Reference: Plagues of Egypt
Hastings
There are not many references in the Bible to the plagues outside the Book of Exodus. They are epitomized in Ps 78:44-51; 105:28-36. In Ro 9:14-24 God's treatment of Pharaoh is dwelt upon, to show His absolute right to do what He will with the creatures of His own handiwork. And in Re 8; 9; 16 much of the imagery in the visions of the trumpets and the bowls is based upon the plagues
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And they will gather them together, heaps, heaps: and the land will be loathsome.
And the flax and the barley were struck: for the barley was ripe, and the flax high.
And they will say, This the blood of the sword; the kings were destroyed, and they will strike a man his neighbor: and now to the spoil, Moab.
And he turned to blood their rivers, and their flowings they shall not drink He will send forth among them the gad-fly, and they shall devour them; and frogs, and they shall destroy them.
He will send forth among them the gad-fly, and they shall devour them; and frogs, and they shall destroy them. And he will give their produce to the devourer, and their labor to the locust read more. He will kill their vine with hail, and their sycamore trees with frost He will deliver their cattle to the hail, and their possessions to the flames. He will send upon them the burning of his anger, outpouring and wrath, and straits, sending evil messengers. He will prepare a beaten path for his anger; he spared not their soul from death, and their life he delivered to the word; And he will strike all the firstborn in Egypt; the first-fruits of their toils in the tents of Ham:
He sent darkness, and he will darken; and they embittered not his words. He turned their waters to blood, and he will slay their fish. read more. Their land abounded with frogs in the chambers of their kings. He said, and the gad-fly will come, and gnats in all their bounds.
He said, and the gad-fly will come, and gnats in all their bounds. He gave their rain hail, a fire of flames in their land. read more. And he will strike their vine and their fig trees, and he will break the tree of their bound. He said, and the locust will come and the feeder, and no number. And it will devour all the of their land, and it will devour all the fruit of their earth. And he will strike every first-born in their land, the first-fruits to all their strength.
As the shadow according to its declining I was gone: I was shaken off as the locust.
And the northern I will remove far off from you, and I thrust him into a land of dryness and desolation, with his face to the east sea, and his end to the last sea; and his stink came up. and his stench shall come up, for he magnified to do.
What then shall we say Is injustice with God? It may not be. I will commiserate whomsoever I commiserate, and I will have compassion upon whomsoever I have compassion. read more. Surely then, not of him Willing, nor of him running, but of God commiserating. For the writing says to Pharaoh, That for this same have I raised thee up, so that I might show in thee my power, and so that my name might be announced in all the earth. Surely then, whom he will he commiserates, and whom he will he hardens. Thou wilt then say to me, Why does he yet blame For who has withstood his will? Surely, O man, who art thou replying against God? Shall the formation say to him having formed, Why hest thou made me so Or has not the potter power over the clay, of the same mixture truly to make one vessel for honour, and one for dishonour And if God, willing anger to be shown, and his power to be made known, endured in much long suffering the vessels of anger put in proper order for destruction: And that he might make known the riches of his glory upon the vessels of mercy, which he before prepared for glory Whom he also called us, not only from the Jews, but also of the nations?
And the first angel sounded the trumpet, and there were hail and fire mingled with blood, and it was cast into the earth: and a third of the trees were burned down, and all green grass was burned down. And the second angel sounded the trumpet, and as a great mountain burning with fire was cast into the sea: and the third of the sea was blood;
And the fourth angel sounded the trumpet, and the third of the sun was stricken, and a third of the moon, and a third of the stars; that a third of them might be darkened, and the day shone not, a third of it, and the night likewise.
And the fifth angel sounded the trumpet, and I saw a star fallen from heaven to the earth: and there was given to him the key of the well of the bottomless pit. And he opened the well of the bottomless pit; and a smoke went up out of the well, as the smoke of a great furnace; and the sun was darkened, and the air, from the smoke of the well. read more. And out of the smoke came forth locusts into the earth: and power was given them, as the scorpions of the earth have power. And it was said to them that they should not injure the grass of the earth, neither any green, nor any tree; except the men only which have not the seal of God upon their foreheads. And it was given them that they should not kill them, but that they should be tortured five months: and their torture as the torture of a scorpion, when he should strike a man. And in those days shall men seek death, and not find it; and shall eagerly desire to die, and death shall flee from them. And the likenesses of the locusts like horses prepared for war; and upon their heads as crowns like gold, and their faces as men's faces. And they had hair as women's hair, and their teeth were as of lions. And they had coats-of-mail, as coats-of-mail of iron; and the voice of their wings as the voice of chariots of many horses running to war. And they have tails as scorpions, and goads were in their tails: and their power to injure men five months. And they have a king over them, the angel of the abyss, the name to him in Hebrew Abaddon, and in Greek he has the name Apollyon.
