Reference: Bread
American
A word which in Scripture is often put for food in general, Ge 3:19; 18:5; 28:20; Ex 2:20; Le 11:3. Manna is called bread from heaven, Ex 16:4. Bread, in the proper and literal sense, usually means cakes made of wheaten flour; barely being used chiefly by the poor and for feeding horses. The wheat was ground daily, in small stone mills; the flour was made into dough in a wooden trough, and subsequently leavened, Ex 12:34; Ho 7:4. It was then made into cakes, and baked.
The ancient Hebrews had several ways of baking bread: of baking bread: they often baked it under the ashes upon the earth, upon round copper or iron plates, or in pans or stoves made on purpose. The Arabians and other oriental nations, among whom wood is scarce, often bake their bread between two fires made of cow-dung, which burns slowly. The bread is good, if eaten the same day, but the crust is black and burnt, and retains a smell of the fuel used in baking it. This explains Eze 4:9,15.
The Hebrews, in common with other eastern people, had a kind of oven, (tannoor,) which is like a large pitcher, open at top, in which they made a fire. When it was well heated, they mingled flour in water, and this paste they applied to the outside of the pitcher. Such bread is baked in an instant, and is taken off in thin, fine pieces, like our wafers, Le 2. Bread was also baked in cavities sunk in the ground, or the floor of the tent, and well lined with compost or cement. A tire was built on the floor of this oven; and the sides being sufficiently heated, thin cakes were adroitly stuck upon towns there were public ovens, and bakers by trade, Jer 37:21; Ho 7:4.
As the Hebrews generally made their bread thin, and in the form of flat cakes, or wafers, they did not cut it with a knife, but broke it, La 4:4, which gave rise to that expression so usual in Scripture, of "breaking bread," to signify eating, sitting down to table, taking a repast. In the institution of the Lord's supper, our Savior broke the bread which he had consecrated; whence "to break bread," and "breaking of bread," in the New Testament are used for celebrating the Lord's supper. See under EATING.
SHOWBREAD, Heb. Bread of presence, was bread offered every Sabbath-day to God on the golden table which stood in the holy place, Ex 25:30; twelve cakes of unleavened bread, offered with salt and frankincense, Le 2:13; 24:5-9. The show-bread could be lawfully eaten by none but the priests; nevertheless, David having received some of these loaves from the high-priest Abimelech, ate of them without scruple in his necessity,
1Sa 21:1-6; and our Savior quotes his example to justify the disciples, who had bruised ears of corn, and were eating them on the Sabbath-day. Mt 12:1-4.
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In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, until thou return unto the earth whence thou wast taken: for earth thou art, and unto earth shalt thou return."
And I will fetch a morsel of bread, to comfort your hearts withal. And then go your ways, for even therefore are ye come to your servant." And they answered, "Do even so as thou hast said."
And Jacob vowed a vow, saying, "If God will be with me and will keep me in this journey which I go and will give me bread to eat, and clothes to put on,
And he said unto his daughters, "Where is he? Why have ye left the man? Go call him that he may eat bread."
And the people took the dough before it was soured which they had in store, and bound it in cloths, and put it upon their shoulders.
Then said the LORD unto Moses, "Behold, I will rain bread from heaven down to you, and let the people go out, and gather day by day, that I may prove them whether they will walk in my law or no.
And thou shalt set upon the table, shewbread before me always.
All thy meat offerings thou shalt salt with salt: neither shalt thou suffer the salt of the covenant of thy God to be lacking from thy meat offering: but upon all thine offerings thou shalt bring salt.
whatsoever hath hoof and divideth it into two claws and cheweth cud among the beasts, that shall ye eat.
And thou shalt take fine flour and bake twelve wastels thereof, two tenth deals shall every wastel be. And make two rows of them, six on a row upon the pure table before the LORD, read more. and put pure frankincense upon the rows. And it shall be bread of remembrance, and an offering to the LORD. Every Sabbath he shall put them in rows before the LORD evermore, given of the children of Israel, that it be an everlasting covenant. And they shall be Aaron's and his sons, and they shall eat them in the holy place. For they are most holy unto him of the offerings of the LORD, and shall be a duty forever."
Then came David to Nob to Ahimelech the priest. And Ahimelech was astonished at his coming, and said unto him, "Why cometh thou thyself alone, and no man with thee?" And David said to Ahimelech the priest, "The king hath commanded me to do a certain thing and said unto me, 'Let no man know whereabouts I send and what I have commanded thee to do.' And therefore I have appointed my servants to such and such places. read more. And now what hast thou under thine hand? Give me five loaves of bread or what cometh to hand." And the priest answered David and said, "There is no common bread under mine hand - but there is hallowed bread, if the young men have abstained only from women." And David answered the priest and said unto him, "Of a truth, women hath been locked up from us about a three days, when I came out: and the vessels of the young men were holy. Howbeit, this way is impure: but it shall be hallowed in the vessel." And so the priest gave him hallowed bread, for there was none other bread there save showbreads that were taken from before the LORD; to put fresh bread there the day that it was taken away.
Then Zedekiah the king commanded to put Jeremiah in the fore entry of the prison, and daily to be given him a cake of bread of the bakers' street, until all the bread in the city was eaten up. Thus Jeremiah remained in the fore entry of the prison.
{Daleth} The tongues of the sucking children, cleave to the roof of their mouths for very thirst. The young children ask bread, but there is no man that giveth it them.
"Wherefore, take unto thee wheat, barley, beans, growell seed, Millium and fitches: and put these together in a vessel, and make thee loaves of bread thereof, according to the number of the days that thou must lie upon thy side: that thou mayest have bread to eat, for three hundred and ninety days.
Whereunto he answered me, and said, "Well then, I will grant thee to take cow's dung, for the dung of a man, and to strike the bread over withal, before them."
All these burn in adultery, as it were an oven that the baker heateth when he hath left kneading, till the dough be leavened.
All these burn in adultery, as it were an oven that the baker heateth when he hath left kneading, till the dough be leavened.
In that time went Jesus, on the Sabbath day, through the corn; and his disciples were a hungered, and began to pluck the ears of corn, and to eat. When the Pharisees saw that, they said unto him, "Behold: thy disciples do that which is not lawful to do upon the Sabbath day." read more. He said unto them, "Have ye not read what David did, when he was a hungered, and they also which were with him? How he entered into the house of God, and ate the hallowed loaves, which were not lawful for him to eat, neither for them which were with him, but only for the priests.
Easton
among the Jews was generally made of wheat (Ex 29:2; Jg 6:19), though also sometimes of other grains (Ge 14:18; Jg 7:13). Parched grain was sometimes used for food without any other preparation (Ru 2:14).
Bread was prepared by kneading in wooden bowls or "kneading troughs" (Ge 18:6; Ex 12:34; Jer 7:18). The dough was mixed with leaven and made into thin cakes, round or oval, and then baked. The bread eaten at the Passover was always unleavened (Ex 12:15-20; De 16:3). In the towns there were public ovens, which were much made use of for baking bread; there were also bakers by trade (Ho 7:4; Jer 37:21). Their ovens were not unlike those of modern times. But sometimes the bread was baked by being placed on the ground that had been heated by a fire, and by covering it with the embers (1Ki 19:6). This was probably the mode in which Sarah prepared bread on the occasion referred to in Ge 18:6.
In Le 2 there is an account of the different kinds of bread and cakes used by the Jews. (See Bake.)
The shew-bread (q.v.) consisted of twelve loaves of unleavened bread prepared and presented hot on the golden table every Sabbath. They were square or oblong, and represented the twelve tribes of Israel. The old loaves were removed every Sabbath, and were to be eaten only by the priests in the court of the sanctuary (Ex 25:30; Le 24:8; 1Sa 21:1-6; Mt 12:4).
The word bread is used figuratively in such expressions as "bread of sorrows" (Ps 127:2), "bread of tears" (Ps 80:5), i.e., sorrow and tears are like one's daily bread, they form so great a part in life. The bread of "wickedness" (Pr 4:17) and "of deceit" (Pr 20:17) denote in like manner that wickedness and deceit are a part of the daily life.
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Then Melchizedek king of Salem brought forth bread and wine. And he being the priest of the most highest God, blessed him, saying,
And Abraham went a pace into his tent unto Sara, and said, Make ready at once three pecks of fine meal; knead it, and make cakes."
And Abraham went a pace into his tent unto Sara, and said, Make ready at once three pecks of fine meal; knead it, and make cakes."
Seven days shall ye eat unleavened bread, so that even the first day ye shall put away leaven out of your houses. For whosoever eateth leavened bread from the first day until the seventh day, that soul shall be plucked out from Israel. "The first day shall be a holy feast unto you, and the seventh also. There shall be no manner of work done in them, save about that only which every man must eat: that only may ye do. read more. And see that ye keep you to unleavened bread. For upon that same day I will bring your armies out of the land of Egypt, therefore ye shall observe this day and all your children after you, that it be a custom forever. The first month and the fourteenth day of the month at even, ye shall eat sweet bread unto the twenty-first day of the month at even again. Seven days see that there be no leavened bread found in your houses. For whosoever eateth leavened bread, that soul shall be rooted out from the multitude of Israel: whether he be a stranger or born in the land. Therefore see that ye eat no leavened bread, but in all your habitations eat sweet bread."
And the people took the dough before it was soured which they had in store, and bound it in cloths, and put it upon their shoulders.
And thou shalt set upon the table, shewbread before me always.
and unleavened bread and cakes of sweet bread tempered with oil and wafers of sweet bread anointed with oil - of wheaten flour shalt thou make them -
Every Sabbath he shall put them in rows before the LORD evermore, given of the children of Israel, that it be an everlasting covenant.
Thou shalt eat no leavened bread therewith: but shalt eat therewith the bread of tribulation seven days long. For thou camest out of the land of Egypt in haste, that thou mayest remember the day when thou camest out of the land of Egypt, all days of thy life.
And Gideon went and made ready a kid, and sweet cakes of an Ephah of flour, and put the flesh in a basket and the broth in a pot, and brought it out unto him under the oak and presented it.
And when Gideon was come, behold, there was a man that told a dream unto his fellow and said, "Behold, I dreamed a dream and me thought that a broiled loaf of barley bread tumbled into the host of Midian, and came unto a tent, and smote it that it fell, and overturned it, that the tent lay along."
And Boaz, when the time of refection was come, said unto her, "Come hither and eat of the bread, and dip thy sop in the vinegar." And she sat down by the reapers, and he reached her parched corn. And so she did eat and was sufficed, and left part.
And he looked about him: and see, there was a loaf of broiled bread and a cruse of water at his head. And he ate and drank and laid him down again to sleep.
Thou hast fed them with the bread of tears, yea thou hast given them plenteousness of tears to drink.
It is but lost labour that ye rise up early, and take no rest, but eat the bread of carefulness; for so he giveth his beloved sleep.
For they eat the bread of wickedness, and drink the wine of robbery.
Every man liketh the bread that is gotten in deceit; but at the last his mouth shall be filled with gravel.
The children gather sticks, the fathers kindle the fire, the mothers knead the dough, to make cakes for the queen of heaven. They pour out drink offerings unto strange gods, to provoke me unto wrath.
Then Zedekiah the king commanded to put Jeremiah in the fore entry of the prison, and daily to be given him a cake of bread of the bakers' street, until all the bread in the city was eaten up. Thus Jeremiah remained in the fore entry of the prison.
All these burn in adultery, as it were an oven that the baker heateth when he hath left kneading, till the dough be leavened.
How he entered into the house of God, and ate the hallowed loaves, which were not lawful for him to eat, neither for them which were with him, but only for the priests.
Fausets
First undoubtedly mentioned in Ge 18:6. The best being made of wheat; the inferior of barley, used by the poor, and in scarcity (Joh 6:9,13; Re 4:6; 2Ki 4:38,42). An ephah or "three measures" was the amount of meal required for a single baking, answering to the size of the oven (Mt 13:33). The mistress of the house and even a king's daughter did not think baking beneath them (2Sa 13:8). Besides there were public bakers (Ho 7:4), and in Jerusalem a street tenanted by bakers (Jer 37:21); Nehemiah mentions "the tower of the furnaces," or ovens (Ne 3:11; 12:38). Their loaf was thinner in shape and crisper than ours, from whence comes the phrase, not cutting, but breaking bread (Mt 14:19; Ac 20:7,11). Ex 12:34 implies the small size of their kneading troughs, for they were "bound up in their clothes (the outer garment, a large square cloth) upon their shoulders."
