores of the West:
Judah and the land of Israel, They, were merchants of thine, - With the wheat of Minnith and the sweets of pannag and honey and oil and balsam, Shared they in thy barter:
Judah and the land of Israel, They, were merchants of thine, - With the wheat of Minnith and the sweets of pannag and honey and oil and balsam, Shared they in thy barter:
the ships of Tarshish, were thy masts Carrying on thy barter, So wast thou fled and becamest very glorious In the heart of the seas.
Ephraim, feedeth on wind, and pursueth the east wind, all the day, falsehood and force, doth he magnify, - and, a covenant with Assyria, would they solemnize, and, oil into Egypt, must be borne along.
Moreover also, what have, ye, to do with me, O Tyre and Zidon, and all the circuit of Palestine? A recompense, are ye paying back unto me? But, though ye should make a recompense unto me, swiftly, speedily, would I return your recompense upon your own head. Because, my silver and my gold, ye took away, - and, my richly beautiful things, carried ye into your temples; read more. And, the sons of Judah and the sons of Jerusalem, ye sold to the sons of Greece, - that they might be far removed from their own boundary. Behold me! rousing them up out of the place whither ye sold them, - So will I bring back your dealing upon your own head.
And a man's near of kin, even he who is about to burn the bones, shall carry him out of the house, when he shall say to him that is in the hinder parts of the house - Are there yet any with thee? and he shall say - No one. Then shall he say - Hush! for we must not invoke the name of Yahweh.
And, though they go into captivity before their enemies, from thence, will I command the sword, and it shall slay them, - So will I set mine eyes upon them for calamity, and not for blessing. Now, My Lord, Yahweh of hosts, is he - -who toucheth the earth, and it melteth, and all that dwell therein, mourn; and it cometh up like the Nile, all of it, and subsideth like the river of Egypt: read more. Who buildeth, in the heavens, his upper rooms, and, as for his vault, upon the earth, hath he founded it, - who calleth to the waters of the sea, and poureth them out over the face of the land, Yahweh, is his name. Like the sons of the Ethiopians, are not ye, unto me, O sons of Israel? Demandeth Yahweh: Was it not, Israel, I brought up out of the land of Egypt, and the Philistines out of Caphtor, and the Syrians out of Kir? Lo! the eyes of My Lord, Yahweh, are on the sinful kingdom, and I will destroy it from off the face of the ground, - save only that I will not, utterly destroy, the house of Jacob, Declareth Yahweh.
And Jesus entered into the temple, and cast out all who were selling and buying in the temple, - and, the tables of the money-changers, he overthrew, and the seats of them who were selling doves;
And, they, slighting it, went off, one, indeed, into his own field, and, another, unto his merchandise, -
It was binding on thee, therefore, to cast my silver into the money-changers, - and, I, when I, came, might have obtained what was mine, with interest.