Reference: Corn
American
In the Bible, is the general word for grain of all kinds, including various seeds, peas, and beans. It never means, as in America, simply maize, or Indian corn. Palestine was anciently very fertile in grain, which furnished in a great measure the support of the inhabitants. "Corn, wine, and oil-olive" were the staple products, and wheat and barley still grow there luxuriantly, when cultivated. Wheat was often eaten in the field, the ripe ear being simply rubbed in the hands to separate the kernels, De 23:25; Mt 12:1. Parched wheat was a part of the ordinary food of the Israelites, as it still is of the Arabs, Ru 2:14; 2Sa 17:28-29; by the feet of cattle, De 25:4; or by "a sharp threshing instrument having teeth," Isa 41:15, which was something resembling a cart, drawn over the corn by means of horses or oxen. See THRESHING. When the grain was threshed, it was separated from the chaff and dust by throwing it forward across the wind, by means of a winnowing fan, or shovel, Mt 3:12; after which the grain was sifted, to separate all impurities from it, Am 9:9; Lu 22:31. Hence we see that the threshing-floors were in the open air, and if possible on high ground, as travellers still find them in actual use, Jg 6:11; 2Sa 24:18. The grain thus obtained was sometimes pounded in a mortar, Nu 11:8; Re 18:22, but was commonly reduced to meal by the hand-mill. This consisted of a lower millstone, the upper side of which was slightly concave, and an upper millstone, the lower surface of which was convex. These stones were each about two feet in diameter, and half a foot thick; and were called "the nether millstone," and the rider, Job 41:24; Jg 9:53; 2Sa 11:21. The hole for receiving the corn was in the center of the upper millstone; and in the operation of grinding, the lower was fixed, and the upper made to move round upon it with considerable velocity by means of a handle. The meal came out at the edges, and was received on a cloth spread under the mill on the ground. Each family possessed a mill, and the law forbade its being taken in pledge, De 24:6; one among innumerable examples of the humanity of the Mosaic legislation. These mills are still in use in the East, and in some parts of Scotland. Dr. E.D. Clarke says, "In the island of Cyprus I observed upon the ground the sort of stones used for grinding corn, called querns in Scotland, common also in Lapland, and in all parts of Palestine. These are the primeval mills of the world; and they are still found in all corn countries where rude and ancient customs have not been liable to those changes introduced by refinement. The employment of grinding with these mills is confined solely to females, who sit on the ground with the mill before them, and thus may be said to be "behind the mill," Ex 11:5; and the practice illustrates the prophetic observation of our Savior concerning the day of Jerusalem's destruction: "Two women shall be grinding at the mill; one shall be taken and the other left," Mt 24:41. To this feminine occupation Samson was degraded, Jg 16:21. The women always accompany the grating noise of the stones with their voices; and when ten or a dozen are thus employed, the fury of the song rises to a high pitch. As the grinding was usually performed in the morning at daybreak, the noise of the females at the hand-mill was heard all over the city, and often awoke their more indolent masters. The Scriptures mention the want of this noise as a mark of desolation, Jer 25:10; Re 18:22.
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then shall every firstborn in the land of Egypt die, from the firstborn of Pharaoh who is sitting on his throne, unto the firstborn of the handmaid who is behind the two millstones, - and every firstborn of beasts;
The people used to go about and pick it up, and grind it with a pair of mill-stones, or pound it in a mortar, and boil it in a pot, and make it into round cakes, - then was the taste thereof like the taste of a sweet cake made with oil.
When thou enterest the standing corn of thy neighbour, thou mayest pluck off ears with thy hand, - but a sickle, shalt thou not wield against the standing corn of thy neighbour.
No man shall take in pledge a handmill, or an upper millstone, - for he would be taking life, in pledge.
Thou shalt not muzzle an ox when he is treading out the corn.