And the first went forth, and poured out his vial upon the earth; and a bad and evil sore was upon the men having the stamp of the wild beast, and them worshipping his image. And the second angel poured out his vial into the sea; and it was blood as of a dead body: and every living soul died in the sea.
And the fifth angel poured out his vial upon the throne of the wild beast; and his kingdom was darkened; and they pressed their tongues for pain,
And I saw out of the mouth of the dragon, and out of the mouth of the wild beast, and out of the mouth of the false prophet, three unclean spirits like frogs.
And the seventh angel poured out his vial into the air; and a great voice went out from the temple of heaven, from the throne, saying, It is done.
Morish
These were wrought by God to show to Pharaoh and to the Egyptians His great power, and that all the elements of creation were at His disposal. Ex. 7
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And Moses will say, Thou spakest well: I will no more add to see thy face.
And Moses will say, Thus said Jehovah, About the middle of the night I will go forth into the midst of Egypt And every first-born in the land of Egypt shall die, from the first-born of Pharaoh sitting upon his throne, even to the first-born of the maid which is behind the two mill-stones; and every first-born of quadruped. read more. And a great cry was in all the land of Egypt, such as was not, and such shall not be added. And against all the sons of Israel, a dog shall not sharpen his tongue, from man and even to cattle: so that ye shall know that Jehovah will separate between Egypt and between IsraeL And all these thy servants shall come down to me, and worship to me, saying, Go forth, thou, and all the people which are at thy feet: and after this I will go forth. And he will go forth from Pharaoh in the heat of anger.
He will send forth among them the gad-fly, and they shall devour them; and frogs, and they shall destroy them.
He said, and the gad-fly will come, and gnats in all their bounds.
Watsons
PLAGUES OF EGYPT. The design of these visitations, growing more awful and tremendous in their progress, was to make Pharaoh know, and confess, that the God of the Hebrews was the supreme Lord, and to exhibit his power and his justice in the strongest light to all the nations of the earth, Ex 9:16; 1Sa 4:8, &c; to execute judgment upon the Egyptians and upon all their gods, inanimate and bestial, for their cruelty to the Israelites, and for their grovelling polytheism and idolatry, Ex 7:14-17; 12:12. The Nile was the principal divinity of the Egyptians. According to Heliodorus, they paid divine honours to this river, and revered it as the first of their gods. They declared him to be the rival of heaven, since he watered the country without the aid of the clouds and rain. His principal festival was at the summer solstice, when the inundation commenced; at which season, in the dog days, by a cruel idolatrous rite, they sacrificed red-haired persons, principally foreigners, to Typhon, or the power that presided over tempests, at Busiris, Heliopolis, &c, by burning them alive, and scattering their ashes in the air, for the good of the people, as we learn from Plutarch. Hence Bryant infers the probability, that these victims were chosen from among the Israelites, during their residence in Egypt. The judgment then inflicted upon the river, and all the waters of Egypt, in the presence of Pharaoh and of his servants, as foretold,
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And also the nation whom they shall serve, I will judge, and after this they shall come forth with great substance.
Come, we will be wise with them, lest they shall multiply, and it was when war shall happen, and also being added to our armies and fighting against us, and they went up from the land.
And Jehovah will say to Moses, Pharaoh's heart was heavy; he refused to send forth the people. Go to Pharaoh in the morning; behold, he will go forth to the water, and standing to meet him at the lip of the river: and the rod which was turned into a serpent thou shalt take in thy hand. read more. And say to him, Jehovah, the God of the Hebrews, sent me to thee, saying, Send forth my people, and they shall serve me in the desert: and behold, thou didst not hear until now. Thus said Jehovah, In this thou shalt know that I am Jehovah: Behold me smiting with the rod which is in my hand upon the waters that in the river, and they were turned into blood.
And Jehovah will say to Moses, Rise early in the morning, and thou shalt stand before Pharaoh (behold he will go forth to the water); and say to him, Thus said Jehovah, Send forth my people, and they shall serve me. For if thou sendest not my people forth, behold me sending upon thee and upon thy servants, and upon thy people and upon thy houses, the gad-fly: and the houses of the Egyptians shall be filled with the gad-fly, and also the land which they are upon it read more. And I separated in that day the land of Goshen, which my people stood upon it, for no gad-fly to be there; that thou shalt know that I am Jehovah in the midst of the earth. And I put a redemption between my people and between thy people; and in the morrow shall be this sign.
And Jehovah will say to Moses, Go to Pharaoh, and speak to him, Thus said Jehovah, the God of the Hebrews, Send forth my people and they shall serve me. For if thou refusest to send forth, but yet thou holdest fast upon them, read more. Behold, the hand of Jehovah is upon thy cattle which are in the field; upon the horses, upon the asses, upon the camels, upon the oxen and upon the sheep: death exceedingly heavy. And Jehovah separated between the cattle of Israel and between the cattle of Egypt: and nothing shall die from all the sons of Israel, spoken of And Jehovah will set an appointment, saying, To-morrow Jehovah will do this word in the land. And Jehovah will do this word in the morrow, and all the cattle of Egypt will die: and from the cattle of the sons of Israel, not one died.
And Jehovah will do this word in the morrow, and all the cattle of Egypt will die: and from the cattle of the sons of Israel, not one died. And Pharaoh will send, and behold, from the cattle of Israel, there died not even one And the heart of Pharaoh will be heavy, and he sent not forth the people. read more. And Jehovah will say to Moses and to Aaron, Take to you your two fists full of ashes of the furnace; and Moses sprinkled it towards the heavens in the eyes of Pharaoh. And it was for dust upon all the land of Egypt, and it was upon man, and upon quadruped for a burning sore breaking forth with pustules over all the land of Egypt And they will take ashes of the furnace and will stand before Pharaoh; and Moses will sprinkle it towards the heavens; and it will be a burning sore, breaking forth with pustules upon man and upon quadruped. And the sacred scribes will not be able to stand before Moses on account of the burning sore: for the burning sore was upon the sacred scribes, and in all Egypt And Jehovah will bind fast the heart of Pharaoh, and he heard not to them: as Jehovah spake to Moses. And Jehovah will say to Moses, Rise early in the morning, and stand before Pharaoh, and say to him, Thus said Jehovah, the God of the Hebrews, Send forth my people, and they shall serve me. For in this time I send all my plagues into thy heart, and upon thy servants, and upon thy people: so that thou shalt know that there is not as I in all the earth. For now I sent forth my hand, and surely I will smite thee and thy people with death; and thou shalt be destroyed from the earth. And yet for this I raised thee up in order to cause thee to see my strength; and for the sake of declaring my name in all the earth.
And yet for this I raised thee up in order to cause thee to see my strength; and for the sake of declaring my name in all the earth. As yet lifting up thyself against my people not to send them forth? read more. Behold, I rain at this time to-morrow, hail exceedingly heavy, which was not as this in Egypt from the day it was founded even now. And now send forth to secure thy cattle, and all which is to thee in the field: every man and quadruped which shall be found in the field, and shall not be gathered together to the house, and the hail shall come down upon them, and they shall die. He fearing the word of Jehovah from the servants of Pharaoh, caused his servants to flee, and his cattle to the houses. And he who set not his heart to the word of Jehovah, will leave his servants and his cattle in the field.
And Pharaoh will send and call for Moses and for Aaron, and will say to them, I sinned this time: Jehovah is just, and I and my people unjust Pray ye to Jehovah and much, from there being voices of God and hail; and I will send you forth, and ye shall not add to stand. read more. And Moses will say to him, When I have gone forth from the city, I will spread forth my hands to Jehovah; the voices shall cease, and the hail shall be no more; for thou shalt know that to Jehovah is the earth. And thou and thy servants, I knew that ye will not yet fear from before Jehovah God. And the flax and the barley were struck: for the barley was ripe, and the flax high. And the wheat and spelt were not struck, for they were late. And Moses will go forth from Pharaoh out of the city, and he will spread forth his hands to Jehovah, and the voices will cease; and the hail and the rain was not poured upon the earth. And Pharaoh will see that the rain ceased, and the hail and the voices; and he will add to sin, and he will make his heart heavy, he and his servants. And Pharaoh's heart will be bound fast, and he sent not forth the sons of Israel; as Jehovah spake by the hand of Moses.
