Reference: Church Government
Hastings
1. The general development seems fairly clear, though its later stages fall beyond NT times. The Apostles were founders of churches, and therefore regulated and supervised the first arrangements; then were added sundry local and unlocal rulers; then the unlocal died out, and the local settled down into the three permanent classes of bishops, elders, and deacons. The chief disputed questions concern the origin of the local ministry, its relation to the other, and the time and manner in which it settled down under the government of (monarchical) bishops.
2. Twice over St. Paul gives something like a list of the chief persons of the Church. In 1Co 12:28 he counts up
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beginning from his baptism by John, until the day in which he was taken up from us, must there be chosen with us a witness of his resurrection, even one of these.
But Peter, standing up with the eleven, raised his voice, and addressed them; Men of Judea, and all ye who dwell at Jerusalem, let this be known to you, and listen to my words:
Then the young men arose, and swathed him up, and carrying him out, buried him.
Then the twelve assembling the multitude of the disciples, said, It is not fit that we should leave the word of God, to make distribution to the tables.
which also they did, sending it off to the presbyters by the hand of Barnabas and Saul.
Then beckoning with the hand that they should be silent, he informed them in what manner the Lord had brought him out of the prison. And he said, Tell James and the brethren these things. And departing thence he went into another place.
But Elymas the magician (for such is his name when interpreted) opposed them, seeking to pervert the proconsul from the faith.
But when the apostles, Barnabas and Paul, heard it, they rent their garments, and rushed into the crowd, crying out,
Then appointing them presbyters in every city, by prayer with fastings they commended them to the Lord, on whom they had believed.
And God, who is the discerner of the heart, bore them witness, giving them the Holy Ghost, even as to us;
Then it was determined by the apostles and presbyters with the whole church, to send select men from themselves unto Antioch with Paul and Barnabas; Judas surnamed Barsabas, and Silas, leading men among the brethren;
So he sent to Ephesus from Miletus, and called the presbyters of the church to attend him.
Take heed therefore to yourselves, and to all the flock, over which the Holy Ghost hath made you bishops, to feed as shepherds the church of God, which he purchased with his own blood.
And on the morrow we who were Paul's companions departed with him, and went to Caesarea; and entering into the house of Philip the evangelist (who was one of the seven deacons), we abode with him. Now this man had four maiden daughters endued with the gift of prophecy.
And on the morrow Paul went in with us unto James: and all the presbyters were present.
or he that exhorteth, in exhortation; he that distributes, let him do it with simplicity; he that presideth, with diligence; he that is employed in acts of mercy, with cheerfulness.
I NOW commend unto you Phoebe our sister, who is a deaconess of the church which is at Cenchrea:
Salute Andronicus and Junia, my kinsmen, and fellow-prisoners, who are eminent among the apostles, who also were in Christ before me.
I speak to you to shame you. Is it so, that there is not among you a wise man? Not so much as one who is able to judge between one brother and another?
Wherefore, my beloved, flee from idolatry.
but every woman praying or prophesying with her head unveiled, dishonoureth her head; for it is one and the same thing, as if she were shaven.
Does not even nature itself teach you, that if a man wear long flowing hair it is a dishonour to him?
And these also hath God placed in the church, first apostles, secondly prophets, thirdly teachers, next miracles, then gifts of healings, helpers, directors, different kinds of tongues.
And these also hath God placed in the church, first apostles, secondly prophets, thirdly teachers, next miracles, then gifts of healings, helpers, directors, different kinds of tongues.
and that he was seen of Cephas, then of the twelve:
PAUL the apostle (not [sent] from men, nor by man, but by Jesus Christ, and our Father who raised him from the dead),
But I saw no other of the apostles except James, the Lord's brother.
(for he that wrought powerfully by Peter in his apostolic mission to the circumcision, wrought mightily also by me among the Gentiles.)
built up on the foundation of apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner stone;
which in other generations was not made known to the children of men, as it hath been now revealed to his holy apostles and prophets by the Spirit;
And he himself appointed, some indeed apostles, and some prophets; and others preachers of the Gospel; and others pastors and teachers;
And he himself appointed, some indeed apostles, and some prophets; and others preachers of the Gospel; and others pastors and teachers;
PAUL and Timothy, servants of Jesus Christ, to all the saints in Christ Jesus which are at Philippi, with the bishops and deacons:
Now we entreat you, brethren, to know those who labour among you, and preside over you in the Lord, and admonish you;
Their wives in like manner must be grave women, not addicted to scandal, sober, faithful in all things.
REBUKE not harshly an aged man, but admonish him as a father; the younger men as brethren;
Let the elders who preside properly be counted worthy of double honour, especially those who are laborious in preaching and teaching.
Let the elders who preside properly be counted worthy of double honour, especially those who are laborious in preaching and teaching.
For this purpose I left thee behind me at Crete, that thou mightest direct the regulations which remained to be executed, and that thou shouldest appoint presbyters in every city, as I charged thee to do:
For a bishop ought to be irreproachable, as the steward of God; not self-willed, not irritable, not addicted to wine, not quarrelsome, not greedy of filthy lucre;
Remember your presidents, who have spoken to you the word of God: the ultimate issue of whose conduct attentively observing, be imitators of their fidelity.
Obey your presidents, and be subject to them: for they are vigilant for your souls, as being to render an account, that they may do it with joy, and not groaning: for that would be disadvantageous for you.
But above all things, my brethren, swear not, neither by heaven, nor by earth, nor by any other oath: but let your yea be yea, and your no, no; that ye fall not under condemnation.
Is any man sick among you? let him send for the presbyters of the church; and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord:
THE presbyters among you I exhort, who am a co-presbyter and a witness of the sufferings of Christ, and a partaker of the glory which shall be revealed:
Yet I have a few things against thee, because thou hast suffered that woman Jezabel, calling herself a prophetess, to teach, and to lead my servants into error, to commit whoredom, and eat the idol sacrifices.
And the wall of the city had twelve foundations, and on them the names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb.