Reference: Hospitality
American
Is regarded by all oriental nations as one of the highest virtues. The following notices by modern travellers serve to illustrate very striking many passages of Scripture. Thus De la Roque says, "We did not arrive at the foot of the mountain till after sunset, and it was almost night when we entered the plain; but as it was full of villages, mostly inhabited by Maronites, we entered into the first we came to, to pass the night there. It was the priest of the place who wished to receive us; he gave us a supper under the trees before his little dwelling. As we were at the table, there came by a stranger, wearing a whit turban, who after have saluted the company, sat himself down to the table without ceremony, ate with us during some time, and then went away, repeating several times the name of God. They told us it was some traveller who no doubt stood in need of refreshment, and who had profited by the opportunity, according to the custom of the East, which is to exercise hospitality at all times and towards all persons." This reminds us of the guests of Abraham, Ge 18, of the conduct of Job, Job 31:17, and of the frankness with which the apostles of Christ were to enter into a man's house after a salutation, and there to continue "eating and drinking such things as were set before them," Lu 10:7. The universal prevalence of such customs, and of the spirit of hospitality, may help to explain the indignation of James and John against certain rude Samaritans, Lu 9:52-56, and also the stern retribution exacted for the crime of the men of Gibeah, Jg 19-20.
Says Niebuhr, "the hospitality of the Arabs has always been the subject of praise; and I believe that those of the present day exercise this virtue no less than their ancestors did. When the Arabs are at table, they invite those who happen to come, to eat with them, whether they are Christians or Mohammedas, gentle or simple. In the caravans, I have often seen with pleasure a mule-driver press those who passed to partake of his repast; and though the majority politely excused themselves, he gave, with an air of satisfaction, to those who would accept of it, a portion of his little meal of bread and dates; and I was not a little surprised when I saw, in Turkey, rich Turks withdraw themselves into corners, to avoid inviting those who might otherwise have sat at table with them."
We ought to notice here also the obligations understood to be contracted by the intercourse of the table. Niebuhr says, "When a Bedaween sheik eats bread with strangers, they may trust his fidelity and depend on his protection. A traveller will always do well therefore to take an early opportunity of securing the friendship of his guide by a meal." This brings to recollection the complaint of the psalmist, Ps 41:9, penetrated with the deep ingratitude of one whom he describes as having been his own familiar friend, in whom he trusted, "who did eat of my bread, even he hath lifted up his heel against me."
Beautiful pictures of primitive hospitality may be found in Ge 18-19; Ex 2:20; Jg 13:15; 19:1-9. The incidents of the first two narratives may have suggested the legends of the Greeks and Romans, which represent their gods as sometimes coming to them disguised as travellers, in order to test their hospitality, etc., Heb 13:2.
The primitive Christians considered one principal part of their duty to consist in showing hospitality to strangers, Ro 12:13; 1Ti 5:10; remembering that our Savior had said, whoever received those belonging to him, received himself; and that whatever was given to such a one, though but a cup of cold water, should not lose it reward, Mt 10:40-42; 25:34-45. They were, in fact, so ready in discharging this duty, that the very heathen admired them for it. They were hospitable to all strangers, but especially to those of the household of faith. Believers scarcely ever traveled without letters of communion, which testified the purity of their faith, and procured them a favorable reception wherever the name of Jesus Christ was known. Indeed, some supposed that the two minor epistles of John may be such letters of communion and recommendation.
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And he said unto his daughters - And where is he? wherefore is it that ye left the man? Call him that he may eat bread.
And Manoah said unto the messenger of Yahweh, - I pray thee, let us detain thee, that we may make ready for thy presence, a kid.
