Reference: Nations
Hastings
In many places where in the AV we have 'Gentiles' and 'heathen' the RV bas rightly substituted 'nations,' and it might with advantage have carried out the change consistently.
The Heb. (goi) and Greek (ethnos) words denote invariably a nation or a people, never a person. Where in the AV (only NT) we find 'Gentile' in the singular (Ro 2:9 f.) the RV has 'Greek,' following the original. In nearly every example the singular 'nation' stands for 'Israel,' though we have a few exceptions, as in Ex 9:24 (of Egypt), Pr 14:34 (general), and Mt 21:43. It is often applied to Israel and Judah when there is an implication of disobedience to God, sinfulness and the like: see De 32:28; Jg 2:10; Isa 1:4 etc. This shade of meaning became very common in the later writings of the OT. Quite early in Israelitish history the singular as a term for Israel was discarded for the word translated 'people' ('am), so that 'am ('people') and goi ('nation') came to be almost antithetic terms = 'Israelites' and 'non-Israelites,' as in Rabbinical Hebrew. For the reason of the change in the use of goi ('nation'), see below.
In the AV 'Gentiles' often corresponds to 'Greeks' in the original, as in Joh 7:35; Ro 3:9 etc. In the RV the word 'Greeks' is rightly substituted, though the sense is the same, for to the Jews of the time Greek culture and religion stood for the culture and religion of the non-Jewish world.
The two words (Heb. and Greek) translated 'nation' have their original and literal sense in many parts of the OT and NT, as in 10/5/type/emb'>Ge 10:5,10 etc., Isa 2:4 (= Mic 4:2 f.), Job 12:23; 34:20; Ac 17:28; Ga 3:14. In other passages this general meaning is narrowed so as to embrace the descendants of Abraham, e.g. in Ge 12:2; 18:18; 17:4-6,15. But it is the plural that occurs by far the most frequently, standing almost invariably for non-Israelitish nations, generally with the added notion of their being idolatrous and immoral: see Ex 9:24; 34:10; Le 25:44 ff., Nu 14:15; De 15:5; 1Ki 4:31; Isa 11:10,12, and often. These are contrasted with Israel 'the people of Jahweh' in 2Sa 7:22; 1Ch 17:21 etc.
This contrast between Israel (united or divided into the kingdoms of Israel and Judah) as Jahweh's people, and all the rest of the human race designated 'nations,' runs right through the OT. Such a conception could have arisen only after the Israelites bad developed the consciousness of national unity. At first, even among the Israelites, each nation was thought to be justified in worshipping its deity (see De 3:24; 10:17; 1Ki 8:23; Isa 19:1 etc.). As long as this idea prevailed there could be no necessary antagonism between Israelites and foreign nations, except that which was national, for the nation's god was identified with the national interests. But when the belief in Jahweh's absolute and exclusive claims possessed the mind of Israel, as it began to do in the time of the earliest literary prophets (see Am 9 ff., Mic 7:18 etc.), the nations came to be regarded as worshippers of idols (Le 18:20), and in Ps 9:5,15,17 (cf. Eze 7:21) 'nations' and 'wicked people' are, as being identical, put in parallelism. It will be gathered from what has been said, that the hostile feelings with which Israelites regarded other peoples varied at various times. At all periods it would be modified by the laws of hospitality (see art. Stranger), by political alliances (cf. Isa 7:1 ff., and 2Ki 16:5 ff., Ahaz and Assyria against Israel and Syria), and by the needs of commerce (see Eze 27:11 [Tyre], 1Ki 9:28; 10:11; 22:28 etc.).
The reforms instituted by king Josiah in the Southern Kingdom (2Ki 22:1 f.), based upon the Deuteronomic law newly found in the Temple, aimed at stamping out all syncretism in religion and establishing the pure religion of Jahweb. This reformation, as also the Rechabite movement (Jer 35), had a profound influence upon the thoughts and feelings of Jews, widening the gulf between them and alien nations. The teaching of the oldest prophets looked in the same direction (see Am 2:11; 3:15; 5:11,25; 6:8; 8:5; Ho 2:19; 8:14; 9:10; 10:13; 12:7 ff; Ho 14:4; Isa 2:6; 10:4; 17:10; Zep 1:8,11; Jer 35:1 ff; Jer 37:6 f. etc.).
But the Deuteronomic law (about b.c. 620) made legally obligatory what earlier teachers had inculcated. Israelites were not to marry non-Israelites (De 7:3), or to have any except unavoidable dealings with them.
The feeling of national exclusiveness and antipathy was intensified by the captivity in Babylon, when the prophetic and priestly instructors of the exiled Jews taught them that their calamities came upon them on account of their disloyalty to Jahweh and the ordinances of His religion, and because they compromised with idolatrous practices and heathen nations. It was in Babylon that Ezekiel drew up the programme of worship and organization for the nation after the Return, laying stress on the doctrine that Israel was to be a holy people, separated from other nations (see Eze 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48). Some time after the Return, Ezra and Nehemiah had to contend with the laxity to which Jews who had remained in the home land and others had yielded; but they were uncompromising, and won the battle for nationalism in religion.