Then came the messenger of Yahweh, and sat down under the oak which was in Ophrah, which belonged to Joash, the Abiezrite; and, Gideon his son, was beating out wheat in the winepress, to escape the notice of the Midianites;
And a certain woman cast an upper millstone upon the head of Abimelech, - and brake in pieces his skull.
And the Philistines seized him, and put out his eyes, - and took him down to Gaza, and bound him with fetters of bronze, and it came to pass that he used to grind in the prison.
And Boaz said to her at mealtime - Draw nigh hither, and eat of the bread, and dip thy morsel in the vinegar. So she sat beside the reapers, and there was reached to her parched corn, and she did eat and was satisfied, and left thereof remaining.
His heart, is hardened like a stone, yea hardened, like the nether millstone;
Lo! I have made of thee a new pointed threshing sledge, owning teeth, - Thou shalt thresh mountains and crush them, And, hills - like chaff, shalt thou make:
And I will banish from among them - The voice of joy, and the voice of gladness, The voice of the bridegroom, and the voice of the bride, - The sound of the millstones, and the light of the lamp:
For lo! I am giving command, and will sift, throughout all the nations, the house of Israel, - as grain is sifted in a sieve, yet shall there not fall a kernel, to the earth.
Whose fan is in his hand, and he will clear out his threshing-floor, - and will gather his wheat into the granary, but, the chaff, will he burn up with fire unquenchable.
In that season, went Jesus, on, the sabbath, through the cornfields, - and, his disciples, hungered, and began to pluck ears of corn, and to eat.
Two women grinding at the mill, - one, is taken near, and, one, is left behind.
Simon! Simon! lo! Satan, hath claimed you, to sift as wheat;
And sound of harp-singers, and musicians, and flute-players, and trumpeters, - in nowise be heard in thee any more; and any artisan of any art, - in nowise be found in thee any more; and sound of millstone, - in nowise be found in thee any more;
And sound of harp-singers, and musicians, and flute-players, and trumpeters, - in nowise be heard in thee any more; and any artisan of any art, - in nowise be found in thee any more; and sound of millstone, - in nowise be found in thee any more;
Easton
The word so rendered (dagan) in Ge 27:28,37; Nu 18:27; De 28:51; La 2:12, is a general term representing all the commodities we usually describe by the words corn, grain, seeds, peas, beans. With this corresponds the use of the word in John 12:24.
In Ge 41:35,49; Pr 11:26; Joe 2:24 ("wheat"), the word thus translated (bar; i.e., "winnowed") means corn purified from chaff. With this corresponds the use of the word in the New Testament (Mt 3:12; Lu 3:17; Ac 7:12). In Ps 65:13 it means "growing corn."
In Ge 42:1-2,19; Jos 9:14; Ne 10:31 ("victuals"), the word (sheber; i.e., "broken," i.e., grist) denotes generally victuals, provisions, and corn as a principal article of food.
From the time of Solomon, corn began to be exported from Palestine (Eze 27:17; Am 8:5). "Plenty of corn" was a part of Issac's blessing conferred upon Jacob (Ge 27:28; comp. Ps 65:13).
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Then, may God give thee of the dew of the heavens, And of the fatness of the earth, - And abundance of corn and new wine:
Then, may God give thee of the dew of the heavens, And of the fatness of the earth, - And abundance of corn and new wine:
Then answered Isaac and said to Esau, - Lo a lord, have I appointed him unto thee, And, all his brethren, lave I given to him as servants, And with corn and new wine, have I sustained him, - And for thee - now, what can I do, my son?
And let them gather up all the food of these seven good years that are coming in, - and let them heap up corn under the hand of Pharaoh as food in cities so shall they keep it.
Thus did Joseph heap up corn like the sand of the sea making it exceeding abundant, - until one hath left off reckoning, because it cannot be reckoned.
Then saw Jacob that there was corn in Egypt, - and Jacob said to his sons, Wherefore look ye one at another? And he said, Lo I have heard that there is corn in Egypt, - Go down thither and buy corn for us from thence, that we may live and not die.