And it came to pass in those days, when, king, there was none in Israel, that there was a certain Levite sojourning on the farther side of the hill country of Ephraim, who took to him a concubine out of Bethlehem-judah. And his concubine went astray against him, and departed from him, unto the house of her father, in Bethlehem-judah, - and remained there, the space of four months. read more. Then arose her husband, and went after her, to speak unto her heart, that he might bring her back again, having his young man with him, and a couple of asses, - and she brought him into the house of her father, and, when the father of the damsel saw him, he rejoiced to meet him. And his father-in-law, the father of the damsel, constrained him, and he abode with him three days, - and they did eat and drink, and lodged there. And it came to pass, on the fourth day, when they arose early in the morning, and gat up to go, that the father of the damsel said unto his son-in-law, - Stay thy heart with a morsel of bread, and, afterwards, ye shall go your way. So they both of them sat down and did eat together, and drink. Then said the father of the damsel unto the man, Be content, I pray thee, and tarry the night, and let thy heart be glad. And, when the man rose up to go, his father-in-law pressed him, so he turned back and tarried the night there. And, when he arose early on the morning of the fifth day, to go, the father of the damsel said - Come now, stay thy heart, and tarry ye until the decline of the day. And they did eat, both of them. And, when the man rose up to go - he and his concubine and his young man, - his father-in-law, the father of the damsel, said to him, Come now, see! the day hath sunk down towards evening, come now! tarry the night; lo! the day goeth down, tarry the night here, and let thy heart be glad, so shall ye rise early to-morrow for your journey, and thou shalt go thy way to thine own home.
Or, used to eat my morsel alone, so that the fatherless did not eat thereof;
Even the man whom I used to salute, in whom I put confidence, who used to eat my bread, - hath magnified his heel against me!
He that giveth welcome unto you, unto me, giveth welcome, and, he that, unto me, giveth welcome, giveth welcome - unto him that sent me forth. He that giveth welcome unto a prophet, in the name of a prophet, the reward of a prophet, shall receive; and, he that giveth welcome unto a righteous man, in the name of a righteous man, the reward of a righteous man, shall receive; - read more. And, whosoever shall give to drink - unto one of these little ones - a cup of cold water only, in the name of a disciple, Verily, I say unto you, in nowise, shall lose his reward!
Then, will the king say to those on his right hand: Come ye, the blessed of my Father! Inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world; For I hungered, and ye gave me to eat, I thirsted, and ye gave me drink, a stranger, was I, and ye took me home, read more. Naked, and ye clothed me, sick, and ye visited me, in prison, was I, and ye came unto me. Then, will the righteous answer him, saying: Lord! when, saw we thee - hungry, and fed thee, or thirsty, and gave thee drink? And, when, saw we thee - a stranger, and took thee home, or naked, and clothed thee? And, when, saw we thee - sick, or in prison, and came unto thee? And, answering, the king will say unto them: Verily, I say unto you - Inasmuch as ye did it unto one of these my least brethren, unto me, ye did it. Then, will he say unto those also, on his left hand: Depart ye from me, accursed ones! Into the age-abiding fire, which hath been prepared for the adversary and his messengers; For I hungered, and ye gave me not to eat, and I was thirsty, and ye gave me not to drink, A stranger, was I, and ye took me not home, naked, and ye clothed me not, sick, and in prison, and ye visited me not. Then, will, they also, answer, saying: Lord! when saw we thee - hungry, or thirsty, or a stranger, or naked, or sick, or in prison, and ministered not unto thee? Then, will he answer them, saying: Verily, I say unto you - Inasmuch as ye did it not, unto one of these least, neither unto me, did ye it.
and he sent messengers before his face, - and, taking their journey, they entered into a village of Samaritans, so as to prepare for him. And they welcomed him not, because, his face, was for journeying unto Jerusalem. read more. And the disciples James and John, seeing it, said - Lord! wilt thou, that we bid fire come down from heaven, and destroy them? But, turning, he rebuked them. And they journeyed into a different village.
And, in the self-same house, abide ye, eating and drinking such things as they have; for, worthy, is the labourer, of his hire: be not removing from house to house.
With the needs of the saints, having fellowship, - hospitality, pursuing.
Of the entertaining of strangers, be not forgetful, for, hereby, unawares, have some entertained, messengers.
Fausets
The law as to strangers and the poor encouraged it (Le 19:33-34; 25:14-15,23, etc.; De 15:7). Exemplified in Abraham, Genesis 18; Lot, Genesis 19; Reuel, Ex 2:20; Manoah, Jg 13:15; the old man of Gibeah (its inhospitality is instanced as a sign of how lost to all right feeling its people were), Jg 19:17-21. The Lord Jesus illustrates it in the good Samaritan, promises to reward it, and regards its exercise toward His disciples as being towards Himself, and will count it as one proof of the love whose crowning joy shall be the invitation, "Come ye blessed of My Father," etc. (Lu 10:30-37; Mt 10:42; 25:43). The apostles urge the duty (Ro 12:13; 1Ti 5:10; 3:2; Tit 1:8; Heb 13:2; 1Pe 4:9).
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And he said unto his daughters - And where is he? wherefore is it that ye left the man? Call him that he may eat bread.
And, when there sojourneth with thee a sojourner in your land, ye shall not oppress him: As one home born from among yourselves, shall be unto you the sojourner who sojourneth with you, So shalt thou love him as thyself, For, sojourners, became ye, in the land of Egypt, - I - Yahweh, am your God.
And when ye sell anything to thy neighbour, or buy aught at thy neighbour's hand, do not overreach one another. By the number of years after the jubilee, shalt thou buy of thy neighbour, - by the number of the years of increase, shall he sell unto thee;
The land moreover shall not be sold beyond recovery, for, mine, is the land, - for, sojourners and settlers, ye are with me.
When there cometh to be among you a needy person any one of thy brethren within any one of thy gates, in thy land, which Yahweh thy God is giving unto thee, thou shalt not harden thy heart nor shut thy hand from thy needy brother;
And Manoah said unto the messenger of Yahweh, - I pray thee, let us detain thee, that we may make ready for thy presence, a kid.
So he lifted up his eyes, and saw a wayfaring man in the broadway of the city, - and the old man said - Whither goest thou? and from whence hast thou come? And he said unto him - We, are passing along, from Bethlehem-judah, unto the farther side of the hill country of Ephraim, whence I am, but I have been as far as Bethlehem-judah, and now, unto the house of Yahweh, am I going, and there is no one minded to take me into a house. read more. Nevertheless, straw and fodder too, is there for our asses, yea moreover, bread and wine, there are for me, and for thy handmaid, and for the young man that is with thy servants, - there is lack, of nothing. And the old man said - Thou art welcome! only, all thy wants, be on me, - by no means, in the broadway, mayest thou lodge. So he brought him into his house, and gave provender to the asses, - and they bathed their feet, and did eat and drink.
And, whosoever shall give to drink - unto one of these little ones - a cup of cold water only, in the name of a disciple, Verily, I say unto you, in nowise, shall lose his reward!
A stranger, was I, and ye took me not home, naked, and ye clothed me not, sick, and in prison, and ye visited me not.
And taking up the question , Jesus said - A certain man, was going down from Jerusalem unto Jericho, and, with robbers, fell in, - who, stripping him, and inflicting, wounds, upon him, departed, leaving him, half dead. And, by chance, a certain priest, was coming down by that road, and, seeing him, passed by, on the opposite side. read more. And, in like manner, a Levite also, coming down to the place, and seeing him, passed by, on the opposite side. But, a certain Samaritan, going on his journey, came down to him, and, seeing him, was moved with compassion; and, coming near, bound up his bruises, pouring thereon oil and wine, - and, setting him on his own beast, brought him into an inn, and took care of him. And, on the morrow, throwing out two denaries, he gave them to the inn-keeper, and said - Take care of him, and, whatsoever thou shall further spend, I, when on my way back, will duly pay thee. Which of these three, seemeth unto thee to have become, neighbour, unto him who fell among the robbers? And, he, said - He who dealt mercifully with him. And Jesus said unto him - Be taking thy journey, and, thou, be doing, in like manner.
With the needs of the saints, having fellowship, - hospitality, pursuing.
But hospitable, a lover of what is good, sober-minded, just, kind, possessing self-control,
To be defaming, no one, to be, averse to strife, considerate, shewing, all, meekness unto all men.
Of the entertaining of strangers, be not forgetful, for, hereby, unawares, have some entertained, messengers.