And Moses will come, and Aaron, to Pharaoh, and they will say to him, Thus said Jehovah the God of the Hebrews, Until long didst thou refuse to humble thyself from before me. Send forth my people and they shall serve me. For if thou refusest to send forth my people, behold me bringing to-morrow the locust into thy bounds. read more. And it covered the eye of the earth, and he shall not be able to see the earth: and it shall eat the remainder of that escaping, being left to you from the hail; and it shall eat every tree springing up to you out of the field. And they filled thy houses and all the houses of thy servants, and the houses of all Egypt; which thy fathers saw not, and thy fathers' fathers, from the day they were upon the earth, even till this day. And he will turn away and go forth from Pharaoh. And Pharaoh's servants will say to him, How long will this, be to us for a snare? Send forth the men, and they shall serve Jehovah their God, before thou shalt know that Egypt is destroyed. And he will turn back Moses and Aaron to Pharaoh, and he will say to them, Go, serve Jehovah your God: who and who are they going. And Moses will say, With our youths and with our old men will we go; with our sons and with our daughters, with our sheep and with our oxen will we go: for a festival of Jehovah is to us. And he will say to them, So will Jehovah be with you, as I will send you forth, and your little ones: see ye, for evil is manifest before you. Not so: go now, ye men, and serve Jehovah; for this ye yourselves were seeking. And he will drive them out from before Pharaoh. And Jehovah will say to Moses, Stretch forth thy hand upon the land of Egypt, with the locust, and it will come up upon the land of Egypt; and it shall eat every green herb of the land, all which the hail left And Moses will stretch forth his rod upon the land of Egypt, and Jehovah drove an east wind upon the earth, all that day and all the night: it was,morning, and the east wind raised up the locust And the locust will come up upon all the land of Egypt, and it will rest in all the bounds of Egypt exceeding many: before it was there no locust thus like it, and after it, it shall not be thus. And it will cover the eye of all the earth, and the land will be dark; and it will eat every green herb of the land, and all the fruit of the tree which the hail left: and not a green thing was left in the tree, and in the green herb of the field, in all the land of Egypt
And Jehovah will say to Moses, Stretch forth thy hand towards the heavens, and darkness shall be upon the land of Egypt, and the darkness shall be felt And Moses will stretch forth his hand toward the heavens, and there shall be thick darkness in all the land of Egypt three days. read more. They saw not a man his brother, and they rose not up each from his lower part, three days: and to all the sons of Israel there was light in their dwellings. And Pharaoh will call to Moses, and will say, Go ye, serve Jehovah: only your sheep and your oxen shall be left; also your little ones shall go with you. And Moses will say, Thou also shalt give into our hand sacrifices and burnt-offerings, and we sacrificed to Jehovah our God. And also our cattle shall go with us; a hoof shall not be left; for from us we shall take to serve Jehovah our God; and we shall not know what we shall serve Jehovah till we come there. And Jehovah will bind fast the heart of Pharaoh, and he not being willing to send them forth. And Pharaoh will say to him, Go from me, watch to thyself; thou shalt not add to see my face, for in the day of thy seeing my face thou shalt die. And Moses will say, Thou spakest well: I will no more add to see thy face.
And Jehovah will say to Moses, Yet one blow will I bring upon Pharaoh and upon Egypt; after this he will send you forth from here; when his sending forth to go, driving, he will drive you out from here.
And Moses will say, Thus said Jehovah, About the middle of the night I will go forth into the midst of Egypt And every first-born in the land of Egypt shall die, from the first-born of Pharaoh sitting upon his throne, even to the first-born of the maid which is behind the two mill-stones; and every first-born of quadruped. read more. And a great cry was in all the land of Egypt, such as was not, and such shall not be added. And against all the sons of Israel, a dog shall not sharpen his tongue, from man and even to cattle: so that ye shall know that Jehovah will separate between Egypt and between IsraeL And all these thy servants shall come down to me, and worship to me, saying, Go forth, thou, and all the people which are at thy feet: and after this I will go forth. And he will go forth from Pharaoh in the heat of anger.