As bread was made in thin cakes it soon became dry, as the Gibeonites alleged as to their bread (Jos 9:12), and so fresh bread was usually baked every day, which usage gives point to "give us day by day our daily bread" (Lu 11:3). When the kneading was completed leaven was added; but when time was short unleavened cakes were hastily baked, as is the present Bedouin usage; termed in Ex 12:8-20 matsowt, i.e. pure loaves, having no leaven, which ferments the dough and so produces corruption, and is therefore symbol of mortal corruption (1Co 5:8); therefore excluded from the Passover, as also to commemorate the haste of Israel's departure. Leaven was similarly excluded from sacrifices (Le 2:11).
The leavened dough was sometimes exposed to a moderate heat all night while the baker slept: Ho 7:4-6; "as an oven heated by the baker who ceaseth from raising (rather, heating) after he hath kneaded the dough, until it be leavened; for they have made ready their heart like an oven, whiles they lie in wait ... their baker sleepeth all the night; in the morning it burneth as a flaming fire." Their heart was like an oven first heated by Satan, then left to burn with the pent up fire of their corrupt passions. Like the baker sleeping at night, Satan rests secure that at the first opportunity the hidden fires will break forth, ready to execute whatever evil he suggests. The bread was divided into round cakes, or "loaves," three of which sufficed for one person's meal (Lu 11:5). "Bread of affliction" or "adversity" would be a quantity less than this (1Ki 22:27; Isa 30:20). Oil was sometimes mixed with the flour.
There were also cakes of finer flour, called "heart cakes" (as our "cordial" is derived from cor, "the heart"), a heart strengthening pastry (2Sa 13:8-10 margin), a pancake, possibly with stimulant seeds in it, quickly made; such as Tamar prepared and shook out (not "poured" as a liquid) from the pan, for Amnon. The loaves used to be taken to the oven in a basket upon the head (Ge 40:16), which exactly accords with Egyptian usage, men carrying burdens on their heads, women on their shoulders. The variety of Egyptian confectionery is evident from the monuments still extant. The "white baskets" may mean "baskets of white bread."
The oven of each house was a stone or metal jar, heated inwardly, often with dried "grass" (illustrating Mt 6:30). When the fire burned down the cakes were applied inwardly or outwardly. Cakes were sometimes baked on heated stones, or between layers of dung, the slow burning of which adapts it for baking (Eze 4:15). They needed to be turned in baking, like Scotch oatcakes. Ho 7:8, "Ephraim is a cake not turned": burnt on one side, unbaked on the other, the fire spoiling, not penetrating it; so religious professors, outwardly warm, inwardly cold; on one side overdone, on the other not vitally influenced at all; Jehus professing great "zeal for the Lord," really zealous for themselves.
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And Abraham went a pace into his tent unto Sara, and said, Make ready at once three pecks of fine meal; knead it, and make cakes."
And Abraham went a pace into his tent unto Sara, and said, Make ready at once three pecks of fine meal; knead it, and make cakes."
When the chief baker saw that he had well interpreted it, he said unto Joseph, "Me thought also in my dream, that I had three wicker baskets on my head.
When the chief baker saw that he had well interpreted it, he said unto Joseph, "Me thought also in my dream, that I had three wicker baskets on my head.
And they shall eat the flesh the same night, roast with fire, and with unleavened bread, and with sour herbs they shall eat it.
And they shall eat the flesh the same night, roast with fire, and with unleavened bread, and with sour herbs they shall eat it. See that ye eat not thereof sodden in water, but roast with fire: both head, feet, and purtenance together.
See that ye eat not thereof sodden in water, but roast with fire: both head, feet, and purtenance together. And see that ye let nothing of it remain unto the morning: if ought remain, burn it with fire.
And see that ye let nothing of it remain unto the morning: if ought remain, burn it with fire. Of this manner shall ye eat it: with your loins girded, and shoes on your feet, and your staves in your hands. And ye shall eat it in haste; for it is the LORD's Passover.
Of this manner shall ye eat it: with your loins girded, and shoes on your feet, and your staves in your hands. And ye shall eat it in haste; for it is the LORD's Passover. "For I will go about in the land of Egypt this same night, and will smite all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, both of man and beast, and upon all the gods of Egypt will I the LORD do execution.
"For I will go about in the land of Egypt this same night, and will smite all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, both of man and beast, and upon all the gods of Egypt will I the LORD do execution. And the blood shall be unto you a token, upon the houses wherein ye are; for when I see the blood, I will pass over you, and the plague shall not be upon you to destroy you, when I smite the land of Egypt.
And the blood shall be unto you a token, upon the houses wherein ye are; for when I see the blood, I will pass over you, and the plague shall not be upon you to destroy you, when I smite the land of Egypt. And this day shall be unto you a remembrance, and ye shall keep it holy unto the LORD: even throughout your generations after you shall ye keep it holy day, that it be a custom forever.
And this day shall be unto you a remembrance, and ye shall keep it holy unto the LORD: even throughout your generations after you shall ye keep it holy day, that it be a custom forever. Seven days shall ye eat unleavened bread, so that even the first day ye shall put away leaven out of your houses. For whosoever eateth leavened bread from the first day until the seventh day, that soul shall be plucked out from Israel.
Seven days shall ye eat unleavened bread, so that even the first day ye shall put away leaven out of your houses. For whosoever eateth leavened bread from the first day until the seventh day, that soul shall be plucked out from Israel. "The first day shall be a holy feast unto you, and the seventh also. There shall be no manner of work done in them, save about that only which every man must eat: that only may ye do.
"The first day shall be a holy feast unto you, and the seventh also. There shall be no manner of work done in them, save about that only which every man must eat: that only may ye do. And see that ye keep you to unleavened bread. For upon that same day I will bring your armies out of the land of Egypt, therefore ye shall observe this day and all your children after you, that it be a custom forever.
And see that ye keep you to unleavened bread. For upon that same day I will bring your armies out of the land of Egypt, therefore ye shall observe this day and all your children after you, that it be a custom forever. The first month and the fourteenth day of the month at even, ye shall eat sweet bread unto the twenty-first day of the month at even again.
The first month and the fourteenth day of the month at even, ye shall eat sweet bread unto the twenty-first day of the month at even again. Seven days see that there be no leavened bread found in your houses. For whosoever eateth leavened bread, that soul shall be rooted out from the multitude of Israel: whether he be a stranger or born in the land.