Hastings
In the life of the East there are no more attractive features than those that centre in the practice of hospitality. The virtue of hospitality ranked high in the ancient Orient, and the laws regulating its observance hold undisputed sway in the desert still. The pleasing picture of the magnanimous sheik, bidding strangers welcome to his tent and to the best he owns (Ge 18), is often repeated to this hour in the Arabian wilderness. It was to Lot's credit and advantage that he had preserved this virtue amid the corruptions of Sodom (Ge 19:2 ff.). To shirk an opportunity for its exercise was shameful (Jg 19:15,18). A man's worth was illustrated by his princely hospitality (Job 31:31 f.). Jesus sent forth the Twelve (Mt 10:9 f.), and the Seventy (Lu 10:4 ff.), relying on the hospitality of the people. Its exercise secured His blessing; woe threatened such as refused it. The Samaritans' churlish denial of hospitality to Jesus excited the wrath of His disciples (Lu 9:53). The guest had a right to expect certain attentions (Lu 7:44 ff.). The practice of hospitality distinguished those on the right from those on the left hand (Mt 25:35; cf. Mt 10:40; Joh 13:20). It is commended by precept (Ro 12:13,20; 1Ti 3:2 etc.), and also by example (Heb 13:2).
Hospitality was highly esteemed amongst other ancient peoples. In Egypt its practice was thought to favour the soul in the future life. By kindness to strangers the Greeks secured the approval of Zeus Xenios, their protector. For the Romans hospitality was a sacred obligation.
In its simplest aspect, hospitality is the reception of the wayfarer as an honoured guest, providing shelter and food. In the ancient, as indeed for the most part in the modern, Orient, men journey only under necessity. Travel for purposes of pleasure and education is practically unknown. Save in cities, therefore, and in trading centres along the great highways, there was little call for places of public entertainment. Villages probably always contained what is called the med
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And he took butter and milk and the calf that he had made ready, and set before them, - while, he, was standing near them under the tree, they did eat.
And he said Behold, I pray you my lords turn aside, I pray you, into the house of your servant, - and tarry the night and bathe your feet, so shall ye rise early, and go on your way. And they said, Nay, but, in the broad way, will we tarry the night.
Behold, I pray you, I, have two daughters who have not known man, I must needs now bring, them, forth unto you, and do ye to them, as may be good in your eyes, - Only to these men, ye may do nothing; for on this account, have they come under the shade of my roof.
And the first opened his sack to give fodder to his ass at the inn, - and beheld his silver, yea there, it was in the mouth of his sack!
Now, Sisera, had fled on foot, unto the tent of Jael, wife of Heber the Kenite, for there was peace between Jabin, king of Hazer, and the house of Heber the Kenite.
Blessed above women, shall be Jael, wife of Heber the Kenite, - Above women in the tent, be blessed:
Then turned they aside there, to go in and tarry the night in Gibeah, - so he went in and abode in the broadway of the city; and there was no one minded to take them into a house, to tarry the night.
And he said unto him - We, are passing along, from Bethlehem-judah, unto the farther side of the hill country of Ephraim, whence I am, but I have been as far as Bethlehem-judah, and now, unto the house of Yahweh, am I going, and there is no one minded to take me into a house.
Lo, my virgin daughter, and his concubine, I must needs now bring, them, forth, and ye must humble, them, and do, unto them, what seemeth good in your own eyes, - but, unto this man, must ye not do this impious thing!
And the king said to him - Do as he hath spoken, fall, then, upon him, and bury him, - and so put away the innocent blood, which Joab shed, from off me, and from off the house of my father;
If the men of my household have not said, Oh for some of his flesh - we cannot get filled,
Oh that I had in the wilderness, a wayfarers lodge, That I might leave my people, and go from them, - For they all, are Adulterers, An assemblage of traitors;
and they departed, and dwelt in the khan of Chimham, which is near Bethlehem, - that they might go to enter Egypt;
Ye may procure - neither gold, nor silver, nor copper, for your belts, -
He that giveth welcome unto you, unto me, giveth welcome, and, he that, unto me, giveth welcome, giveth welcome - unto him that sent me forth.
For I hungered, and ye gave me to eat, I thirsted, and ye gave me drink, a stranger, was I, and ye took me home,
and, wheresoever he shall enter, say ye unto the householder - The teacher, saith, Where is my lodging, where, the passover, with my disciples, I may eat?
and she gave birth to her firstborn son, and wrapped him in swaddling clothes, and laid him in a manger, because there was no room for them in the inn.
