Reference: Cattle
Easton
abounded in the Holy Land. To the rearing and management of them the inhabitants chiefly devoted themselves (De 8:13; 12:21; 1Sa 11:5; 12:3; Ps 144:14; Jer 3:24). They may be classified as,
(1.) Neat cattle. Many hundreds of these were yearly consumed in sacrifices or used for food. The finest herds were found in Bashan, beyond Jordan (Nu 32:4). Large herds also pastured on the wide fertile plains of Sharon. They were yoked to the plough (1Ki 19:19), and were employed for carrying burdens (1Ch 12:40). They were driven with a pointed rod (Jg 3:31) or goad (q.v.).
According to the Mosaic law, the mouths of cattle employed for the threshing-floor were not to be muzzled, so as to prevent them from eating of the provender over which they trampled (De 25:4). Whosoever stole and sold or slaughtered an ox must give five in satisfaction (Ex 22:1); but if it was found alive in the possession of him who stole it, he was required to make double restitution only (Ex 22:4). If an ox went astray, whoever found it was required to bring it back to its owner (Ex 23:4; De 22:1,4).
(2.) Small cattle. Next to herds of neat cattle, sheep formed the most important of the possessions of the inhabitants of Palestine (Ge 12:16; 13:5; 26:14; 21:27; 29:2-3). They are frequently mentioned among the booty taken in war (Nu 31:32; Jos 6:21; 1Sa 14:32; 15:3). There were many who were owners of large flocks (1Sa 25:2; 2Sa 12:2, comp. Job 1:3). Kings also had shepherds "over their flocks" (1Ch 27:31), from which they derived a large portion of their revenue (2Sa 17:29; 1Ch 12:40). The districts most famous for their flocks of sheep were the plain of Sharon (Isa 65:10), Mount Carmel (Mic 7:14), Bashan and Gilead (Mic 7:14). In patriarchal times the flocks of sheep were sometimes tended by the daughters of the owners. Thus Rachel, the daughter of Laban, kept her father's sheep (Ge 29:9); as also Zipporah and her six sisters had charge of their father Jethro's flocks (Ex 2:16). Sometimes they were kept by hired shepherds (Joh 10:12), and sometimes by the sons of the family (1Sa 16:11; 17:15). The keepers so familiarized their sheep with their voices that they knew them, and followed them at their call. Sheep, but more especially rams and lambs, were frequently offered in sacrifice. The shearing of sheep was a great festive occasion (1Sa 25:4; 2Sa 13:23). They were folded at night, and guarded by their keepers against the attacks of the lion (Mic 5:8), the bear (1Sa 17:34), and the wolf (Mt 10:16; Joh 10:12). They were liable to wander over the wide pastures and go astray (Ps 119:176; Isa 53:6; Ho 4:16; Mt 18:12).
Goats also formed a part of the pastoral wealth of Palestine (Ge 15:9; 32:14; 37:31). They were used both for sacrifice and for food (De 14:4), especially the young males (Ge 27:9,14,17; Jg 6:19; 13:15; 1Sa 16:20). Goat's hair was used for making tent cloth (Ex 26:7; 36:14), and for mattresses and bedding (1Sa 19:13,16). (See Goat.)
See Verses Found in Dictionary
and with Abram, dealt he well for her sake, - so that he came to have flocks and herds and he-asses, and men-servants, and maid-servants, and she-asses and camels.
Now, Lot also, who was going with Abram, had flocks and herds and tents.
And he said unto him, Take for me a heifer three years old, and a she-goat three years old, and a ram three years old, and a turtle-dove and a young pigeon.
And Abraham took sheep and oxen, stud gave to Abimelech, - and they two solemnised a covenant
So he came to have possessions of flocks gild possessions of herds, and a large body of servants, - and the Philistines envied him.
Go, I pray thee, unto the flock, and fetch me from thence two kids of the goats, fine ones, - that I may make of them dainty meats for thy father such as he loveth:
So he went, and fetched them , and brought them in to his mother, and his mother made dainty meats, such as his father loved.
then placed she the dainty meats and the bread, which she had made ready, in the hand of Jacob her son.
And he looked, and lo! a well, in the field and lo! there, three flocks of sheep, lying down near it, for out of that well, do they water the flocks, but, the stone, is great, on the mouth of the well: so they gather together thither all the flocks, and roll away the stone from off the mouth of the well, and water the sheep, - and put hack the stone upon the mouth of the well, to its place.
