Reference: Plague
American
See PESTILENCE.
Easton
a "stroke" of affliction, or disease. Sent as a divine chastisement (Nu 11:33; 14:37; 16:46-49; 2Sa 24:21). Painful afflictions or diseases, (Le 13:3,5,30; 1Ki 8:37), or severe calamity (Mr 5:29; Lu 7:21), or the judgment of God, so called (Ex 9:14). Plagues of Egypt were ten in number.
(1.) The river Nile was turned into blood, and the fish died, and the river stank, so that the Egyptians loathed to drink of the river (Ex 7:14-25).
(2.) The plague of frogs (Ex 8:1-15).
(3.) The plague of lice (Heb kinnim, properly gnats or mosquitoes; comp. Ps 78:45; 105:31), "out of the dust of the land" (Ex 8:16-19).
(4.) The plague of flies (Heb arob, rendered by the LXX. dog-fly), Ex 8:21-24.
(5.) The murrain (Ex 9:1-7), or epidemic pestilence which carried off vast numbers of cattle in the field. Warning was given of its coming.
(6.) The sixth plague, of "boils and blains," like the third, was sent without warning (Ex 9:8-12). It is called (De 28:27) "the botch of Egypt," A.V.; but in R.V., "the boil of Egypt." "The magicians could not stand before Moses" because of it.
(7.) The plague of hail, with fire and thunder (Ex 9:13-33). Warning was given of its coming. (Comp. Ps 18:13; 105:32-33).
(8.) The plague of locusts, which covered the whole face of the earth, so that the land was darkened with them (Ex 10:12-15). The Hebrew name of this insect, arbeh, points to the "multitudinous" character of this visitation. Warning was given before this plague came.
(9.) After a short interval the plague of darkness succeeded that of the locusts; and it came without any special warning (Ex 10:21-29). The darkness covered "all the land of Egypt" to such an extent that "they saw not one another." It did not, however, extend to the land of Goshen.
(10.) The last and most fearful of these plagues was the death of the first-born of man and of beast (Ex 11:4-5; 12:29-30). The exact time of the visitation was announced, "about midnight", which would add to the horror of the infliction. Its extent also is specified, from the first-born of the king to the first-born of the humblest slave, and all the first-born of beasts. But from this plague the Hebrews were completely exempted. The Lord "put a difference" between them and the Egyptians. (See Passover.)
See Verses Found in Dictionary
Then said Yahweh unto Moses, Dull, is the heart of Pharaoh, - he hath refused to let the people go. Get thee unto Pharaoh in the morning - lo! he is coming out to the waters, therefore shalt thou station thyself to meet him on the bank of the river, - and the staff which was turned into a serpent, shalt thou take in thy hand. read more. Then shalt thou say unto him - Yahweh God of the Hebrews hath sent me unto thee saying, - Let my people go, that they may serve me in the desert, - And lo! thou hast not hearkened hitherto. Thus, saith Yahweh, Hereby, shalt thou know that, I, am Yahweh, - Lo! I, am smiting with the staff that is in my hand upon the waters that are in the river and they shall be turned to blood; and, the fish that is in the river shall die and the river shall be loathsome, - and the Egyptians, shall disdain, to drink water out of the river. And Yahweh said unto Moses, - Say unto Aaron - Take thy staff, and stretch forth thy hand over the waters of Egypt, over their streams over their rivers, and over their pools and over all their collections of water - that they may become blood, - so shall there be blood in all the land of Egypt, both in vessels of wood and in vessels of stone. And Moses and Aaron, did so, as Yahweh commanded, and he lifted high the staff, and smote the waters which were in the river, before the eyes of Pharaoh, and before the eyes of his servants, - and all the waters which were in the river were turned to blood; and the fish that was in the river, died and the river became loathsome, so that the Egyptians could not drink water out of the river, - thus came it to pass that blood was in all the land of Egypt. And the sacred scribes of Egypt did in like manner with their secret arts, - so the heart of Pharaoh waxed bold and he hearkened not unto them, as spake Yahweh. Then Pharaoh, turned away, and entered into his house - neither applied he his heart, even to this. And all the Egyptians digged round about the river for water to drink, - for they could not drink of the water of the river. And seven days were fulfilled, - after Yahweh had smitten the river.