If ye, are, honest men, one brother of you shall be kept as a prisoner in your house of ward, - but, ye, go, take in corn for the famine of your houses;
shall your heave-offering be reckoned your own, - as corn out of the threshing-floor, and as the abundance out of the wine-press.
then shall be eat the young of thy cattle and the fruit of thy ground until thou art destroyed, who will not leave for thee corn, new wine or oil, the young of thy kine, or the ewes of thy flock, - until he hath caused thee to perish.
So the men took of their provision, - but, the bidding of Yahweh, had they not asked.
and, if the peoples of the land should be bringing in wares, or any corn on the sabbath day, to sell, we would not buy of them on the sabbath, or on a holy day, - and that we would remit the seventh year, and the loan of every hand.
Clothed are the pastures with flocks, The valleys also, cover themselves with corn, They shout for joy, yea they sing.
Clothed are the pastures with flocks, The valleys also, cover themselves with corn, They shout for joy, yea they sing.
He that keepeth back corn, the populace will curse him, but there is, a blessing, for the head of him that selleth.
To their mothers, they keep saying, Where are corn and wine? Swooning off, like one thrust through, in the broadways of the city, pouring out their life into the bosom of their mothers.
Judah and the land of Israel, They, were merchants of thine, - With the wheat of Minnith and the sweets of pannag and honey and oil and balsam, Shared they in thy barter:
So shall the threshing-floors, be filled, with corn, - and the vats, overflow, with new wine and oil.
Who say, When will the new moon, pass away, that we may sell corn? and the sabbath that we may open grain? who diminish the ephah, and increase the shekel, and who falsify by deceitful weights:
Whose fan is in his hand, and he will clear out his threshing-floor, - and will gather his wheat into the granary, but, the chaff, will he burn up with fire unquenchable.
whose fan is in his hand, to clear out his threshing-floor, and to gather the wheat into his granary; but, the chaff, will he burn up with fire unquenchable.
But Jacob, hearing there was corn in Egypt, sent off our fathers, first;
Fausets
Wheat, barley, spelt (as the Hebrew for "rye," Ex 9:32, ought to be translated, for it was the common food of the Egyptians, called doora, as the monuments testify; also in Eze 4:9 for "fitches" translated "spelt".) "Principal wheat," i.e. prime, excellent (Isa 28:25). "Seven ears on one stalk" (Ge 41:22) is common still in Egypt. The sheaves in harvest used to be decorated with the lilies of the field, which illustrates Song 7:2. "Plenty of grain" was part of Jacob's blessing (Ge 27:28).
From Solomon's time the Holy Land exported grain to Tyre (Eze 27:17). See Am 8:5. It is possible Indian grain or maize was known and used in Palestine as it was at Thebes in Egypt, where grains and leaves of it have been found under mummies. The wheat root will send up many stalks, but never more than one ear upon one stalk. But seven full ears upon one maize grain stalk have often been found. Maize grain in the milky state roasted is delicious: this, if meant in Le 2:14, would give zest to the offering.
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Then, may God give thee of the dew of the heavens, And of the fatness of the earth, - And abundance of corn and new wine:
Then, may God give thee of the dew of the heavens, And of the fatness of the earth, - And abundance of corn and new wine:
Then looked I in my dream, - And lo! seven ears, coming up on one stalk, full and good;
Then looked I in my dream, - And lo! seven ears, coming up on one stalk, full and good;
but the wheat and the spelt, were not smitten, - for they were, not ripe.
but the wheat and the spelt, were not smitten, - for they were, not ripe.
But, if thou wouldst bring near a meal-offering of first-ripe corn, unto Yahweh, of green ears roasted in fire crushed grain of garden-land, shalt thou bring near thy meal-offering of first-ripe corn.
But, if thou wouldst bring near a meal-offering of first-ripe corn, unto Yahweh, of green ears roasted in fire crushed grain of garden-land, shalt thou bring near thy meal-offering of first-ripe corn.