While yet he was speaking with them, Rachel, had come in with the sheep which belonged to her father, for a shepherdess, was she.
She-goats, two hundred; And he-goats, twenty; Ewes, two hundred; And rams, twenty;
And they took Joseph's tunic, - and slaughtered a buck of the goats, and dipped the tunic in the blood;
Now, the priest of Midian, had seven daughters, - and they came and drew and filled the troughs, to water their fathers flock.
When a man stealeth an ox or a sheep, and slayeth it, or selleth it, with five of the herd, shall he make good - for the ox, or with four of the flock, for the sheep.
If the thing stolen is found in his hand - whether ox or ass or sheep, alive, with two, shall he make restitution.
When thou meetest the ox of thine enemy, or his ass, going astray, thou shalt, surely bring it back, to him.
And thou shalt make curtains of goat's hair, for a tent, over the habitation - eleven curtains, shalt thou make them.
And he made curtains of goats-hair, for the tent over the habitation, eleven curtains, did he make them:
And it came to pass that the booty, over and above the prey which the people of the host had seized, was, - of the flock, six hundred and seventy-five thousand;
the land which Yahweh smote before the assembly of Israel, a land for cattle, it is, - and, thy servants, have cattle.
and thy herd and thy flock, increase, and silver and gold, increase unto thee, - and all that thou hast, increase;
When the place which Yahweh thy God shall choose to put his name there, shall be I too far for thee, then shalt thou sacrifice of thy herd or of thy flock which Yahweh hath given unto thee, as I have commanded thee, - and shalt eat, within thine own gates, of whatsoever thy soul desireth.
These, are the beasts which ye may eat, - the ox, the young of sheep, and the young of goats;
Thou shalt not see the ox of thy brother or his sheep, going astray, and turn away from them, - thou shalt, bring them back unto thy brother.
Thou shalt not see the ass of thy brother or his ox fallen in the way, and turn away from them, - thou shalt, raise, them with him.
Thou shalt not muzzle an ox when he is treading out the corn.
And they devoted all that were in the city, both man and woman, both young and old, - and ox and sheep and ass, with the edge of the sword.
And, after him, was Shamgar, son of Anath, who smote of the Philistines, six hundred men, with an ox-goad, - and, he also, saved Israel.
So, Gideon, went in, and made ready a kid of the goats, and, of an ephah of meal, unleavened cakes, the flesh, he put in a basket, and, the broth, he put in a pot, - and brought them forth unto him, under the oak, and presented them.
And Manoah said unto the messenger of Yahweh, - I pray thee, let us detain thee, that we may make ready for thy presence, a kid.
Then said Samuel unto Jesse - Are these all the young men? And he said - There yet remaineth, the youngest, but lo! he is tending the sheep. Then said Samuel unto Jesse - Do, send, and summon him, for we cannot sit round, until he cometh in hither.
whereas, David, kept going and returning from Saul, - to tend his father's sheep at Bethlehem.
Then said David unto Saul, Thy servant used to tend his father's sheep, - and there would come a lion, or a bear, and carry off a lamb out of the flock;
And Michal took the household god, and put it in the bed, and, a fly-net of goats-hair, put she at its head, - and covered it with the clothes.
And, when the messengers entered, lo! the household god in the bed, - with a fly-net of goats-hair at its head.
Now there was, a man, in Maon, whose cattle were in Carmel, and, the man, was exceeding great, and, he, had three thousand sheep, and a thousand goats, - and so it was, that he was shearing his sheep in Carmel.
So then David heard in the wilderness, - that Nabal was shearing his sheep.
and honey and cream, and sheep, and cheese of kine, for David, and for the people that were with him, to eat, - for they said, The people, are hungry and weary and thirsty, in the wilderness.
So he departed from thence, and found Elisha son of Shaphat, as he was plowing, with twelve yoke of oxen before him, he being with the twelfth, - so Elijah crossed over unto him, and cast his mantle towards him;
Moreover also, they who were near of kin unto them, as far as Issachar and Zebulun and Naphtali, were bringing bread, on asses and on camels and on mules and on oxen, meal-food, cakes of figs and cakes of raisins, and wine, and oil, and oxen, and sheep - in abundance, - for there was joy Israel.
And, over the flocks, was Jaziz, the Hagrite. All these, were rulers over the possessions that belonged to King David.
And his substance was - seven thousand sheep, and three thousand camels, and five hundred yoke of oxen, and five hundred she-asses, and a body of servants exceeding large, - thus was that man the greatest of all the sons of the East.