Judaism was in even greater danger of being lost in the world-currents of speculation and religion soon after the time of Alexander the Great. Indeed, but for the brave Maccab
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From these, were dispersed the inhabitants of the coastlands of the nations, in their lands, each man by his tongue, by their families in their nations.
So the beginning of his kingdom came to be Babel, and Erech, and Accad and Calneh, in the land of Shinar.
That I may make thee into a great nation, And bless thee and make great thy name, And become thou a blessing;
As for me, lo! my covenant is with thee, - So shalt thou become - father of a multitude of nations; And thy name shall no more be called Abram, - but thy name shall become Abraham, for father of a multitude of nations, have I appointed thee; read more. And I will make thee fruitful, exceedingly, and grant thee to be nations, - Yea kings, out of thee, shall come forth;
And God said unto Abraham, As for Sarai thy wife, thou shalt not call her name Sarai, - but, Sarah, is her name;
when, Abraham, shall surely become, a great and mighty nation, - and all the nations of the earth, shall be blessed in him?
So there came to be hail, and fire catching hold of itself, in the midst of the hall, - exceeding heavy, such as had not been in all the land of Egypt, from the very time it became a nation.
So there came to be hail, and fire catching hold of itself, in the midst of the hall, - exceeding heavy, such as had not been in all the land of Egypt, from the very time it became a nation.
And he said - Lo! I, am about to solemnise a covenant,-in presence of all thy people, will I do marvellous things, which have not been created in any part of the earth nor among any of the nations, - so shall all the people in whose midst thou, art see the work of Yahweh for a fearful thing, it is, which I, am doing with thee.
And of the wife of thy neighbour, shalt thou not have carnal knowledge, - to commit uncleanness with her.
And as for thy bondman and thy bond-maid which thou shalt have, of the nations that are round about you - from them, may ye buy bondman and bond-maid.
As soon, therefore, as thou hast put to death this people as one man, so soon will the nations who have heard thy fame speak saying:
My Lord Yahweh, thou thyself, hast begun to shew thy servant thy greatness, and thy firm hand, - as to which, what GOD is there, in the heavens or in the earth, that can do according to thy doings, and according to thy mighty deeds?
neither shalt thou intermarry with them, - thy daughter, shalt thou not give unto his son, nor his daughter, shalt thou take for thy son;
For as touching Yahweh your God, he, is God of gods, and Lord of lords; the great the mighty, and the fearful GOD, who respecteth not persons, nor accepteth a bribe;
only if thou do hearken unto the voice of Yahweh thy God, - to observe to do - all this commandment which I am commanding time to-day.
For a nation of vanished sagacity, they are, - And there is in them no understanding.
All that generation also, were gathered unto their fathers, - and there arose another generation, after them, who had not known Yahweh, nor even the work which he had wrought for Israel.
For this cause, hast thou magnified thyself, O Yahweh Elohim, - for there is none like unto, thee, yea there is no God besides thee, according to all that we have heard with our ears.
and they came to Ophir, and fetched from thence, gold, four hundred and twenty talents, - and brought it to King Solomon.
Moreover also, the fleet of Hiram, which brought gold from Ophir, brought in, from Ophir sandal-wood in great abundance, and precious stones.
Then said Micaiah, If thou, return, in peace, Yahweh hath not spoken by me. And he said, Hear, ye peoples, all of you!
then, came up Rezin king of Syria, and Pekah son of Remaliah king of Israel, unto Jerusalem, to make war, - and they laid siege against Ahaz, but could not overcome him .
Eight years old, was Josiah when he began to reign, and, thirty-one years, reigned he in Jerusalem, - and, this mother's name, was Jedidah daughter of Adaiah, of Bozkath.
Who giveth greatness to nations, or destroyeth them, Who spreadeth out nations, or leadeth them into exile:
In a moment, they die, even in the middle of the night, - A people are convulsed when they pass away, A mighty one is removed, without hand;
Thou hast rebuked the nations, Thou hast destroyed the lawless one, Their name, hast thou wiped out, to times age-abiding and beyond.
The nations, have sunk, in the pit they had made, In the net which they had hidden, is caught their own foot.
The lawless, shall return, to hades, all nations forgetful of God.
Righteousness, exalteth a nation, but, a reproach to any people, is sin.
Alas! a nation - committing sin, a people - burdened with iniquity, a seed - practising wickedness, sons - acting corruptly. They have forsaken Yahweh despised the Holy One of Israel, - Are estranged and gone back.
And he will judge between the nations, And be umpire to many peoples, - And they will beat their swords into ploughshares and their spears into pruning-hooks, Nation - against nation, shall not lift up sword, Neither shall they learn any more to make war,
Therefore hast thou abandoned thy people the house of Jacob, Because they have become full of the And use hidden arts like the Philistines, - And with the children of foreigners, strike hands; -
And it came to pass in the days of Ahaz son of Jotham son of Uzziah king of Judah, that Rezin king of Syria, and Pekah son of Remaliah king of Israel, came up, to Jerusalem, to war against it, but could not prevail against it.
