Reference: Eucharist
Hastings
This is the earliest title for the sacrament of the body and blood of Christ. It is found in Ignatius and the Didache, and is based upon the eucharistia or giving of thanks with which our Lord set apart the bread and wine at the Last Supper as memorials of Himself (Mt 26:27; Lu 22:17,19; 1Co 11:24). The name Lord's Supper, though legitimately derived from 1Co 11:20, is not there applied to the sacrament itself, but to the Love-feast or Agape, a meal commemorating the Last Supper, and not yet separated from the Eucharist when St. Paul wrote. The irregularities rebuked by the Apostle (1Co 11:21,29) are such as could only have accompanied the wider celebration, and doubtless contributed to the speedy separation of the essential rite from the unnecessary accessories. The title Communion comes from 1Co 10:16, where, however, the word is a predicate not used technically. The breaking of (the) bread (Ac 2:42,46) probably refers to the Eucharist (cf. Ac 20:7; Lu 24:35?), but until modern times does not seem to have been adopted as a title.
1. The institution is recorded by each of the Synoptic Gospels, but not by St. John. A fourth account appears in 1 Corinthians.
As they were eating, he took bread, and when he had blessed, he brake it, and gave to them, and said. Take ye: this is my body. And he took a cup, and when he had given thanks, he gave to them: and they all drank of it. And he said unto them, This is my blood of the covenant, which is shed for many. Verily I say unto you, I will no more drink of the fruit of the vine, until that day when I drink it new in the kingdom of God.
As they were eating, Jesus took bread, and blessed, and brake it; and he gave to the disciples, and said, Take, eat: this is my body. And he took a cup, and gave thanks, and gave to them, saying, Drink ye all of it; for this is my blood of the covenant, which is shed for many unto remission of sins. But I say unto you, I will not drink henceforth of this fruit of the vine, until that day when I drink it new with you in my Father's kingdom.
Lu 22:14-20.
When the hour was come, he sat down, and the apostles with him. And he said unto them, With desire I have desired to eat this passover with you before I suffer: for I say unto you, I will not eat it, until it be fulfilled in the kingdom of God. And he received a cup, and when he had given thanks, he said, Take this, and divide it among yourselves: for I say unto you, I will not drink from henceforth of the fruit of the vine, until the kingdom of God shall come. And he took bread, and when he had given thanks, he brake it, and gave to them, saying, This is my body [which is given for you: this do in remembrance of me. And the cup in like manner after supper, saying. This cup is the new covenant in my blood, even that which is poured out for you].
I received of the Lord that which also I delivered unto you, how that the Lord Jesus in the night in which he was betrayed took bread; and when he had given thanks, he brake it, and said. This is my body, which is for you: this do in remembrance of me. In like manner also the cup, after supper, saying, This cup is the new covenant in my blood: this do, as oft as ye drink it, in remembrance of me.
A comparison shows variations of minor importance between Mark and Matthew. But the most remarkable differences are those of Luke, which mentions what is apparently a second cup. It seems scarcely credible that at a supreme moment, like that in which a sacred rite was being established, our Lord should have created the possibility of confusion by solemnly delivering two of the Paschal cups, dividing between them the words which, according to the other Synoptics, belong, as it would seem appropriately, to one. Nor, if He were about to ballow a succeeding cup as Eucharistic, is it likely that He would have spoken of the fulfilment of the Paschal wine in relation to another (Lu 22:17). In spite, therefore, of the fact that the majority of MSS and Versions favour its inclusion, Westcott and Hort are probably right in regarding the passage inclosed in brackets above as an interpolation. With this omitted, the narrative is assimilated to the other Synoptics. The inversion of bread and cup, which now becomes apparent and which probably belongs not to Luke but to his source, is perhaps due to the fact that the writer, dwelling on the Lord's intention that the Passover should be fulfilled in a Messianic rite, records at the opening of his narrative a declaration similar to that which Matthew and Mark assign to a later stage, the delivery of the cup (Mt 26:29; Mr 14:25). These words, though referring more particularly to the Eucharistic bread, yet, as extending to the whole meal ('this passover'), require no mention of the action that would accompany them; whereas the companion statement concerning the fruit of the vine (Lu 22:18) necessitates the mention of the cup (Lu 22:17). The first half of Lu 22:19 (the consecration of the bread), which, if the account were symmetrical, would appear (as arranged in Rush-brooke's Synopticon) before Lu 22:15, is then added to complete the institution. A copyist, assuming a part of the narrative to be wanting, would then introduce, probably from a contemporary liturgical formula, the second half of Lu 22:19 and Lu 22:20, which bear a striking resemblance to the Pauline account, of which Luke is otherwise independent. A similar inversion is found in the sub-Apostolic Teaching of the Apostles.