Seven days see that there be no leavened bread found in your houses. For whosoever eateth leavened bread, that soul shall be rooted out from the multitude of Israel: whether he be a stranger or born in the land. Therefore see that ye eat no leavened bread, but in all your habitations eat sweet bread."
Therefore see that ye eat no leavened bread, but in all your habitations eat sweet bread."
And the people took the dough before it was soured which they had in store, and bound it in cloths, and put it upon their shoulders.
And the people took the dough before it was soured which they had in store, and bound it in cloths, and put it upon their shoulders.
"'All the meat offerings which ye shall bring unto the LORD shall be made without leaven. For ye shall neither burn leaven nor honey in any offering of the LORD.
"'All the meat offerings which ye shall bring unto the LORD shall be made without leaven. For ye shall neither burn leaven nor honey in any offering of the LORD.
This, our provision of bread, we took with us out of our houses, hot, the day we departed to come unto you. And now behold it is dried up and hoared.
This, our provision of bread, we took with us out of our houses, hot, the day we departed to come unto you. And now behold it is dried up and hoared.
When Tamar came to her brother Amnon's house, he lay. And she took flour and made paste and made fritters in his sight and did bake them,
When Tamar came to her brother Amnon's house, he lay. And she took flour and made paste and made fritters in his sight and did bake them,
When Tamar came to her brother Amnon's house, he lay. And she took flour and made paste and made fritters in his sight and did bake them,
When Tamar came to her brother Amnon's house, he lay. And she took flour and made paste and made fritters in his sight and did bake them, and took a platter and poured them out before him. And Amnon would not eat, but commanded to have out all men from him. And they went all out from him.
and took a platter and poured them out before him. And Amnon would not eat, but commanded to have out all men from him. And they went all out from him. Then said Amnon unto Tamar, "Bring the meat into the chamber that I may eat it of thine hand." And Tamar took the fritters which she had made, and brought them into the chamber to Amnon her brother,
Then said Amnon unto Tamar, "Bring the meat into the chamber that I may eat it of thine hand." And Tamar took the fritters which she had made, and brought them into the chamber to Amnon her brother,
and say, 'Thus sayeth the king. Put ye this fellow in the prison house and feed him with bread and water straightly, until I return in peace.'"
and say, 'Thus sayeth the king. Put ye this fellow in the prison house and feed him with bread and water straightly, until I return in peace.'"
But Malchijah the son of Harim, and Hasshub the son of Pahathmoab builded the other piece, and the tower beside the furnace.
But Malchijah the son of Harim, and Hasshub the son of Pahathmoab builded the other piece, and the tower beside the furnace.
The other choir of thanksgiving went over against them, and I after them, and the half part of the people upon the wall, toward the Furnacegate upward, until the broad wall,
The other choir of thanksgiving went over against them, and I after them, and the half part of the people upon the wall, toward the Furnacegate upward, until the broad wall,
And though the LORD giveth you the bread of adversity, and the water of trouble, thine instructor flyeth not far from thee; if thine eyes look unto thine instructor,
And though the LORD giveth you the bread of adversity, and the water of trouble, thine instructor flyeth not far from thee; if thine eyes look unto thine instructor,
Then Zedekiah the king commanded to put Jeremiah in the fore entry of the prison, and daily to be given him a cake of bread of the bakers' street, until all the bread in the city was eaten up. Thus Jeremiah remained in the fore entry of the prison.
Then Zedekiah the king commanded to put Jeremiah in the fore entry of the prison, and daily to be given him a cake of bread of the bakers' street, until all the bread in the city was eaten up. Thus Jeremiah remained in the fore entry of the prison.
Whereunto he answered me, and said, "Well then, I will grant thee to take cow's dung, for the dung of a man, and to strike the bread over withal, before them."
Whereunto he answered me, and said, "Well then, I will grant thee to take cow's dung, for the dung of a man, and to strike the bread over withal, before them."
All these burn in adultery, as it were an oven that the baker heateth when he hath left kneading, till the dough be leavened.
All these burn in adultery, as it were an oven that the baker heateth when he hath left kneading, till the dough be leavened.
All these burn in adultery, as it were an oven that the baker heateth when he hath left kneading, till the dough be leavened.
All these burn in adultery, as it were an oven that the baker heateth when he hath left kneading, till the dough be leavened. Even so goeth it this day with our kings and princes, for they begin to be wood drunken through wine: they use familiarity with such as deceive them.
Even so goeth it this day with our kings and princes, for they begin to be wood drunken through wine: they use familiarity with such as deceive them. They with the imagination of their heart are like an oven, their sleep is all night like the sleep of a baker, in the morning is he as hot as the flame of fire:
They with the imagination of their heart are like an oven, their sleep is all night like the sleep of a baker, in the morning is he as hot as the flame of fire:
Therefore must Ephraim be mixed among the Heathen. Ephraim is become like a cake that no man turneth:
Therefore must Ephraim be mixed among the Heathen. Ephraim is become like a cake that no man turneth:
Wherefore, if God so clothe the grass, which is today in the field, and tomorrow shall be cast into the furnace, shall he not much more do the same unto you, O ye of little faith?
Wherefore, if God so clothe the grass, which is today in the field, and tomorrow shall be cast into the furnace, shall he not much more do the same unto you, O ye of little faith?
Another similitude said he to them, "The kingdom of heaven is like unto leaven which a woman taketh and hideth in three pecks of meal, till all be leavened."
Another similitude said he to them, "The kingdom of heaven is like unto leaven which a woman taketh and hideth in three pecks of meal, till all be leavened."
And he commanded the people to sit down on the grass, and took the five loaves, and the two fishes, and looked up to heaven, and blessed, and brake, and gave the loaves to his disciples, and the disciples gave them to the people.
And he commanded the people to sit down on the grass, and took the five loaves, and the two fishes, and looked up to heaven, and blessed, and brake, and gave the loaves to his disciples, and the disciples gave them to the people.
Our daily bread give us this day evermore.
Our daily bread give us this day evermore.
And he said unto them, "If any of you should have a friend, and should go to him at midnight, and say unto him, 'Friend, lend me three loaves;
And he said unto them, "If any of you should have a friend, and should go to him at midnight, and say unto him, 'Friend, lend me three loaves;
"There is a lad here, which hath five barley loaves, and two fishes: but what is that among so many?"
"There is a lad here, which hath five barley loaves, and two fishes: but what is that among so many?"