Without me, one hath bowed under a prisoner Yea under the slain, do they fall! For all this, hath his anger, not turned back, But still, is his hand outstretched.
And there shall come to be, in that day, A root of Jesse, which shall be standing as an ensign of peoples, Unto him, shall nations seek, - And, his resting-place, shall be, glorious.
And he will lift up a standard to the nations, And will gather the outcasts of Israel, - And the dispersed of Judah, will he collect, From the four corners of the earth.
Because thou didst forget the God of thy salvation, And thy Rock of refuge, thou didst not remember, For this cause, shalt thou plant very pleasant plants, And, the slip of a stranger, shalt thou set:
The oracle on Egypt: Lo! Yahweh, riding upon a swift cloud, and he will enter Egypt, And the idols of Egypt shall shake at his presence, And, the heart of Egypt, shall melt within him;
The word which came unto Jeremiah from Yahweh, - in the days of Jehoiakim son of Josiah king of Judah saying:
Yea I will deliver it Into the hand of foreigners for a prey, And to the lawless ones of the earth for a spoil, And they will profane it;
The sons of Arvad, :with thine army, were upon thy walls round about, And valorous in thy towers, - Their shields, hung they up on thy walls round about, They perfected thy beauty:
And I will take thee unto myself, unto times age-abiding, - yea I will take thee unto myself, in righteousness and in justice, and in lovingkindness, and in abounding compassion:
And so Israel hath forgotten his Maker, and hath built temples, and, Judah, hath multiplied fortified cities, - Therefore will I send a fire upon his cities, and it shall consume the palaces thereof.
Like grapes in the desert, found I Israel, like the first-ripe in the fig-tree when it is young, saw I your fathers, - they, entered Baal-peor, and devoted themselves to the Shameful Thing, Then became their abominations like their lusts.
Ye have plowed lawlessness, perversity, have ye reaped, ye have eaten the fruit of deception, - because thou didst trust in thy chariots, in the multitude of thy mighty men.
A trafficker! in his hand, are balances of deceit, to oppress, he loveth.
I will heal their apostacy, I will love them freely, - for mine anger, hath turned, from them.
And I raised up, of your sons, for prophets, and, of your young men, for Nazirites, - Was it not even so, ye sons of Israel? Demandeth Yahweh;
And I will smite the winter house along with the summer house, - and the houses of ivory, shall be destroyed! and the great houses, shall disappear, Declareth Yahweh.
Therefore - because ye have trampled on the poor, and, the gift of corn, ye would take away from him, though, houses of hewn stone, ye have built, Yet shall ye not dwell in them, - Though, delightful vineyards, ye have planted, Yet shall ye not drink the wine of them.
The sacrifices and meal-offering, ye brought near unto me, in the desert, for forty years O house of Israel;
Sworn hath the Lord, Yahweh, by his own life, Declareth Yahweh, God of hosts, abhorring am I, the grandeur of Jacob, and, his palaces, I hate, - therefore will I cast off the city and the fulness thereof.
Who say, When will the new moon, pass away, that we may sell corn? and the sabbath that we may open grain? who diminish the ephah, and increase the shekel, and who falsify by deceitful weights:
Yea many nations, shall go, and say - come ye, and let us ascend unto the mountain of Yahweh, and unto the house of the God of Jacob, that he may teach us of his ways, and we may walk in his paths, - for, out of Zion, shall go forth a law, and, the word of Yahweh, out of Jerusalem;
Who is a GOD like unto thee, taking away the iniquity - and passing over the transgression - of the remnant of his inheritance? He hath not held fast, perpetually, his anger, for, one who delighteth in lovingkindness, is he!
And it shall come to pass, in the day of Yahweh's sacrifice, that I will punish the rulers, and the sons of the king, - and all such as are clothed with foreign apparel;
Howl, ye inhabitants of the lower city, - because destroyed are all the people of traffic, cut off are all they who were laden with silver.
Wherefore I say unto you, The kingdom of God, will be taken away from you, and given to a nation bringing forth the fruits thereof:
The Jews, therefore, said unto themselves - Whither, is, this one, about to go, that we shall not find him? Unto the dispersion of the Greeks, is he about to go, and teach the Greeks?
And the faithful, of the circumcision, who had come with Peter, were amazed, - in that, upon the nations also, the free-gift of the Holy Spirit had been poured out;
For, in him, we live and move and are: as, even some of your own poets, have said - For, his offspring also, we are.
tribulation and anguish - against every soul of man who worketh out what is base, both of Jew first and of Greek, -
What then? do we screen ourselves? Not at all! For we have before accused both Jews and Greeks of being, all under sin;
In order that, unto the nations, the blessing of Abraham, might come about in Jesus Christ, - in order that, the promise of the Spirit, we might receive through means of the faith.