2. From the Synoptic record the following inferences may be drawn: (1) The words of institution cannot themselves determine the meaning of the rite. Luke (unless v. 20 be genuine) omits 'This is my blood of the covenant.' [Notice also that the other traditional form varies the phrase
See Verses Found in Dictionary
{And} when your children say to you, 'What [is] this {religious custom} for you?' you will say, 'It [is] a Passover sacrifice for Yahweh, who passed over the houses of the {Israelites} in Egypt when he struck Egypt; and he delivered our houses.'" And the people knelt down and they worshiped.
you will say, 'It [is] a Passover sacrifice for Yahweh, who passed over the houses of the {Israelites} in Egypt when he struck Egypt; and he delivered our houses.'" And the people knelt down and they worshiped.
It will be eaten in one house; you will not bring part of the meat out from the house to the outside; and you will not break a bone of it.
And they started early the next day, and they offered burnt offerings, and they presented fellowship offerings, and the people sat to eat and drink, and they rose up to revel.
"You will not slaughter the blood of my sacrifice on [food with] yeast, and the sacrifice of the Feast of the Passover will not stay overnight to the morning.
And he shall bring it to the sons of Aaron, the priests, and he shall take {his handful from its finely milled flour} and from its oil in addition to all its frankincense. The priest shall turn its token portion into smoke on the altar [as] an offering made [by] fire, [as] an appeasing fragrance for Yahweh.
And the priest shall take away from the grain [offering] its token portion, and he shall turn [it] into smoke on the altar [as] an offering made [by] fire, [as] an appeasing fragrance for Yahweh.
The priest shall turn into smoke its token portion from its coarsely crushed grain together with all of its frankincense--[it is] an offering made by fire for Yahweh.'"
He shall bring it to the priest, and the priest {shall take a handful of it} [for] its token portion, and he shall turn it to smoke on the altar {in addition to} the offerings made by fire [to] Yahweh; it [is] a sin offering.
And the meat of the sacrifice of his thanksgiving fellowship offerings must be eaten on the day of his offering; he must not leave it until morning. " 'But if his sacrifice [is] [for] a vow or [as] a freewill offering, it must be eaten on the day of his presenting his sacrifice, and on the next day the remainder from it may be eaten, read more. but the remainder from the sacrifice's meat must be burned up in the fire on the third day. And if indeed some of the meat of his fellowship offerings' sacrifice is eaten on the third day, it will not be accepted; it will not be considered [of benefit] for the one who presented it--it shall be unclean [meat], and the person who eats it shall bear his guilt. And the meat that touches anything unclean must not be eaten; it must be burned with fire, and as for the [clean] meat, anyone who is clean may eat the meat. And the person who eats meat from the fellowship offerings' sacrifice, which [is] for Yahweh, and whose uncleanness [is] upon him--that person shall be cut off from his people. And when a person touches anything unclean, [whether] human uncleanness or an unclean animal or any unclean detestable thing, and he eats from the meat of the fellowship offerings' sacrifice, which [is] for Yahweh, then that person shall be cut off from his people.'"
And you shall put pure frankincense on each row so that it shall be for the bread as a memorial offering, an offering made by fire for Yahweh.
the priest will grasp her memorial offering from the grain offering, and he will turn [it] into smoke [on] the altar, and afterward he will make the woman drink the waters.
And those men said to him, "[Although] we [are] unclean {by a dead person}, why are we hindered from presenting the offering of Yahweh at its appointed time in the midst of the {Israelites}?"
But the man who [is] clean and not on a journey, and he fails to observe the Passover, that person will be cut off from the people because he did not present the offering of Yahweh on its appointed time. That man will bear his guilt.
"And on the day of your joy and in your appointed times, at the beginning of your months, you will blow on the trumpets in addition to your burnt offerings and in addition to the sacrifices of your fellowship offerings. And they will be as a memorial for you {before} your God; I [am] Yahweh your God."
{But only} to the place that Yahweh your God will choose from all [of] your tribes to place his name there as his dwelling shall you seek, and there you shall go.