And they gathered it together: and filled twelve baskets with the broken meat of the five barley loaves, which broken meat remained unto them that had eaten.
And they gathered it together: and filled twelve baskets with the broken meat of the five barley loaves, which broken meat remained unto them that had eaten.
And on the morrow after the Sabbath day the disciples came together for to break bread, and Paul preached unto them, ready to depart on the morrow; and continued the preaching unto midnight.
And on the morrow after the Sabbath day the disciples came together for to break bread, and Paul preached unto them, ready to depart on the morrow; and continued the preaching unto midnight.
When he was come up again, he brake bread, and tasted, and communed a long while: even till the morning, and so departed.
When he was come up again, he brake bread, and tasted, and communed a long while: even till the morning, and so departed.
Therefore let us keep holiday, not with old leaven, neither with the leaven of maliciousness and wickedness - but with the sweet bread of pureness and truth.
Therefore let us keep holiday, not with old leaven, neither with the leaven of maliciousness and wickedness - but with the sweet bread of pureness and truth.
And before the seat there was a sea of glass, like unto crystal, and in the midst of the seat, and round about the seat, were four beats full of eyes before and behind.
And before the seat there was a sea of glass, like unto crystal, and in the midst of the seat, and round about the seat, were four beats full of eyes before and behind.
Hastings
The pre-eminence of bread in the dietary of the Hebrews is shown by the frequent use in OT, from Ge 3:19 onwards, of 'bread' for food in general. It was made chiefly from wheat and barley, occasionally mixed, more especially in times of scarcity, with other ingredients (Eze 4:9; see Food). Barley was in earlier times the main breadstuff of the peasantry (Jg 7:13) and poorer classes generally (Joh 6:13, cf. Josephus BJ V. x. 2).
The first step in bread-making, after thoroughly sifting and cleaning the grain, was to reduce it to flour by rubbing, pounding, or grinding (cf. Nu 11:8). In the first process, not yet extinct in Egypt for certain grains, the grain was rubbed between two stones, the 'corn-rubbers' or 'corn-grinders,' of which numerous specimens have been found at Lachish and Gezer (Quarterly Statement of the same, 1902, 326; 1903, 118; cf. Erman, Egypt. 180 for illust. of actual use). For the other two processes see Mortar and Mill respectively. Three qualities of flour are distinguished
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In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, until thou return unto the earth whence thou wast taken: for earth thou art, and unto earth shalt thou return."
And Abraham went a pace into his tent unto Sara, and said, Make ready at once three pecks of fine meal; knead it, and make cakes."
and looked toward Sodom and Gomorra and toward all the land of that country. And as he looked: behold, the smoke of the country arose as it had been the smoke of a furnace.
And in the uppermost basket, of all manner bakemeats for Pharaoh. And the birds ate them out of the basket upon my head."
And the river shall scrale with frogs, and they shall come up and go into thine house and into thy chamber where thou sleepest and upon thy bed, and into the houses of thy servants, and upon thy people, and into thine ovens, and upon thy victuals which thou hast in store.
And the people took the dough before it was soured which they had in store, and bound it in cloths, and put it upon their shoulders.
And the house of Israel called it Manna. And it was like unto Coriander seed and white, and the taste of it was like unto wafers made with honey.
and unleavened bread and cakes of sweet bread tempered with oil and wafers of sweet bread anointed with oil - of wheaten flour shalt thou make them -
If thy meat offering be baken in the frying pan, then it shall be of sweet flour mingled with oil.
"'If thou offer a meat offering of the first ripe fruits unto the LORD, then take of that which is yet green, and dry it by the fire and beat it small, and so offer the meat offering of thy first ripe fruits.
And the priest shall burn part of the beaten corn and part of that oil, with all the frankincense, for a remembrance. That is an offering unto the LORD."'
And all the meat offerings that are baken in the oven, and all that is dressed upon the gridiron and in the frying pan, shall be the priests' that offereth them.
And the people went about and gathered it, and ground it in mills, or beat it in mortars and boke it in pans and made cakes of it. And the taste of it was like unto the taste of an oilcake.
And when Gideon was come, behold, there was a man that told a dream unto his fellow and said, "Behold, I dreamed a dream and me thought that a broiled loaf of barley bread tumbled into the host of Midian, and came unto a tent, and smote it that it fell, and overturned it, that the tent lay along."
And when Gideon was come, behold, there was a man that told a dream unto his fellow and said, "Behold, I dreamed a dream and me thought that a broiled loaf of barley bread tumbled into the host of Midian, and came unto a tent, and smote it that it fell, and overturned it, that the tent lay along."
And Solomon's food was in one day thirty quarters of manchet flour and three score quarters of meal;
And take with thee ten loaves and cracknels and a cruse of honey, and go to him: for he will tell thee what shall come of the lad."
And she answered, "As surely as the LORD thy God liveth, I have no bread, but even a handful of meal in a pitcher, and a little oil in a cruse. And see, I have gathered a few sticks for to go and bake it for me and my son, that we may eat it and then die."
And as he lay and slept under the Juniper tree, behold, there came an Angel and touched him, and said unto him, "Up and eat."
Then Zedekiah the king commanded to put Jeremiah in the fore entry of the prison, and daily to be given him a cake of bread of the bakers' street, until all the bread in the city was eaten up. Thus Jeremiah remained in the fore entry of the prison.
"Wherefore, take unto thee wheat, barley, beans, growell seed, Millium and fitches: and put these together in a vessel, and make thee loaves of bread thereof, according to the number of the days that thou must lie upon thy side: that thou mayest have bread to eat, for three hundred and ninety days.
Therefore must Ephraim be mixed among the Heathen. Ephraim is become like a cake that no man turneth:
For mark, the day cometh that shall burn as an oven: and all the proud, yea and all such as do wickedness, shall be straw: and the day that is for to come, shall burn them up, sayeth the LORD of Hosts, so that it shall leave them neither root nor branch.
Wherefore, if God so clothe the grass, which is today in the field, and tomorrow shall be cast into the furnace, shall he not much more do the same unto you, O ye of little faith?
And they gathered it together: and filled twelve baskets with the broken meat of the five barley loaves, which broken meat remained unto them that had eaten.
Morish
Constantly referred to as the sustenance of man, though animal food may be included, and thus it stands for 'food' in general. Ge 3:19; Ru 1:6; Ps 41:9. Bread was made of wheaten flour, or of wheat and barley mixed, or by the poor of barley only. It was generally made in thin cakes which could be baked very quickly when a visitor arrived. Ge 18:6; 19:3; 1Sa 28:24. It was usually leavened by a piece of old dough in a state of fermentation. See LEAVEN.