[GIMEL] Bestow thy bounties upon thy servant - let me live, That I may observe thy word.
Our oxen, well-laden; no breaking in and no departing, - and no loud lament in our places of concourse: -
We all, like sheep, had gone astray, Every man - to his way, had we burned, - And Yahweh! caused to light upon him The guilt of, us all!
Then shall, Sharon, become, a fold for flocks, And the vale of Achor for the lying down of herds, - For my people who have sought me.
But, the Shameful thing, hath devoured the labour of our fathers from our youth: Their flocks, and their herds, their sons and their daughters.
For, as a heifer that is stubborn, hath Israel, been stubborn, - Now, can Yahweh, turn them out to pasture, like a young ram in a wide place?
And, the remnant of Jacob, shall be among the nations, in the midst of many peoples, as a lion among the beasts of the jungle, as a young lion among flocks of sheep, - who, if he passeth by, both treadeth down - and teareth in pieces, and none can deliver.
Shepherd thou thy people with thy rod, the flock of thine inheritance, Dwell thou alone, a jungle in the midst of a fruitful field, - Let them feed in Bashan and in Gilead, as in the days of age-past times.
Shepherd thou thy people with thy rod, the flock of thine inheritance, Dwell thou alone, a jungle in the midst of a fruitful field, - Let them feed in Bashan and in Gilead, as in the days of age-past times.
Lo! I, send you forth as sheep amidst wolves; become ye therefore - prudent, as serpents, and simple, as doves.
How, to you, doth it seem? If a certain man come to have a hundred sheep and one from among them go astray, Will he not leave the ninety-nine upon the mountains, and going, seek the straying one?
The hireling, even because he is no shepherd, whose own the sheep are not, vieweth the wolf coming, and leaveth the sheep, and fleeth, - and, the wolf, seizeth them and scattereth, -
The hireling, even because he is no shepherd, whose own the sheep are not, vieweth the wolf coming, and leaveth the sheep, and fleeth, - and, the wolf, seizeth them and scattereth, -
Hastings
The word commonly used in OT is miqneh, meaning primarily possessions or wealth
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When that year was ended, then came they unto him in the second year and said to him - We will not hide from my lord, how that the silver and the herds of beasts for my lord are come to an end, - there is nothing left before my lord, save only our bodies and our ground:
lo! the hand of Yahweh, is coming on thy cattle which are in the field, on the horses, on the asses on the camels, on the herds and on the flocks, - a very grievous pestilence;
And his substance was - seven thousand sheep, and three thousand camels, and five hundred yoke of oxen, and five hundred she-asses, and a body of servants exceeding large, - thus was that man the greatest of all the sons of the East.
When he gave to the corn-locust their produce, And their toil, to the swarming locust;
I acquired, men-servants and women-servants, and, the children of the household, were mine, - also possessions, herds and flocks in abundance, were mine, beyond all who had been before me in Jerusalem;
Morish
Various Hebrew words are used in reference to the cow and the ox as 'cattle.' The word miqneh, however, often used for 'cattle,' signifies 'possession,' because the principal property of nomadic tribes consisted of their cattle: the word includes also sheep and goats, but not horses and asses. Ex 9:3-21, etc. Another word, tson, signifies small cattle, that is, sheep and goats. Ge 30:39-43; 31:8-43; Ec 2:7. seh has the same meaning, Ge 30:32; Eze 34:17-22: in Isa 7:25 it is translated 'lesser cattle,' and in Isa 43:23 'small cattle.'
See Verses Found in Dictionary
Let me pass through all thy flock to-day, removing from thence every young one that is speckled and spotted and every young one that is dark-coloured among the young sheep, and spotted and speckled among the goats, and they shall he my wages.
and the males of the flock were in heat before the rods, - so the flocks brought forth ring-straked, speckled, and spotted. The rams also, did Jacob separate, and then set the faces of the flocks towards the ring-straked and all the dark-coloured, among the flocks of Laban, - and he put his own droves by themselves, and put them not with the flocks of Laban. read more. So it came to pass whensoever the stronger of the flocks were in heat, that Jacob set the rods before the eyes of the flocks in the channels, - that the females might be in heat among the rods; but, when the flocks were late in bearing, he did not set them, - and so the late-born were Laban's, out the strong ones Jacob's. Thus did the man break forth, exceedingly, - thus came he to have flocks in abundance, and maid-servants, and men-servants and camels and asses.