And you shall rejoice {before} Yahweh your God, you and your sons and your daughters and your slaves and your slave women and the Levite who [is] in your {towns}, because there is not for him a plot of ground and an inheritance with you.
And now, look, I am bringing the firstfruit of the fruit of the ground that you gave to me, Yahweh,' and you shall place it {before} Yahweh your God, and you shall bow down {before} Yahweh your God. And you shall celebrate with all of the bounty that Yahweh your God gave to you and to your family, you and the Levite and the alien who [is] in your midst.
But Samuel said, "How can I go? If Saul hears, he will kill me." Yahweh said, "You must take a heifer from the herd {with you}, and you must say, 'I have come to sacrifice to Yahweh.'
Then Samuel said to Jesse, "{Are all the young men here}?" And he said, "The youngest still remains, but look, he [is] shepherding the flock." And Samuel said to Jesse, "Send and bring him, for we cannot {sit down} until he comes here."
And he will build the temple of Yahweh, and he will bear majesty and will sit and rule on his throne. And he shall be a priest on his throne, and the counsel of peace will be between the two of them." '
[You are] presenting defiled food on my altar! But you ask, 'How have we defiled you?' By saying [that] the table of Yahweh is despised!
"But you [are] profaning it by saying the table of the Lord [is] defiled, and its fruit--its food--is despised!
Now [while] they were eating Jesus took bread and, [after] giving thanks, he broke [it], and giving [it] to the disciples, he said, "Take, eat, this is my body." And [after] taking the cup and giving thanks he gave [it] to them, saying, "Drink from it, all of you,
And [after] taking the cup and giving thanks he gave [it] to them, saying, "Drink from it, all of you, for this is my blood of the covenant which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins.
for this is my blood of the covenant which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins. But I tell you, from now [on] I will never drink of this fruit of the vine until that day when I drink it new with you in the kingdom of my Father."
But I tell you, from now [on] I will never drink of this fruit of the vine until that day when I drink it new with you in the kingdom of my Father."
And he appointed twelve, so that they would be with him and so that he could send them out to preach
And [when it] was evening, he arrived with the twelve.
And [while] they were eating, he took bread [and], [after] giving thanks, he broke [it] and gave [it] to them and said, "Take [it], this is my body." And [after] taking the cup [and] giving thanks, he gave [it] to them, and they all drank from it. read more. And he said to them, "This is my blood of the covenant which is poured out for many. Truly I say to you that I will never drink of the fruit of the vine any longer until that day when I drink it new in the kingdom of God."
Truly I say to you that I will never drink of the fruit of the vine any longer until that day when I drink it new in the kingdom of God."
And when the hour came, he reclined at the table, and the apostles with him. And he said to them, "{I have earnestly desired} to eat this Passover with you before I suffer.
And he said to them, "{I have earnestly desired} to eat this Passover with you before I suffer.
And he said to them, "{I have earnestly desired} to eat this Passover with you before I suffer. For I tell you that I will not eat it until it is fulfilled in the kingdom of God." read more. And he took in hand a cup, [and] [after] giving thanks he said, "Take this and share [it] among yourselves.
And he took in hand a cup, [and] [after] giving thanks he said, "Take this and share [it] among yourselves.
And he took in hand a cup, [and] [after] giving thanks he said, "Take this and share [it] among yourselves.
And he took in hand a cup, [and] [after] giving thanks he said, "Take this and share [it] among yourselves. For I tell you, from now on I will not drink of the product of the vine until the kingdom of God comes."
For I tell you, from now on I will not drink of the product of the vine until the kingdom of God comes." And he took bread, [and] [after] giving thanks, he broke [it] and gave [it] to them, saying, "This is my body which is given for you. Do this in remembrance of me."
And he took bread, [and] [after] giving thanks, he broke [it] and gave [it] to them, saying, "This is my body which is given for you. Do this in remembrance of me."
And he took bread, [and] [after] giving thanks, he broke [it] and gave [it] to them, saying, "This is my body which is given for you. Do this in remembrance of me."
And he took bread, [and] [after] giving thanks, he broke [it] and gave [it] to them, saying, "This is my body which is given for you. Do this in remembrance of me." And in the same way the cup after [they] had eaten, saying, "This cup [is] the new covenant in my blood which is poured out for you.
And in the same way the cup after [they] had eaten, saying, "This cup [is] the new covenant in my blood which is poured out for you. "But behold, the hand of the one who is betraying me [is] with me on the table!