UNLEAVENED BREAD was to be eaten with certain of the offerings, Le 6:16-17; and for the seven days' feast connected with the Passover, often referred to as 'the Feast of Unleavened Bread,' Ex 34:18; 2Ch 8:13; Lu 22:1; 1Co 5:8; a symbol that all evil must be put away in order to keep the feast.
The Lord Jesus called Himself the BREAD OF GOD, the bread that came down from heaven, THE BREAD OF LIFE, the living bread, of which if any man ate he should live for ever: He said "He that eateth me shall live by me." He is the spiritual food that sustains the new life. Joh 6:31-58. This was typified in Israel by the SHOWBREAD, the twelve loaves placed upon the table in the holy place, new every sabbath day: it was holy and was eaten by the priests only. Le 24:5-9. It is literally 'face or presence bread;' Ex 25:30; and 'bread of arrangement' or 'ordering,' as in the margin of 1Ch 9:32; and in the N.T. 'bread of presentation.' Mt 12:4; Heb 9:2. It typified the nourishment that God would provide for Israel in Christ, as well as the ordering of the twelve tribes before Him; in them was the administration of God's bounty through Christ for the earth, as Christ is now the sustainment for the Christian.
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In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, until thou return unto the earth whence thou wast taken: for earth thou art, and unto earth shalt thou return."
And Abraham went a pace into his tent unto Sara, and said, Make ready at once three pecks of fine meal; knead it, and make cakes."
And he compelled them exceedingly. And they turned in unto him and entered into his house, and he made them a feast and did bake sweet cakes, and they ate.
And thou shalt set upon the table, shewbread before me always.
The feast of sweet bread shalt thou keep, and seven days thou shalt eat unleavened bread, as I commanded thee, in the time appointed in the month of Abib: for in the month of Abib thou camest out of Egypt.
And the rest thereof, Aaron and his sons shall eat: unleavened it shall be eaten in the holy place: even in the court of the tabernacle of witness they shall eat it. Their part which I have given them of my sacrifice, shall not be baken with leaven, for it is most holy, as is the sin offering, and trespass offering.
And thou shalt take fine flour and bake twelve wastels thereof, two tenth deals shall every wastel be. And make two rows of them, six on a row upon the pure table before the LORD, read more. and put pure frankincense upon the rows. And it shall be bread of remembrance, and an offering to the LORD. Every Sabbath he shall put them in rows before the LORD evermore, given of the children of Israel, that it be an everlasting covenant. And they shall be Aaron's and his sons, and they shall eat them in the holy place. For they are most holy unto him of the offerings of the LORD, and shall be a duty forever."
Then she stood up with her daughters-in-law and returned from the country of Moab: for she had heard say, being in the country of Moab, how that the LORD hath visited his people and given them food.
And other of their brethren, the sons of Kohath, had the oversight of the shewbread, to prepare against all Sabbaths.
Yea, even mine own familiar friend, whom I trusted, who did also eat my bread, hath lift up his heel against me.
How he entered into the house of God, and ate the hallowed loaves, which were not lawful for him to eat, neither for them which were with him, but only for the priests.
The feast of sweet bread drew nigh, which is called Easter,
Our fathers did eat manna in the desert, as it is written, 'He gave them bread from heaven to eat.'" Jesus said unto them, "Verily, verily I say unto you, Moses gave you bread from heaven: but my father giveth you the true bread from heaven. read more. For he is the bread of God, which cometh down from heaven and giveth life unto the world." Then said they unto him, "Lord, ever more give us this bread." And Jesus said unto them, "I am that bread of life. He that cometh to me, shall not hunger: and he that believeth on me shall never thirst. But I said unto you, That ye have seen me, and yet believe ye not. All that the father giveth me, shall come to me: and him that cometh to me, cast I not away. For I came down from heaven: not to do mine own will, but his will which hath sent me. And this is the father's will which hath sent me: that of all which he hath given me, I should lose nothing; but should raise it up again at the last day. And this is the will of him that sent me: That every man which seeth the son, and believeth on him, have everlasting life. And I will raise him up at the last day." The Jews then murmured at him, because he said, "I am that bread which is come down from heaven." And they said, "Is not this Jesus, the son of Joseph, whose father, and mother we know? How is it then that he sayeth, I came down from heaven?" Jesus answered and said unto them, "Murmur not between yourselves. No man can come to me except the father, which hath sent me, draw him. And I will raise him up at the last day. It is written in the prophets, 'That they shall all be taught of God.' Every man therefore that hath heard, and hath learned of the father, cometh unto me: not that any man hath seen the father, save he which is of God. The same hath seen the father. Verily, verily I say unto you, He that believeth on me hath everlasting life. "I am that bread of life. Your fathers did eat manna in the wilderness: and are dead. This, is that bread which cometh from heaven: that he which of it eateth, should also not die. I am that living bread, which came down from heaven. If any man eat of this bread, he shall live forever. And the bread that I will give, is my flesh, which I will give for the life of the world." And the Jews strove among themselves, saying, "How can this fellow give us his flesh to eat?" Then Jesus said unto them, "Verily, verily I say unto you, Except ye eat the flesh of the son of man, and drink his blood, ye shall not have life in you. Whosoever eateth my flesh, and drinketh my blood, the same hath eternal life: And I will raise him up at the last day. For my flesh is meat indeed: and my blood is drink indeed. He that eateth my flesh and drinketh my blood, dwelleth in me: and I in him. As the living father hath sent me, even so live I by my father: and he that eateth me, shall live by me. This is the bread which came from heaven: not as your fathers have eaten manna and are dead. He that eateth of this bread, shall live ever."
For there was a fore tabernacle made, wherein was the candlestick, and the table, and the show bread, which is called holy.
Smith
Bread.
The preparation of bread as an article of food dates from a very early period.
The corn or grain employed was of various sorts. The best bread was made of wheat, but "barley" and spelt were also used.
Joh 6:9,13; Isa 28:25
The process of making bread was as follows: the flour was first mixed with water or milk; it was then kneaded with the hands (in Egypt with the feet also) in a small wooden bowl or "kneading-trough" until it became dough.