If thus he saith, The speckled, shall be thy wages, then do all the flock bring forth speckled, - But if thus he saith, The ring-straked, shall be thy wages, then do all the flock bring forth ring-straked. So hath God stripped away the herds of your father, and given them to me. read more. And it came to pass in the season when the flock were in heat, then lifted I mine eyes and beheld in a dream, - and lo! the he-goats that were leaping upon the flock, were ring-straked speckled and dappled. And the messenger of God said unto me in a dream, Jacob! and I said, Behold me! Then he said Lift, I pray thee, thine eyes and behold All, the he-goats that are leaping upon the flock are ring-straked, speckled, and dappled, - for I have seen all that Laban, has been doing to thee. I, am the GOD of Beth-el, where thou didst anoint a pillar, where thou didst vow to me a vow, - Now, rise, go forth out of this land, and return unto the land of thy kindred. Then responded Rachel and Leah, and said to him, - Have we any longer a portion or an inheritance in the house of our father? Are we not accounted, aliens, to him seeing that having sold us, he hath then gone on devouring, our silver? Surely all the riches which God hath stripped off from our father, unto us, it belongeth, and unto our sons, - Now, therefore, whatsoever God hath said unto thee, do. So Jacob arose, - and mounted his sons and his wives on the camels; and drave away all his herds and all his goods which he had gathered, the gains he had gained, which he had gathered in Padan-aram; that he might go in unto Isaac his father unto the land of Canaan. Now, Laban, had gone, to shear his sheep, - so Rachel stole the household gods that belonged to her father, Thus Jacob stole away unawares to Laban, the Syrian, - in that he had not told him that he was about to flee. So he fled, the - and all that he had, and he arose, and passed over the River, - and set his face towards the mountain of Gilead. And it was told Laban, on the third day, - that Jacob had fled. So he took his brethren with him, and pursued after him a journey of seven days - and overtook him in the mountain of Gilead. And God went in unto Laban the Syrian in a dream of the night, - and said to him Take heed to thyself that thou speak not with Jacob either good or bad. So then Laban came up with Jacob, - Jacob, having pitched his tent in the mountain, Laban, also, with his brethren pitched in the mountain of Gilead. Then said Laban to Jacob, What hadst thou done, that thou shouldst steal away unawares to me, - and shouldst carry off my daughters, as captives of the sword? Wherefore didst thou secretly flee, and rob me, - and didst not tell me, that I might send thee away with rejoicing and with songs, with timbrel and with lyre; and didst not suffer me to kiss my sons and my daughters? Now, hast thou done, foolishly. It is in the power of my hand, to deal with thee for harm, - but the God of your father, last night, spake unto me, saying, Take heed to thyself that thou speak not with Jacob, either good or bad. But, now, though thou, didst even take thy journey, because thou, didst sorely long, for the house of thy father,, wherefore didst thou steal away my gods? And Jacob answered and said unto Laban, - Because I was afraid, for I said, Lest thou take by force thy daughters from me! He with whom thou find thy gods, shall not live! Before our brethren, note thou for thyself what is with me and take what is thine. Neither did Jacob know that, Rachel, had stolen them. Then entered Laban into the tent of Jacob and into the tent of Leah and into the tent of the two handmaids, and found nothing, - then went he forth out of the tent of Leah, and entered into the tent of Rachel. Now Rachel, had taken the household gods and put them in the basket-saddle of the camel, and taken her seat upon them. And Laban felt about throughout all the tent, and found them not. And she said unto her father, Let it not be vexing in the eyes of my lord that I cannot rise up at thy presence, for, the way of women, is upon me. So he made search, but found not the household gods, And it was vexing to Jacob and he contended with Laban, - and Jacob responded and said to Laban, What was my trespass, what my sin, that thou shouldst have come burning after me? Now that thou hast felt about among all my goods, what hast thou found of the goods of thine own house? Set it out here, right before my brethren and thy brethren, - that they may give sentence betwixt us two. This twenty years' time, have, I, been with thee - Thy ewes and thy she-goats, have not cast their young, - And the rams of thy flock, have I not eaten, The torn, have I not brought in unto thee - I bare the loss, At my hand, didst thou require it, - Stolen by day, or stolen by night. Thus have I been - By day, drought hath consumed me, And, frost, by, night, - So that my sleep fled away from mine eyes. This, hath been my lot twenty years in thy house, - I served thee fourteen years for thy two daughters, And six years for thy sheep - And thou didst change my wages ten times: - But that the God of my father - The God of Abraham, and the Dread of Isaac - Proved to he mine, Surely even now, empty, hadst thou let me go? My humiliation and the wearying toil of my hands, God had seen, And therefore gave sentence last night! Then responded Laban and said unto Jacob - the daughters, are my daughters, And the sons, are my sons, And the sheep are my sheep, And, all that, thou, beholdest, To me doth it belong! But to my daughters, what can I do to these this day, Or to their sons whom they have borne?