Then said Yahweh unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh, - then shalt thou say unto him - Thus, saith Yahweh, - Let my people go, that they may serve me. But if thou art, refusing, to let them go, lo! I, am plaguing all thy boundaries with frogs; read more. so shall the river swarm with frogs, and they shall come up, and enter into thy house, and into thy bedchamber and upon thy couch, - and into the house of thy servants and among thy people, and into thine ovens and into thy kneading-troughs: both against thee, and against thy people, and against all thy servants, shall come up the frogs. Then said Yahweh unto Moses, Say unto Aaron - Stretch forth thy hand with thy staff, over the streams over the rivers and over the pools, - and bring up the frogs, over the land of Egypt. So Aaron stretched forth his hand, over the waters of Egypt, - and the frog came up, and covered the land of Egypt. And the sacred scribes did in like manner, with their secret arts, - and brought up frogs over the land of Egypt. Then called Pharaoh for Moses and for Aaron and said - Make entreaty unto Yahweh, that he take away the frogs from me and from my people, - and I must lot the people go that they may sacrifice to Yahweh. And Moses said to Pharaoh - Explain thyself unto me: For what time, shall I make entreaty for thee and for thy servants and for thy people, to cause the frogs to be cut off, from thee and from thy houses, - only in the river, shall they remain? And he said - For to-morrow. And he said - According to thy word! that thou mayest know that there is none like Yahweh, our God: so the frogs shall depart - from thee and from thy houses and from thy servants and from thy people, - only in the river, shall they remain. Then went forth Moses and Aaron from Pharaoh, - and Moses made outcry unto Yahweh, over the matter of the frogs which he had appointed for Pharaoh. And Yahweh did according to the word of Moses, - and the frogs died, out of the houses and out of the yards, and out of the fields; and they piled them up, heaps - heaps, - and the land became loathsome. But when Pharaoh saw that there had come a respite, then made he his heart dull and hearkened not unto them, - as spake Yahweh. Then said Yahweh unto Moses, Say unto Aaron - Stretch forth thy staff, and smite the dust of the land, - so shall it become gnats in all the land of Egypt. And they did so, and Aaron stretched forth his hand with his staff and smote the dust of the land, and there canto to be gnats, among men and among beasts, - all the dust of the land, became gnats, in all the land of Egypt. And the sacred scribes did in like manner with their secret arts, to bring forth the gnats, but they could not. So there came to be gnats, among men and among beasts. Then said the sacred scribes unto Pharaoh, The finger of God, it is! But the heart of Pharaoh waxed bold and he hearkened not unto them, as spake Yahweh.
But if thou art not letting my people go, behold me! sending forth - against thee, and against thy servants, and against thy people, and against thy houses the gad-fly, - and the houses of the Egyptians shall be full of the gad-fly, moreover also the ground whereon, they are: then will I make to differ on that day, the land of Goshen wherein my people do dwell, so that there shall not be there a gad-fly! in order that thou mayest know, that I, Yahweh, am in the midst of the land; read more. so will I put a separation betwixt my people and thy people. By to-morrow, shall come to pass this sign. And Yahweh did so, and brought a grievous gad-fly unto the house of Pharaoh and the houses of his servants and in all the land of Egypt, and the land was laid waste by reason of the gad-fly.