And a dispute also occurred among them as to which of them was recognized as being greatest. So he said to them, "The kings of the Gentiles lord it over them, and those who have authority over them are called benefactors. read more. But you [are] not [to be] like this! But the one who is greatest among you must become like the youngest, and the one who leads like the one who serves. For who [is] greater, the one who reclines at the table or the one who serves? [Is it] not the one who reclines at the table? But I am in your midst as the one who serves. "And you are the ones who have remained with me in my trials, and I confer on you a kingdom, just as my Father conferred on me, that you may eat and drink at my table in my kingdom, and you will sit on thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel. "Simon, Simon, behold, Satan has demanded to sift you like wheat, but I have prayed for you, that your faith may not fail. And you, [when] once you have turned back, strengthen your brothers." But he said to him, "Lord, I am ready to go with you both to prison and to death!" And he said, "I tell you, Peter, the rooster will not crow today until you have denied three times [that you] know me!"
And they began describing {what happened} on the road, and how he was recognized by them in the breaking of the bread.
So the Jews began to quarrel {among themselves}, saying, "How can this man give us his flesh to eat?" Then Jesus said to them, "Truly, truly I say to you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you do not have life in yourselves! read more. The one who eats my flesh and drinks my blood has eternal life, and I will raise him up on the last day. For my flesh is true food, and my blood is true drink. The one who eats my flesh and drinks my blood resides in me and I in him. Just as the living Father sent me, and I live because of the Father, [so] also the one who eats me--that one will live because of me. This is the bread that came down from heaven, not as the fathers ate and died. The one who eats this bread will live {forever}."
The Spirit is the one who gives life; the flesh profits nothing. The words that I have spoken to you are spirit and are life.
For these [things] happened in order that the scripture would be fulfilled: "Not a bone of his will be broken."
For these [things] happened in order that the scripture would be fulfilled: "Not a bone of his will be broken."
And they were devoting themselves to the teaching of the apostles and to fellowship, to the breaking of bread and to prayers.
And every day, devoting themselves [to meeting] with one purpose in the temple [courts] and breaking bread from house [to house], they were eating [their] food with joy and simplicity of heart,
And on the first [day] of the week, [when] we had assembled to break bread, Paul began conversing with them, [because he] was going to leave on the next day, and he extended [his] message until midnight.
Clean out the old leaven in order that you may be a new batch of dough, just as you are unleavened. For Christ our Passover has been sacrificed.
In the [same] way also the Lord ordered those who proclaim the gospel to live from the gospel.
The cup of blessing which we bless, is it not a participation in the blood of Christ? The bread which we break, is it not a participation in the body of Christ?
The cup of blessing which we bless, is it not a participation in the blood of Christ? The bread which we break, is it not a participation in the body of Christ?
The cup of blessing which we bless, is it not a participation in the blood of Christ? The bread which we break, is it not a participation in the body of Christ?
The cup of blessing which we bless, is it not a participation in the blood of Christ? The bread which we break, is it not a participation in the body of Christ? Because [there is] one bread, [we] who [are] many are one body, for [we] all share from the one bread. read more. Consider Israel according to the flesh: are not the ones who eat the sacrifices sharers in the altar?
[No], but that [the things] which they sacrifice, they sacrifice to demons and not to God, and I do not want you to become sharers with demons. You are not able to drink the cup of the Lord and the cup of demons. You are not able to share the table of the Lord and the table of demons.
You are not able to drink the cup of the Lord and the cup of demons. You are not able to share the table of the Lord and the table of demons.
But in giving this instruction I do not praise [you], because you come together not for the better but for the worse. For in the first place, [when you] come together as a church, I hear there are divisions among you, and in part I believe it. read more. For indeed it is necessary that there be factions among you, in order that those who are approved may become evident among you. Therefore, [when] you come together in the same [place], it is not to eat the Lord's supper.
Therefore, [when] you come together in the same [place], it is not to eat the Lord's supper. For [when you] eat [it], each one of you goes ahead to take his own supper, and one is hungry and another is drunk.
For [when you] eat [it], each one of you goes ahead to take his own supper, and one is hungry and another is drunk.
For [when you] eat [it], each one of you goes ahead to take his own supper, and one is hungry and another is drunk. For do you not have houses for eating and drinking? Or do you despise the church of God and humiliate those who do not have [anything]? What shall I say to you? Shall I praise you? In this I will not praise [you]!