Thy navel, is a round bowl, may it not lack spiced wine! Thy body, a heap of wheat fenced about with lilies;
Thy navel, is a round bowl, may it not lack spiced wine! Thy body, a heap of wheat fenced about with lilies;
Doth he not when he hath levelled the face thereof, Cast abroad the fennel? And, the cummin, doth he not scatter? And plant wheat in rows, And barley in a lot, And spelt in the border thereof?
Doth he not when he hath levelled the face thereof, Cast abroad the fennel? And, the cummin, doth he not scatter? And plant wheat in rows, And barley in a lot, And spelt in the border thereof?
Thou, therefore, take thee wheat and barley and peas and lentils and millet and spelt, and put them in one vessel, and make them ready for thee as bread, - during the number of days which thou art lying on thy side. a hundred and ninety days, shalt thou eat it;
Thou, therefore, take thee wheat and barley and peas and lentils and millet and spelt, and put them in one vessel, and make them ready for thee as bread, - during the number of days which thou art lying on thy side. a hundred and ninety days, shalt thou eat it;
Judah and the land of Israel, They, were merchants of thine, - With the wheat of Minnith and the sweets of pannag and honey and oil and balsam, Shared they in thy barter:
Judah and the land of Israel, They, were merchants of thine, - With the wheat of Minnith and the sweets of pannag and honey and oil and balsam, Shared they in thy barter:
Who say, When will the new moon, pass away, that we may sell corn? and the sabbath that we may open grain? who diminish the ephah, and increase the shekel, and who falsify by deceitful weights:
Who say, When will the new moon, pass away, that we may sell corn? and the sabbath that we may open grain? who diminish the ephah, and increase the shekel, and who falsify by deceitful weights:
Hastings
This term may be taken to include
Morish
Various Hebrew words are translated 'corn,' and usually signify any kind of grain. The 'OLD CORN OF THE LAND' was what the Israelites began to eat after crossing the Jordan, when the manna ceased. Jos 5:11-12). It typifies a heavenly Christ, on whom those feed who have spiritually passed through Jordan
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And they did eat of the corn of the land, on the morrow of the passover, unleavened cakes and parched ears of corn, - on this selfsame day. And the manna ceased on the morrow, when they had eaten of the corn of the land, neither had the sons of Israel manna any more, - so they did eat of the yield of the land of Canaan throughout that year.
Verily! Verily, I say unto you: Except, the kernel of wheat, shall fall into the ground, and die, it, alone, abideth; but, if it die, much fruit, it beareth.
Smith
Corn.
The most common kinds were wheat, barley, spelt, Authorized Version,
and Isai 28:25 "rye;"
fitches and millet; oats are mentioned only by rabbinical writers. Our Indian corn was unknown in Bible times. Corn-crops are still reckoned at twentyfold what was sown, and were anciently much more.
The Jewish law permitted any one in passing through a filed of standing corn to pluck and eat.
De 23:25
see also Matt 12:1 From Solomon's time,
as agriculture became developed under a settled government, Palestine was a corn-exporting country, and her grain was largely taken by her commercial neighbor Tyre.
comp. Amos 8:5
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Then looked I in my dream, - And lo! seven ears, coming up on one stalk, full and good;
but the wheat and the spelt, were not smitten, - for they were, not ripe.
When thou enterest the standing corn of thy neighbour, thou mayest pluck off ears with thy hand, - but a sickle, shalt thou not wield against the standing corn of thy neighbour.
And lo! for the hewers that cut the timbers, have I given wheat as food for thy servants, twenty thousand measures, and barley, twenty thousand measures, and wine, twenty thousand baths, and oil, twenty thousand baths.
Now, therefore, the wheat and the barley, the oil and the wine, whereof my lord hath spoken, let him send unto his servants;
Thou, therefore, take thee wheat and barley and peas and lentils and millet and spelt, and put them in one vessel, and make them ready for thee as bread, - during the number of days which thou art lying on thy side. a hundred and ninety days, shalt thou eat it;