Then said Yahweh unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh, - then shalt thou say unto him - Thus, saith Yahweh, God of the Hebrews, Let my people go, that they may serve me. But, if, refusing, thou art to let them go, - and still art holding them fast, read more. lo! the hand of Yahweh, is coming on thy cattle which are in the field, on the horses, on the asses on the camels, on the herds and on the flocks, - a very grievous pestilence; and Yahweh will make a difference between the cattle of Israel and the cattle of the Egyptians, - so that there shall not die from among all that pertaineth to the sons of Israel, a thing! And Yahweh appointed a set time - saying, To-morrow, will Yahweh do this thing, in the land. So Yahweh did this thing, on the morrow, and all the cattle of the Egyptians died, - but of the cattle of the sons of Israel, died not one. And Pharaoh sent, and lo! there had not died of the cattle of Israel, so much as one. But Pharaoh's heart became dull, and he did not let the people go. Then said Yahweh unto Moses and unto Aaron, Take you your hands full of the ashes of an oven, - and Moses shall scatter them towards the heavens, before the eyes of Pharaoh: then shall they become fine dust, over all the land of Egypt, - and shall become on man and on beast, a burning sore, breaking out in pustules in all the land of Egypt. So they took the ashes of an oven and stood before Pharaoh, and Moses scattered them towards the heavens, - and it came to pass that there was a burning sore in pustules breaking out, among men, and among beasts; and the sacred scribes could not stand before Moses, because of the burning sore, - for the burning sore had come on the sacred scribes, and on all the Egyptians. But Yahweh let the heart of Pharaoh wax bold, and he hearkened not unto them, - as spake Yahweh unto Moses. Then said Yahweh unto Moses, Rise thou early in the morning, and station thyself before Pharaoh, - then shalt thou say unto him - Thus, saith Yahweh, God of the Hebrews, Let my people go that they may serve me; for this time, am I, sending all my plagues unto thy heart, and amongst thy servants and amongst thy people, - to the intent thou mayest get to know, that there is none like me in all the earth.
for this time, am I, sending all my plagues unto thy heart, and amongst thy servants and amongst thy people, - to the intent thou mayest get to know, that there is none like me in all the earth. For now, might I have put forth my hand, and smitten thee and thy people with pestilence, - and thou shoulder have secretly disappeared from the earth; read more. but, in very deed for this purpose, have I let thee remain, for the purpose of showing thee my might, - and that my name may be celebrated in all the earth. Even yet, art thou exalting thyself over my people - in not letting them go? Behold me! raining down, about this time to-morrow, an exceeding heavy hail, - such as hath not been in Egypt, from the day it was founded, even unto the present time. Now, therefore, send - bring into safety thy cattle, and all that thou hast in the field, - as touching all men and beasts which shall be found in the field and shall not be withdrawn into shelter, the hail shall come down upon them and they shall die. He that feared the word of Yahweh, among the servants of Pharaoh, made his servants and his cattle flee, under shelter: but, whoso applied not his heart unto the word of Yahweh, left his servants and his cattle in the field. Then said Yahweh unto Moses - Stretch forth thy hand over the heavens, that there may be hail in all the land of Egypt, - on man and on beast, and on every herb of the field in the land of Egypt. So Moses stretched forth his staff over the heavens, and, Yahweh, gave forth thunderings and hail, and there came fire towards the earth, - and Yahweh rained down hail, on the land of Egypt. So there came to be hail, and fire catching hold of itself, in the midst of the hall, - exceeding heavy, such as had not been in all the land of Egypt, from the very time it became a nation. And the hail smote in all the land of Egypt all that was in the field, both man and beast, - and every herb of the field, did the hail smite, and every tree of the field, did it shiver. Only in the land of Goshen, where were the sons of Israel, was there no hail. Then sent Pharaoh, and called for Moses and for Aaron, and said unto them - I have sinned this time, - Yahweh, is the righteous one, and, I and my people, are the wrong-doers. Make ye request unto Yahweh, and it shall be enough without there being any more thunderings of God, and hail, - and I must a let you go, and not again shall ye delay. And Moses said unto him, As soon as I am gone out of the city, will I spread out my hands unto Yahweh, - the thunderings, shall cease, and, the hail, shall come no more, - that thou mayest know, that to Yahweh, belongeth the earth. But as touching thee and thy servants, I know that not yet will ye stand in awe of Yahweh Elohim. Now, the flax and the barley, were smitten, - for the barley, was in the ear, and, the flax, was in flower; but the wheat and the spelt, were not smitten, - for they were, not ripe. So Moses went away from Pharaoh out of the city, and spread out his hands unto Yahweh, - then did the thunderings and the hail cease, and, rain, was not poured out on the earth.