lo! the hand of Yahweh, is coming on thy cattle which are in the field, on the horses, on the asses on the camels, on the herds and on the flocks, - a very grievous pestilence; and Yahweh will make a difference between the cattle of Israel and the cattle of the Egyptians, - so that there shall not die from among all that pertaineth to the sons of Israel, a thing! read more. And Yahweh appointed a set time - saying, To-morrow, will Yahweh do this thing, in the land. So Yahweh did this thing, on the morrow, and all the cattle of the Egyptians died, - but of the cattle of the sons of Israel, died not one. And Pharaoh sent, and lo! there had not died of the cattle of Israel, so much as one. But Pharaoh's heart became dull, and he did not let the people go. Then said Yahweh unto Moses and unto Aaron, Take you your hands full of the ashes of an oven, - and Moses shall scatter them towards the heavens, before the eyes of Pharaoh: then shall they become fine dust, over all the land of Egypt, - and shall become on man and on beast, a burning sore, breaking out in pustules in all the land of Egypt. So they took the ashes of an oven and stood before Pharaoh, and Moses scattered them towards the heavens, - and it came to pass that there was a burning sore in pustules breaking out, among men, and among beasts; and the sacred scribes could not stand before Moses, because of the burning sore, - for the burning sore had come on the sacred scribes, and on all the Egyptians. But Yahweh let the heart of Pharaoh wax bold, and he hearkened not unto them, - as spake Yahweh unto Moses. Then said Yahweh unto Moses, Rise thou early in the morning, and station thyself before Pharaoh, - then shalt thou say unto him - Thus, saith Yahweh, God of the Hebrews, Let my people go that they may serve me; for this time, am I, sending all my plagues unto thy heart, and amongst thy servants and amongst thy people, - to the intent thou mayest get to know, that there is none like me in all the earth. For now, might I have put forth my hand, and smitten thee and thy people with pestilence, - and thou shoulder have secretly disappeared from the earth; but, in very deed for this purpose, have I let thee remain, for the purpose of showing thee my might, - and that my name may be celebrated in all the earth. Even yet, art thou exalting thyself over my people - in not letting them go? Behold me! raining down, about this time to-morrow, an exceeding heavy hail, - such as hath not been in Egypt, from the day it was founded, even unto the present time. Now, therefore, send - bring into safety thy cattle, and all that thou hast in the field, - as touching all men and beasts which shall be found in the field and shall not be withdrawn into shelter, the hail shall come down upon them and they shall die. He that feared the word of Yahweh, among the servants of Pharaoh, made his servants and his cattle flee, under shelter: but, whoso applied not his heart unto the word of Yahweh, left his servants and his cattle in the field.
I acquired, men-servants and women-servants, and, the children of the household, were mine, - also possessions, herds and flocks in abundance, were mine, beyond all who had been before me in Jerusalem;
But all the hills which, with the hoe, can be weeded, - there shall not come thither, the fear of briars anti thorns, - but it shall be for the sending forth of oxen, and for the tread of lesser cattle.
Thou hast not brought in to me small cattle as thine ascending-offerings, Nor, with thy sacrifices, hast thou honoured me, - I have not oppressed thee with meal-offerings, Nor have I wearied thee with frankincense;
And as for you O my flock, Thus saith My Lord. Yahweh: Behold me! judging between one kind of small cattle and another as well the rams as the he-goats. Is it too small a thing for you that on the good pasture, ye feed, But the remainder of your pastures, ye must also trample down with your feet? Or that of the pure waters, ye drink But the waters left remaining - with your feet, ye must needs foul? read more. And my flock On what hath been trampled down by your feet, may feed, And of what hath been fouled by your feet, may drink? O Therefore Thus, saith My Lord Yahweh, unto them: Here am I myself. Therefore will I judge between fat sheep and lean sheep, Because with the side and with the shoulder, ye do thrust, And with your horns, ye do push all the sick, - Until you have scattered them abroad Therefore will I bring salvation to my flock, and they shall be no longer a prey, - but I will judge between one sheep and another,
Smith
Cattle.
[BULL].
See Bull, Bullock