And all these thy servants shall come down to me, and worship to me, saying, Go forth, thou, and all the people which are at thy feet: and after this I will go forth. And he will go forth from Pharaoh in the heat of anger. And Jehovah will say to Moses, Pharaoh will not hear to you; so that my wonders be multiplied in the land of Egypt read more. And Moses and Aaron did all these signs before Pharaoh; and Jehovah will bind fast Pharaoh's heart, and he sent not forth the sons of Israel from his land.
And Jehovah will say to Moses and to Aaron in the land of Egypt, saying, This month is to you the beginning of months: this to you the first month of the year. read more. Speak ye to all the assembly of Israel, saying, In the tenth of this month and they shall take to them each a sheep, according to the house of the fathers; a sheep for a house. And if the house shall be little from being for a sheep, and he taking, and his neighbor drawing nigh his house according to the number of souls; each according to the mouth of his eating shall ye reckon for the sheep. A perfect sheep, a male, the son of a year, shall be to you from the he-lambs and from the goats ye shall take. And it shall be to you for a preservation till the fourteenth day of this month; and they shall slaughter it, all the convocation of the assembly of Israel, between the two evenings. And they took from the blood and gave upon the two door-posts, and upon the lintel within the houses which they shall eat it in them. And they shall eat the flesh in that night roasted with fire and unleavened; upon bitter herbs shall they eat it Ye shall not eat from it raw and boiled from boiling with water, but roasted with fire, its head with its legs with its inner part Ye shall not leave from it till morning: and that remaining from it till morning, ye shall burn with fire. And so shall ye eat it, your loins girded, your shoes on your feet and your staff in your hand: and ye ate it in hasty flight; a passing over to Jehovah. And I passed over in the land of Egypt in this night, and I struck every first-born in the land of Egypt from man even to quadruped: and against all the gods of Egypt I will do judgments: I Jehovah.
And I passed over in the land of Egypt in this night, and I struck every first-born in the land of Egypt from man even to quadruped: and against all the gods of Egypt I will do judgments: I Jehovah. And the blood was to you for a sign upon the houses where you are there: and I saw the blood and I passed over you, and the blow shall not be upon you to destroy, in my striking upon the land of Egypt read more. And this day shall be to you for a remembrance; and ye kept it a festival to Jehovah for your generations: ye shall keep a festival a law forever. Seven days ye shall eat unleavened; wholly in the first day shall ye turn away leaven in your houses; for all eating leavened and that soul was destroyed from Israel from the first day even to the seventh day. And in the first day a calling of holiness, and in the seventh day a calling of holiness shall be to you; every service shall not be done in them only what shall be eaten by every soul; this only shall be done by you. And ye watched the unleavened; for in this self-same day I brought forth your armies out of the land of Egypt and watch ye this day for your generations a law forever. In the first, in the fourteenth day of the month, in the evening, ye shall eat unleavened till the one and twentieth day of the month in the evening. Seven days leaven shall not be found in your houses; for all eating from the leavened, that soul shall be destroyed from the assembly of Israel, for the sojourner or for the native of the land. All leavened ye shall not eat: in all your dwellings ye shall eat unleavened. And Moses will call for all the old men of Israel and he will say to them, Draw out and take to yourselves a sheep according to your tribes, and slaughter the passing over. And take ye a bundle of hyssop, and dip in the blood that is upon the threshhold, and touch upon the lintel, and upon the two door-posts from the blood which is upon the threshhold and ye shall not come forth each from the door of his house till morning. And Jehovah passed over to strike the Egyptians; and he saw the blood upon the lintel, and upon the two doorposts, and Jehovah passed by the door and will not give him destroying to come in to your houses to strike. And watch ye this word for a law to thee and to thy sons forever. And it shall be when ye shall come to the land. which Jehovah will give to you, as he spake, watch ye this service. And it shall be when your sons shall say to you, What this service to you? And they said, This the sacrifice of the passing over to Jehovah, who passed over the houses of the sons of Israel in Egypt in his striking the Egyptians, and he delivered our houses. And the people will bow down and will worship. And the sons of Israel will go, and will do as Jehovah commanded Moses and Aaron; thus did they. And it will be in the middle of the night, and Jehovah struck every firstborn in the land of Egypt, from the first-born of Pharaoh sitting upon his throne, to the first-born of the captive which is in the house of the pit; and every first-born of the cattle. And Pharaoh will rise up in the night, he and all his servants, and all the Egyptians; and there will be a great cry in Egypt: for not a house where there was not the dead there. And he will call for Moses and for Aaron by night, and he will say, Arise, go forth from the midst of my people, also ye, also the sons of Israel; and go, serve Jehovah as ye spake. Also your sheep, also your oxen take as ye spake, and go and bless also me. And Egypt will be strong upon the people to hasten to send them forth out of the land; for they said, We are all dying. And the people will take up their dough before it will be leavened, their kneading-bowls bound in their garments upon their shoulders. And the sons of Israel did as Moses spake: and they will ask of the Egyptians, silver vessels and gold vessels,' and garments. And Jehovah gave favor to the people in the eyes of the Egyptians, and they will lend them; and they will strip the Egyptians. And the sons of Israel will remove from Rameses to Succoth, about six hundred thousand footmen; men apart from the little ones. And also a great mixture went up with them; and sheep and oxen, very much cattle.