Ex 12:34,39; 2Sa 13:3; Jer 7:18
When the kneading was completed, leaven was generally added [LEAVEN]; but when the time for preparation was short, it was omitted, and unleavened cakes, hastily baked, were eaten as is still the prevalent custom among the Bedouins. (
See Leaven
Ge 18:6; 19:3; Ex 12:39; Jg 6:19; 1Sa 28:24
The leavened mass was allowed to stand for some time,
Mt 13:33; Lu 13:21
the dough was then divided into round cakes,
Ex 29:23; Jg 7:13; 8:5; 1Sa 10:3; Pr 6:26
not unlike flat stones in shape and appearance,
comp. Matt 4:8 about a span in diameter and a finger's breadth in thickness. In the towns where professional bakers resided, there were no doubt fixed ovens, in shape and size resembling those in use among ourselves; but more usually each household poured a portable oven, consisting of a stone or metal jar, about three feet high which was heated inwardly with wood,
1Ki 17:12; Isa 44:15; Jer 7:18
or dried grass and flower-stalks.
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And Abraham went a pace into his tent unto Sara, and said, Make ready at once three pecks of fine meal; knead it, and make cakes."
And Abraham went a pace into his tent unto Sara, and said, Make ready at once three pecks of fine meal; knead it, and make cakes."
And he compelled them exceedingly. And they turned in unto him and entered into his house, and he made them a feast and did bake sweet cakes, and they ate.
And the people took the dough before it was soured which they had in store, and bound it in cloths, and put it upon their shoulders.
And they baked sweet cakes of the dough which they brought out of Egypt, for it was not soured: because they were thrust out of Egypt and could not tarry, neither had they prepared them any other provision of meat.
And they baked sweet cakes of the dough which they brought out of Egypt, for it was not soured: because they were thrust out of Egypt and could not tarry, neither had they prepared them any other provision of meat.
and a simnel of bread and a cake of oiled bread and a wafer out of the basket of sweet bread that is before the LORD,
And Gideon went and made ready a kid, and sweet cakes of an Ephah of flour, and put the flesh in a basket and the broth in a pot, and brought it out unto him under the oak and presented it.
And when Gideon was come, behold, there was a man that told a dream unto his fellow and said, "Behold, I dreamed a dream and me thought that a broiled loaf of barley bread tumbled into the host of Midian, and came unto a tent, and smote it that it fell, and overturned it, that the tent lay along."
And he said unto the men of Succoth, "Give I pray you cakes of bread unto the people that follow me: for they be fainty, that I may follow after Zebah and Zalmunna, kings of Midian."
And she answered, "As surely as the LORD thy God liveth, I have no bread, but even a handful of meal in a pitcher, and a little oil in a cruse. And see, I have gathered a few sticks for to go and bake it for me and my son, that we may eat it and then die."
A harlot will make a man to beg his bread, but a married woman will hunt for the precious life.
And when he hath made it plain, he soweth it with fitches or cumin. He soweth the wheat and Barley in their place, Milium and Rye also in their place.
which wood serveth for men to burn. Of this he taketh and warmeth himself withal: he maketh a fire of it to bake bread. And afterward maketh a god thereof, to honour it: and an Idol to kneel before it.
The children gather sticks, the fathers kindle the fire, the mothers knead the dough, to make cakes for the queen of heaven. They pour out drink offerings unto strange gods, to provoke me unto wrath.
The children gather sticks, the fathers kindle the fire, the mothers knead the dough, to make cakes for the queen of heaven. They pour out drink offerings unto strange gods, to provoke me unto wrath.
Wherefore, if God so clothe the grass, which is today in the field, and tomorrow shall be cast into the furnace, shall he not much more do the same unto you, O ye of little faith?
Is there any man among you which, if his son asked him bread, would offer him a stone?
Another similitude said he to them, "The kingdom of heaven is like unto leaven which a woman taketh and hideth in three pecks of meal, till all be leavened."
It is like leaven, which a woman took, and hid in three bushels of flour, till all was through-leavened."
"There is a lad here, which hath five barley loaves, and two fishes: but what is that among so many?"
And they gathered it together: and filled twelve baskets with the broken meat of the five barley loaves, which broken meat remained unto them that had eaten.
Watsons
BREAD, a term which in Scripture is used, as by us, frequently for food in general; but is also often found in its proper sense. Sparing in the use of flesh, like all the nations of the east, the chosen people usually satisfied their hunger with bread, and quenched their thirst in the running stream. Their bread was generally made of wheat or barley, or lentiles and beans. Bread of wheat flour, as being the most excellent, was preferred: barley bread was used only in times of scarcity and distress. So mean and contemptible, in the estimation of the numerous and well-appointed armies of Midian, was Gideon, with his handful of undisciplined militia, that he seems to have been compared to bread of this inferior quality, which may account for the ready interpretation of the dream of the Midianite respecting him: "And when Gideon was come, behold, there was a man that told a dream unto his fellow, and said, Behold, I dreamed a dream, and lo, a cake of barley bread tumbled into the host of Midian, and came unto a tent and smote it that it fell, and overturned it, that the tent lay along. And his fellow answered and said, This is nothing else save the sword of Gideon, the son of Joash, a man of Israel; for into his hand hath God delivered Midian, and all the host." In the cities and villages of Barbary, where public ovens are established, the bread is usually leavened; but among the Bedoweens and Kabyles, as soon as the dough is kneaded, it is made into thin cakes, either to be baked immediately upon the coals, or else in a shallow earthen vessel like a frying-pan, called Tajen. Such were the unleavened cakes which we so frequently read of in Scripture; and those also which Sarah made quickly upon the hearth. These last are about an inch thick; and, being commonly prepared in woody countries, are used all along the shores of the Black Sea, from the Palus Maeotis to the Caspian, in Chaldea and Mesopotamia, except in towns. A fire is made in the middle of the room: and when the bread is ready for baking, a corner of the hearth is swept, the bread is laid upon it, and covered with ashes and embers; in a quarter of an hour, they turn it. Sometimes they use small convex plates of iron, which are most common in Persia, and among the nomadic tribes, as being the easiest way of baking, and done with the least expense; for the bread is extremely thin, and soon prepared. The oven is also used in every part of Asia: it is made in the ground, four or five feet deep, and three in diameter, well plastered with mortar. When it is hot, they place the bread (which is commonly long, and not thicker than a finger) against the sides: it is baked in a moment. Ovens, Chardin apprehends, were not used in Canaan in the patriarchal age: all the bread of that time was baked upon a plate, or under the ashes; and he supposes, what is nearly self-evident, that the cakes which Sarah baked on the hearth were of the last sort, and that the shew bread was of the same kind. The Arabs about Mount Carmel use a great strong pitcher, in which they kindle a fire; and when it is heated, they mix meal and water, which they apply with the hollow of their hands to the outside of the pitcher; and this extremely soft paste, spreading itself, is baked in an instant. The heat of the pitcher having dried up all the moisture, the bread comes on as thin as our wafers; and the operation is so speedily performed, that in a very little time a sufficient quantity is made. But their best sort of bread they bake, either by heating an oven, or a large pitcher full of little smooth shining flints, upon which they lay the dough, spread out in the form of a thin broad cake. Sometimes they use a shallow earthen vessel, resembling a frying pan, which seems to be the pan mentioned by Moses, in which the meat-offering was baked. This vessel, Dr. Shaw informs us, serves both for baking and frying; for the bagreah of the people of Barbary differs not much from our pancakes; only, instead of rubbing the pan in which they fry them with butter, they rub it with soap, to make them like a honey-comb. If these accounts of the Arab stone pitcher, the pan, and the iron hearth or copper plate, be attended to, it will not be difficult to understand the laws of Moses in the second chapter of Leviticus: they will be found to answer perfectly well to the description which he gives us of the different ways of preparing the meat-offerings. As the Hebrews made their bread thin, in the form of little flat cakes, they did not cut it with a knife, but broke it; which gave use to the expression, breaking bread, so frequent in Scripture.