Then said Yahweh unto Moses - Stretch forth thy hand over the land of Egypt for the locust, that it may come up over the land of Egypt, - and may eat up every herb of the land, all that the hail hath left. And Moses stretched forth his staff over the land of Egypt, and, Yahweh, caused an east wind to drive through the land, all that day, and all the night, - when the morning, had come, the east wind, had brought the locust. read more. And the locust came up over all the land of Egypt, and settled in all the bounds of Egypt, - very grievous, before it, had not been such a locust as that, neither after it, should be one like it. So it covered the eye of all the land and the land was darkened, and it did eat every herb of the land and all the fruit of the trees, which the hail had left remaining, - so that there was not left remaining any green sprout in the trees or in the herb of the field in all the land of Egypt.
Then said Yahweh unto Moses: Stretch forth thy hand over the heavens, that there may be darkness, over the land of Egypt, - and that one may feel the darkness. So Moses stretched forth his hand over the heavens, - and there was thick darkness in all the land of Egypt for three days; read more. they saw not one another neither rose any man from his couch for three days, - but all the sons of Israel, had light in their dwellings. Then Pharaoh called out unto Moses and said - Go serve Yahweh, only, your flocks and your herds, shall be left, - even your little ones shall go with you. And Moses said, Even thou thyself, shalt give into our hands sacrifices and ascending-offerings, - so shall we present offerings to Yahweh our God. Moreover also, our own cattle, shall go with us - there shall not be left behind, a hoof, for thereof, must we take, to serve Yahweh our God, - even we ourselves, cannot know wherewith we must serve Yahweh, until we have come in thither. And Yahweh let the heart of Pharaoh wax bold, - and he was not willing to let them go. So Pharaoh said to him - Get thee from me, - take heed to thyself - do not any more! see my face, for in the day thou dost see my face, thou shalt die. And Moses said - Well hast thou spoken, - no more again to see thy face.
And Moses said, Thus saith Yahweh, - About midnight, am, I, going forth in the midst of Egypt; then shall every firstborn in the land of Egypt die, from the firstborn of Pharaoh who is sitting on his throne, unto the firstborn of the handmaid who is behind the two millstones, - and every firstborn of beasts;
And it came to pass, at midnight, that Yahweh, smote every firstborn in the land of Egypt, from the firstborn of Pharaoh who sat upon his throne, unto the firstborn of the captive who was in the pit of his prison, - and every firstborn of beasts. Then rose up Pharaoh by night, he, and all his servants, and all the Egyptians, and there arose a great outcry throughout Egypt, - for there was not a house, where there was not one dead.
and the priest shall view the spot in the skin of his flesh - if, the hair in the plague, have turned white and the appearance of the spot be deeper than the skin of his flesh, the plague-spot of leprosy, it is, - so the priest shall view him and pronounce him unclean.
And the priest shall view him on the seventh day, and lo! if the spot hath stayed to his sight, and the spot hath not spread in the skin, then shall the priest shut him up seven days more,
then shall the priest view the spot and lo! if, the appearance thereof, is deeper than the skin, and, therein, is yellow, thin hair, then shall the priest pronounce him unclean a scall, it is, a leprosy of the head or of the beard, it is.
The flesh, was yet between their teeth, not yet chewed, - when the anger of Yahweh, had kindled upon the people, and Yahweh smote the people, with an exceeding great plague.
they died - the men who gave out an evil rumor of the land, - by the plague, before Yahweh.
Then said Moses unto Aaron - Take the censer and place thereon fire, from off the altar, and put incense thereon , and, going quickly into the assembly, put a propitiatory-covering over them, - for wrath hath gone forth from before Yahweh the plague, hath begun. Then took Aaron, as Moses spake, and ran into the midst of the convocation, and lo! the plague had begun among the people, - so he placed the incense, and put a propitiatory-covering over the people: read more. thus did he take his stand between the dead and the living, - and the plague was restrained. And so it was that they who died in the plague were fourteen thousand and seven hundred, - besides them who died over the matter of Korah.
Yahweh, will smite thee, with the burning sores of Egypt and with the hemorrhoids, and with scab, and with itch, - of which thou canst not be healed.
Then did Yahweh thunder in the heavens, and the Highest uttered his voice, - hail, and live coals of fire.