For do you not have houses for eating and drinking? Or do you despise the church of God and humiliate those who do not have [anything]? What shall I say to you? Shall I praise you? In this I will not praise [you]! For I received from the Lord what I also passed on to you, that the Lord Jesus, on the night in which he was betrayed, took bread,
For I received from the Lord what I also passed on to you, that the Lord Jesus, on the night in which he was betrayed, took bread, and [after he] had given thanks, he broke [it] and said, "This is my body which [is] for you. Do this in remembrance of me."
and [after he] had given thanks, he broke [it] and said, "This is my body which [is] for you. Do this in remembrance of me."
and [after he] had given thanks, he broke [it] and said, "This is my body which [is] for you. Do this in remembrance of me." Likewise also the cup, after they had eaten, saying, "This cup is the new covenant in my blood. Do this, as often as you drink [it], in remembrance of me."
Likewise also the cup, after they had eaten, saying, "This cup is the new covenant in my blood. Do this, as often as you drink [it], in remembrance of me."
Likewise also the cup, after they had eaten, saying, "This cup is the new covenant in my blood. Do this, as often as you drink [it], in remembrance of me." For as often as you eat this bread and drink this cup, you proclaim the Lord's death until he comes.
For as often as you eat this bread and drink this cup, you proclaim the Lord's death until he comes.
For as often as you eat this bread and drink this cup, you proclaim the Lord's death until he comes.
For as often as you eat this bread and drink this cup, you proclaim the Lord's death until he comes. So then, whoever eats the bread or drinks the cup of the Lord in an unworthy manner will be guilty of the body and the blood of the Lord.
So then, whoever eats the bread or drinks the cup of the Lord in an unworthy manner will be guilty of the body and the blood of the Lord.
So then, whoever eats the bread or drinks the cup of the Lord in an unworthy manner will be guilty of the body and the blood of the Lord. But let a person examine himself, and in this way let him eat from the bread and let him drink from the cup. read more. For the one who eats and drinks, [if he] does not recognize the body, eats and drinks judgment against himself.
For the one who eats and drinks, [if he] does not recognize the body, eats and drinks judgment against himself.
For the one who eats and drinks, [if he] does not recognize the body, eats and drinks judgment against himself.
For the one who eats and drinks, [if he] does not recognize the body, eats and drinks judgment against himself. Because of this, many [are] weak and sick among you, and quite a few {have died}. read more. But if we were evaluating ourselves, we would not be judged.
But if we were evaluating ourselves, we would not be judged. But [if we] are judged by the Lord, we are being disciplined, in order that we will not be condemned with the world. read more. So then, my brothers, [when you] come together in order to eat [the Lord's supper], wait for one another. If anyone is hungry, let him eat at home, lest you come together for judgment. And I will give directions about the remaining [matters] whenever I come.
For I passed on to you {as of first importance} what I also received, that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures,
I am astonished that you are turning away so quickly from the one who called you by the grace of Christ to a different gospel, not that [there] is a different [gospel], except there are some who are disturbing you and wanting to distort the gospel of Christ. read more. But even if we or an angel from heaven should proclaim a gospel to you contrary to what we proclaimed to you, let him be accursed! As we said before, and now I say again, if anyone is proclaiming a gospel [to] you contrary to what you have received, let him be accursed!
Now [this is] the main point in what has been said: we have a high priest such as this, who sat down at the right hand of the throne of the Majesty in heaven,
by which will we are made holy through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ once for all.
For by one offering he has perfected for all time those who are made holy.
Therefore, brothers, [since we] have confidence for the entrance into the sanctuary by the blood of Jesus, [by the] new and living way which he inaugurated for us through the curtain, that is, his flesh, read more. and [since we have] a great priest over the house of God, let us approach with a true heart in the full assurance of faith, our hearts sprinkled [clean] from an evil conscience and our bodies washed with pure water.
and the one who lives, and I was dead, and behold, I am living {forever and ever}, and I hold the keys of death and of Hades.
And I saw in the midst of the throne and of the four living creatures and in the midst of the elders a Lamb standing as though slaughtered, having seven horns and seven eyes, which are the seven spirits of God sent into all the earth.
Morish
See LORD'S SUPPER.
Watsons
EUCHARIST, the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. The word, in its original Greek, ??????????, properly signifies giving thanks; from the hymns and thanksgivings which accompanied that holy service in the primitive church. See LORD'S SUPPER.