The Arabians and other eastern people, among whom wood is scarce, often bake their bread between two fires made of cow dung, which burns slowly, and bakes the bread very leisurely. The crumb of it is very good, if it be eaten the same day; but the crust is black and burnt, and retains a smell of the materials that were used in baking it. This may serve to explain a passage in Eze 4:9-13. The straits of a siege and the scarcity of fuel were thus intimated to the Prophet. During the whole octave of the passover, the Hebrews use only unleavened bread, as a memorial that at the time of their departure out of Egypt they wanted leisure to bake leavened bread; and, having left the country with precipitation, they were content to bake bread which was not leavened, Ex 12:8. The practice of the Jews at this day, with relation to the use of unleavened bread, is as follows: They forbid to eat, or have in their houses, or in any place belonging to them, either leavened bread or any thing else that is leavened. That they may the better observe this rule, they search into all the corners of the house with scrupulous exactness for all bread or paste, or any thing that is leavened. After they have thus well cleansed their houses, they whiten them, and furnish them with kitchen and table utensils, all new, and with others which are to be used only on that day. If they are movables, which have served only for something else, and are made of metal, they have them polished, and put into the fire, to take away all the impurity which they may have contracted by touching any thing leavened. All this is done on the thirteenth day of Nisan, or on the vigil of the feast of the passover, which begins with the fifteenth of the same month, or the fourteenth day in the evening; for the Hebrews reckon their days from one evening to another. On the fourteenth of Nisan, at eleven o'clock, they burn the common bread, to show that the prohibition of eating leavened bread is then commenced; and this action is attended with words, whereby the master of the house declares that he has no longer any thing leavened in his keeping; that, at least, he believes so. In allusion to this practice, we are commanded to "purge out the old leaven;" by which "malice and wickedness" are intended; and to feed only on the "unleavened bread of sincerity and truth."
2. SHEW BREAD, or, according to the Hebrews, the bread of faces, was bread offered every Sabbath day upon the golden table in the holy place, Ex 25:30. The Hebrews affirm that these loaves were square, and had four sides, and were covered with leaves of gold. They were twelve in number, according to the number of the twelve tribes, in whose names they were offered. Every loaf was composed of two assarons of flour, which make about five pints and one-tenth. These loaves were unleavened. They were presented hot every Sabbath day, the old ones being taken away and eaten by the priests only. This offering was accompanied with salt and frankincense, and even with wine, according to some commentators. The Scripture mentions only salt and incense; but it is presumed that wine was added, because it was not wanting in other sacrifices and offerings. It is believed that these loaves were placed one upon another, in two piles of six each; and that between every loaf were two thin plates of gold, folded back in a semicircle the whole length of them, to admit air, and to prevent the loaves from growing mouldy. These golden plates, thus turned in, were supported at their extremities by two golden forks, which rested on the groun
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And they shall eat the flesh the same night, roast with fire, and with unleavened bread, and with sour herbs they shall eat it.
And thou shalt set upon the table, shewbread before me always.
And Aaron and his sons shall eat the flesh of him, and the bread that is in the basket: even in the door of the tabernacle of witness.
And thou shalt take fine flour and bake twelve wastels thereof, two tenth deals shall every wastel be. And make two rows of them, six on a row upon the pure table before the LORD, read more. and put pure frankincense upon the rows. And it shall be bread of remembrance, and an offering to the LORD. Every Sabbath he shall put them in rows before the LORD evermore, given of the children of Israel, that it be an everlasting covenant. And they shall be Aaron's and his sons, and they shall eat them in the holy place. For they are most holy unto him of the offerings of the LORD, and shall be a duty forever."
and a basket of sweet bread of fine flour mingled with oil and wafers of sweet bread anointed with oil with meat offerings and drink offerings that long thereto.
"Wherefore, take unto thee wheat, barley, beans, growell seed, Millium and fitches: and put these together in a vessel, and make thee loaves of bread thereof, according to the number of the days that thou must lie upon thy side: that thou mayest have bread to eat, for three hundred and ninety days. And the meat that thou eatest, shall have a certain weight appointed: namely twenty shekels every day. This appointed meat shalt thou eat daily, from the beginning to the end. read more. Thou shalt drink also a certain measure of water: Namely, the sixth part of a Hin shalt thou drink daily from the beginning to the end. Barley cakes shalt thou eat, yet shalt thou first strike them over with man's dung, that they may see it." And with that said the LORD, "Even thus shall the children of Israel eat their defiled bread in the midst of the Gentiles, among whom I will scatter them."
and made us kings and priests unto God his father, be glory, and dominion for evermore amen.
and hast made us unto our God, kings and priests and we shall reign on the earth."
Blessed and holy is he that hath part in the first resurrection. For on such shall the second death have no power, for they shall be the priests of God and of Christ, and shall reign with him a thousand years.