He sent among them, The gad-fly, and it devoured them, And the frog, and it despoiled them;
He spake, and there came in the gad-fly, Gnats, in all their bounds; He made their showers - hail, A fire flaming throughout their land; read more. And he smote their vines, and their fig-trees, And brake in pieces the trees of their bounds;
and, straightway, the fountain of her blood was dried up, and she knew, in her body, that she was healed from the plague.
In that very hour, he cured many from diseases, and plagues, and wicked spirits; and, unto many blind, gave he the favour to see.
Fausets
deber, "destruction." Any sudden, severe, and dangerous disease. Maweth," death," i.e. deadly disease; so "the black death" of the middle ages. Nega', "a stroke" from God, as leprosy (Leviticus 13). Mageephah, qeteb, "pestilence" (Ps 91:6), "that walketh in darkness," i.e. mysterious, sudden, severe, especially in the night, in the absence of the light and heat of the sun. Rosheph, "flame," i.e. burning fever; compare Hab 3:5 margin (See EGYPT and EXODUS on the ten plagues.)
A close connection exists between the ordinary physical visitations of Egypt and those whereby Pharaoh was constrained to let Israel go. It attests the sacred author's accurate acquaintance with the phenomena of the land which was the scene of his history. "The supernatural presents in Scripture generally no violent opposition to the natural, but rather unites in a friendly alliance with it" (Hengstenberg). A special reason why in this case the natural background of the miracles should appear was in order to show that Jehovah was God of Egypt as much as of Israel, and rules "in the midst of the earth" (Ex 8:22)
By exhibiting Jehovah through Moses at will bringing on with unusual intensity, and withdrawing in answer to intercession at once and completely, the well known Egyptian periodical scourges which their superstition attributed to false gods, Jehovah was proved more effectively to be supreme than He could have been by inflicting some new and strange visitation. The plagues were upon Egypt's idols, the Nile water, the air, the frog, the cow, the beetle, etc., as Jehovah saith (Ex 12:12), "against all the gods of Egypt will I execute judgment" (Ex 18:11; 15:11; Nu 33:4). Ten is significant of completeness, the full flood of God's wrath upon the God-opposed world power. The magicians initiate no plague; in producing the same plague by their enchantments (which seem real, as demoniacal powers have exerted themselves in each crisis of the kingdom of God) as Moses by God's word, they only increase the visitation upon themselves. The plagues as they progress prove:
(1) Jehovah's infinite power over Egypt's deified powers of nature. The first stroke affects the very source of the nation's life, the Nile; then the soil (the dust producing the plague); then the irrigating canals breeding flies.
(2) The difference marked between Israel and Egypt; the cattle, the crops, the furnaces (wherein Israel was worn with bondage) represent all the industrial resources of the nation. The stroke on the firstborn was the crowning one, altogether supernatural, whereas the others were intensifications of existing scourges. The firstborn, usually selected for worship, is now the object of the stroke. The difference marked all along from the third plague was most marked in that on the firstborn (Ex 11:7). The plague was national, the firstborn representing Egypt: Isa 43:3, "I gave Egypt for thy ransom."
See Verses Found in Dictionary
then will I make to differ on that day, the land of Goshen wherein my people do dwell, so that there shall not be there a gad-fly! in order that thou mayest know, that I, Yahweh, am in the midst of the land;
But against none of the sons of Israel, shall a dog sharpen his tongue, neither against man nor beast, - that ye may know that Yahweh maketh a difference between Egypt and Israel.
I will pass along, therefore, throughout the land of Egypt this night, and will smite every firstborn in the land of Egypt, from man even to beast, - and against all the gods of Egypt, will I execute judgments - I, Yahweh.
Who is, like unto thee, Majestic in holiness, - To be revered in praises, Doing a marvellous thing?
Now, I know, that, greater, is Yahweh than all the gods, - Even in the thing wherein they were arrogant over them.
when the Egyptians, were burying them whom Yahweh had smitten among them, every firstborn, - when, upon their gods, Yahweh had executed judgments,
Of the pestilence that, in darkness, doth walk, Of the plague that layeth waste at noonday.
For, I, - Yahweh, am, Thy God, The Holy One of Israel Ready to save thee, - I have given, as thy ransom, Egypt, Ethiopia and Seba, in thy stead.
Before him, marcheth pestilence, - and fever, goeth forth, at his feet: