Reference: Propitiation
Easton
that by which God is rendered propitious, i.e., by which it becomes consistent with his character and government to pardon and bless the sinner. The propitiation does not procure his love or make him loving; it only renders it consistent for him to execise his love towards sinners.
In Ro 3:25; Heb 9:5 (A.V., "mercy-seat") the Greek word hilasterion is used. It is the word employed by the LXX. translators in Ex 25:17 and elsewhere as the equivalent for the Hebrew kapporeth, which means "covering," and is used of the lid of the ark of the covenant (Ex 25:21; 30:6). This Greek word (hilasterion) came to denote not only the mercy-seat or lid of the ark, but also propitation or reconciliation by blood. On the great day of atonement the high priest carried the blood of the sacrifice he offered for all the people within the veil and sprinkled with it the "mercy-seat," and so made propitiation.
In 1Jo 2:2; 4:10, Christ is called the "propitiation for our sins." Here a different Greek word is used (hilasmos). Christ is "the propitiation," because by his becoming our substitute and assuming our obligations he expiated our guilt, covered it, by the vicarious punishment which he endured. (Comp. Heb 2:17, where the expression "make reconciliation" of the A.V. is more correctly in the R.V. "make propitiation.")
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And thou shalt make a propitiatory, of pure gold, - two cubits and a half, the length thereof, and, a cubit and a half, the breadth thereof,
And thou shalt put the propitiatory upon the ark above, - and in the ark, shalt thou put the testimony, which I will give unto thee.
And thou shalt place it before the veil, which is by the ark of the testimony, - before the propitiatory which is upon the testimony, where I will meet thee.
Whom God hath set forth as a propitiatory covering, through faith in his blood, for a showing forth of his righteousness, by reason of the passing-by of the previously committed sins,
Whence he was obliged, in every way, unto the brethren, to be made like, that he might become a merciful and faithful high-priest, in the things pertaining unto God, - for the making of propitiation for the sins of the people.
But, over-above it, Cherubim of glory overshadowing the propitiatory: - concerning which things, it is not now needful to be speaking, particularly.
And, he, is, a propitiation, concerning our sins, - and, not concerning our own only, but, also concerning those of the whole world.
Herein, is love: not that, we, have loved God, but that, he, loved us, and sent forth his Son, as a propitiation concerning our sins.
Fausets
Ro 3:25, hilastrion, "the propitiatory" or mercy seat, the bloodsprinkled lid of the ark, the meeting place between God and His people represented by the priest (1Jo 2:2; 4:10).HIlasmos, abstract for concrete noun. He is all that is needed for propitiation in behalf of our sins, the propitiatory sacrifice provided by the Father's love removing the estrangement, appearing God's righteous wrath against the sinner. A father may be offended with a son, yet all the while love him. It answers in Septuagint to Hebrew kaphar, kippurim to effect an atonement or reconciliation with God (Nu 5:8; Heb 2:17), "to make reconciliation for ... sins," literally, to expiate the sins, eeilaskesteeai. Ps 32:1, "blessed is he whose sin is covered." (See ATONEMENT; RECONCILIATION.)
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But if one have no kinsman unto whom he may make goad that wherein he is guilty, then that wherein he is guilty, which is to he restored to Yahweh, shall be the priests, - besides the ram of propitiation, wherewith a propitiatory-covering is to be put over him.
How happy is he whose transgression is forgiven! whose sin is pardoned!
Whom God hath set forth as a propitiatory covering, through faith in his blood, for a showing forth of his righteousness, by reason of the passing-by of the previously committed sins,
Whence he was obliged, in every way, unto the brethren, to be made like, that he might become a merciful and faithful high-priest, in the things pertaining unto God, - for the making of propitiation for the sins of the people.
And, he, is, a propitiation, concerning our sins, - and, not concerning our own only, but, also concerning those of the whole world.
Herein, is love: not that, we, have loved God, but that, he, loved us, and sent forth his Son, as a propitiation concerning our sins.
Hastings
The idea of propitiation is borrowed from the sacrificial ritual of the OT, and the term is used in the English Version of the NT in three instances (Ro 3:25; 1Jo 2:2; 4:10) of Christ as offering the sacrifice for sin which renders God propitious, or merciful, to the sinner. In the first of these passages the word is strictly 'propitiatory' (answering to the OT 'mercy-seat'), and Revised Version margin renders 'whom God set forth to be propitiatory,' without, however, essential change of meaning. In the two Johannine passages the noun is directly applied to Christ: 'He is the propitiation for our sins; and not for ours only, but also for the whole world' (1Jo 2:2); 'Herein is love, not that we loved God, but that he loved us, and sent his Son to be the propitiation for our sins' (1Jo 4:10). In one other passage. Heb 2:17, the RV renders 'to make propitiation for the sins of the people,' instead of, as in AV, 'to make reconciliation.'
1. In the OT.
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Then shall ye say, Also, lo! thy servant Jacob is behind us. For he said: I must pacify him with the present that goeth on before me. And, after that, will I see his face: Peradventure he will accept me.
And it came to pass, on the morrow, that Moses said unto the people, Ye, have sinned a great sin, - Now, therefore, I must go up unto Yahweh, Peradventure, I may make a propitiatory-covering for your sin.
Then shall he lean his hand, upon the head of the ascending-sacrifice, - and it shall be accepted for him to put a propitiatory covering over him;
and all the fat thereof, shall he remove as the fat of the lamb is removed, from the peace-offering, and the priest shall make a perfume therewith at the altar, upon the altar-flames of Yahweh, - so shall the priest put a propitiatory-covering over him on account of his sin which he hath committed, and it shall be forgiven him.