And the pillar of cloud will not give way, the day, and the pillar of fire, the night, before the people.
And I sent hornets before thee and to drive out the Hivite, the Canaanite, and the Hittite from before thee.
And in the day of the raising up the dwelling the cloud covered the dwelling of the tent of testimony: and in the evening it shall be upon the tent as the appearance of fire till morning. So shall it be always: the cloud shall cover it, and the appearance of fire by night read more. And when the cloud went up from the tent, and after this the sons of Israel shall remove: and in the place where the cloud shall dwell there, there shall the sons of Israel encamp. At the mouth of Jehovah the sons of Israel will remove, and at the mouth of Jehovah they will encamp: all the days which the cloud shall dwell upon the dwelling they shall encamp. And in the prolonging of the cloud upon the dwelling many days, and the sons of Israel shall watch the watches of Jehovah, and they shall not remove. And it is, when the cloud shall be days of number upon the dwelling, at the mouth of Jehovah they shall encamp, and at the mouth of Jehovah they shall remove. And it is when the cloud shall be from evening to morning, and the cloud went up in the morning, and they shall remove: either day or by night, and the cloud went up and they removed. Or days, or a month, or days, in the prolonging of the cloud upon the dwelling to dwell upon it, the sons of Israel shall encamp, and they shall not remove; and in its going up they shall remove. At the mouth of Jehovah they shall encamp, and at the mouth of Jehovah, they shall remove; the watches of Jehovah they watched, at the mouth of Jehovah by the hand of Moses.
And they will remove from the mountain of God, a way of three days: and the ark of the covenant of Jehovah removed before them, a way of three days, to search out for them a rest And the cloud of Jehovah upon them the day in their removing out of the camp. read more. And it shall be in removing the ark Moses will say, Rise, Jehovah, and thine enemies shall be scattered; and they hating thee shall flee from before thee. And in its encamping, he will say, Turn back, Jehovah, to the ten thousand thousands of Israel.
And the scraped together which in its midst will long a longing; and the sons of Israel also will turn back and weep, and they will say, Who will feed us with flesh?
And they will remove from Rameses in the first month, in the fifteenth day to the first month: on the morrow of the passover and the sons of Israel went forth with a high hand before the eyes of all the Egyptians.
And Jehovah took you and brought you forth out of the furnace of iron, out of Egypt, to be to him for a people of inheritance as this day.
And also the hornet, Jehovah thy God will send among you till the destroying Of those being left and of those hiding from thy face.
And I will send before you the hornet, and it shall drive them out from your face, the two kings of the Amorites: not with thy sword and not with thy bow.
And Moab broke with Israel after Ahab died. And Ahaziah will fall through the lattice in his upper chamber which was in Shomeron, and he will be sick: and he will send messengers, and say to them, Go seek in Baal the fly god of Ekron, if I shall live from this disease.
Many the sorrows to the unjust one: and he trusting in Jehovah, mercy shall surround him.
He will send upon them the burning of his anger, outpouring and wrath, and straits, sending evil messengers.
And as they chose not to have God in knowledge, God delivered them to an adulterated purpose, to do things not fitting;
And if God, willing anger to be shown, and his power to be made known, endured in much long suffering the vessels of anger put in proper order for destruction:
Behold then the goodness and severity of God: truly upon the fallen, severity; and upon thee, goodness, if thou continue in goodness: otherwise shalt thou also be cut off.
For we sinning voluntarily after receiving the knowledge of the truth, there is left no more a sacrifice for sins,