So shall the priest put a propitiatory-covering over him, on account of his sin which he hath committed, departing from some one of these things, and it shall be forgiven him, - then shall it be the priest's, like the meal-offering.
then shall he bring in a ram without defect out of the flock by thine estimate as a guilt-bearer unto the priest, - and the priest shall put a propitiatory-covering over him, on account of his mistake which he made though he knew it not and it shall be forgiven him:
But, no sin-bearer whereof any of the blood is taken into the tent of meeting to make a propitiatory-covering in the sanctuary, shall be eaten, - with fire, shall it be consumed.
so shall it prove to be unto him and unto his seed after him, the covenant of our age-abiding priesthood, because he was jealous for his God, and did put a propitiatory-covering over the sons of Israel.
And it was told the king of Jericho, saying, - Lo! men, have come in hither to-night of the sons of Israel to search out the land.
Now, the priests who were bearing the ark, continued standing in the midst of the Jordan, until everything was finished which Yahweh commanded Joshua, to speak unto the people, according to all that Moses commanded Joshua, - the people therefore hasted, and passed over.
The same, came, for a witness, That he might bear witness, concerning the light, that, all, might believe, through him.
and Jesus also was invited, with his disciples, unto the marriage.
Jesus answered - Verily, verily, I say unto thee: Except one be born of water and spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God.
Jesus answered, and said unto her - If thou hadst known the free gift of God, and who it is that is saying unto thee, Give me to drink, thou, wouldst have asked him, and he would have given thee living water.
Whom God hath set forth as a propitiatory covering, through faith in his blood, for a showing forth of his righteousness, by reason of the passing-by of the previously committed sins,
Whom God hath set forth as a propitiatory covering, through faith in his blood, for a showing forth of his righteousness, by reason of the passing-by of the previously committed sins,
Whence he was obliged, in every way, unto the brethren, to be made like, that he might become a merciful and faithful high-priest, in the things pertaining unto God, - for the making of propitiation for the sins of the people.
For if the blood of goats and bulls, and the ashes of a heifer sprinkling the profaned, halloweth unto the purity of the flesh,
And, he, is, a propitiation, concerning our sins, - and, not concerning our own only, but, also concerning those of the whole world.
Herein, is love: not that, we, have loved God, but that, he, loved us, and sent forth his Son, as a propitiation concerning our sins.
Morish
The word ??????? is from the verb 'to be propitious.' Propitiation represents in scripture that aspect of the death of Christ in which has been vindicated the holy and righteous character of God, and in virtue of which He is enabled to be propitious, or merciful, to the whole world. 1Jo 2:2; 4:10. A kindred word (the verb) occurs in Heb 2:17, where, instead of 'to make reconciliation,' should be read "to make 'propitiation' for the sins of the people." In '/Romans/3/25/type/emb'>Ro 3:25, 'propitiation' (??????????) should be 'mercy seat,' as the same word is, and must be, translated in Heb 9:5. See ATONEMENT.
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Whom God hath set forth as a propitiatory covering, through faith in his blood, for a showing forth of his righteousness, by reason of the passing-by of the previously committed sins,
Whence he was obliged, in every way, unto the brethren, to be made like, that he might become a merciful and faithful high-priest, in the things pertaining unto God, - for the making of propitiation for the sins of the people.
But, over-above it, Cherubim of glory overshadowing the propitiatory: - concerning which things, it is not now needful to be speaking, particularly.
And, he, is, a propitiation, concerning our sins, - and, not concerning our own only, but, also concerning those of the whole world.
Herein, is love: not that, we, have loved God, but that, he, loved us, and sent forth his Son, as a propitiation concerning our sins.
Watsons
PROPITIATION. To propitiate is to appease, to atone, to turn away the wrath of an offended person. In the case before us, the wrath turned away is the wrath of God; the person making the propitiation is Christ; the propitiating offering or sacrifice is his blood. All this is expressed in most explicit terms in the following passages: "And he is the propitiation for our sins," 1Jo 2:2. "Herein is love, not that we loved God, but that he loved us, and sent his Son to be the propitiation for our sins," 1Jo 4:10. "Whom God hath set forth to be a propitiation through faith in his blood," Ro 3:25. The word used in the two former passages is ???????; in the last ??????????. Both are from the verb ??????, so often used by Greek writers to express the action of a person who, in some appointed way, turned away the wrath of a deity; and therefore cannot bear the sense which Socinus would put upon it,
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But if one have no kinsman unto whom he may make goad that wherein he is guilty, then that wherein he is guilty, which is to he restored to Yahweh, shall be the priests, - besides the ram of propitiation, wherewith a propitiatory-covering is to be put over him.
And in the day when he entereth into the sanctuary, into the inner court to minister in the sanctuary, He shall bring near his sin-bearer, Declareth My Lord Yahweh.
then shall the priest take of the blood of the sin-bearer and put upon the door-posts of the house, and upon the four corners of the ledge of the altar and upon the door-posts of the gate of the inner court.
Whom God hath set forth as a propitiatory covering, through faith in his blood, for a showing forth of his righteousness, by reason of the passing-by of the previously committed sins,
Whom God hath set forth as a propitiatory covering, through faith in his blood, for a showing forth of his righteousness, by reason of the passing-by of the previously committed sins,
In whom we have the redemption through his blood, the remission of our offences, according to the riches of his favour,
And, he, is, a propitiation, concerning our sins, - and, not concerning our own only, but, also concerning those of the whole world.
And, he, is, a propitiation, concerning our sins, - and, not concerning our own only, but, also concerning those of the whole world.
Herein, is love: not that, we, have loved God, but that, he, loved us, and sent forth his Son, as a propitiation concerning our sins.