And, turning towards the woman, unto Simon, he said - Seest thou this woman? I entered into thy house: water to me, on my feet, thou didst not give, - but, she, with her tears, hath wetted my feet, and, with her hair, wiped off the tears .
And they welcomed him not, because, his face, was for journeying unto Jerusalem.
Be not carrying purse, or satchel, or sandals, and, no one along the road, salute ye;
and, coming near, bound up his bruises, pouring thereon oil and wine, - and, setting him on his own beast, brought him into an inn, and took care of him.
And he said unto them - Who from among you, shall have a friend, and shall go unto him at midnight, and say unto him - Friend! supply me with three loaves,
And ye shall say unto the master of the house - The teacher saith unto thee, where is the lodging, where, the passover, with my disciples, I may eat?
Verily, verily, I say unto you - He that receiveth whomsoever I shall send, receiveth, me; and, he that receiveth, me, receiveth him that sent me.
With the needs of the saints, having fellowship, - hospitality, pursuing.
But - if thine enemy hunger, be feeding him, if he thirst, be giving him drink; for, this doing, coals of fire, shalt thou heap upon his head.
To be defaming, no one, to be, averse to strife, considerate, shewing, all, meekness unto all men.
Of the entertaining of strangers, be not forgetful, for, hereby, unawares, have some entertained, messengers.
Showing hospitality one to another without murmuring, -
Morish
This was a striking feature of oriental life, as seen practised by Abraham in Ge 18:2-8, and it continues in these days to a partial extent. It is enforced in the N.T. as a duty among Christians. Ro 12:13; 1Ti 3:2; Tit 1:8; 1Pe 4:9. The fact is mentioned that by exercising hospitality "some have entertained angels unawares." Heb 13:2.
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And he lifted up his eyes and looked, and lo! three men, standing over against him, - so he looked and ran to meet them from the opening of the tent, and bowed himself to the earth; and said, - O My Lord! if, I pray thee, I have found favour in thine eyes, do not I pray thee pass on from thy servant. read more. Let there be fetched, I pray thee a little water, and bathe ye your feet, - and rest yourselves under the tree. And let me fetch a morsel of bread, and stay ye your heart, Afterwards, ye may pass on, For on this account, have ye passed by, over against your servant. And they said, Thus, shalt thou do as thou hast spoken. So Abraham hastened towards the tent unto Sarah, - and said, Hasten thou three measures of fine meal, knead it, and make hearth-cakes. And unto the herd, ran Abraham, - and took a calf tender and good and gave unto the young man, and he hastened to make it ready. And he took butter and milk and the calf that he had made ready, and set before them, - while, he, was standing near them under the tree, they did eat.
With the needs of the saints, having fellowship, - hospitality, pursuing.
But hospitable, a lover of what is good, sober-minded, just, kind, possessing self-control,
To be defaming, no one, to be, averse to strife, considerate, shewing, all, meekness unto all men.
Of the entertaining of strangers, be not forgetful, for, hereby, unawares, have some entertained, messengers.
Smith
Hospitality.
Hospitality was regarded by most nations of the ancient world as one of the chief virtues. The Jewish laws respecting strangers
and the poor,
seq. Deut 15:7 and concerning redemption
seq., etc. are framed in accordance with the spirit of hospitality. In the law compassion to strangers is constantly enforced by the words "for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt."
And before the law, Abraham's entertainment of the angels,
seq., and Lot's,
are in exact agreement with its precepts, and with modern usage. Comp.
Ex 2:20; Jg 13:15; 19:17,20-21
In the New Testament hospitality is yet more markedly enjoined; and in the more civilized state of society which then prevailed, its exercise became more a social virtue than a necessity of patriarchal life. The good Samaritan stands for all ages as an example of Christian hospitality. The neglect of Christ is symbolized by inhospitality to our neighbors.
The apostles urged the Church to "follow after hospitality,"
cf. 1Tim 5:10 to remember Abraham's example,
to "use hospitality one to another without grudging,"
while a bishop must be a "lover of hospitality
cf. 1Tim 3:2 The practice of the early Christians was in accord with these precepts. They had all things in common, and their hospitality was a characteristic of their belief. In the patriarchal ages we may take Abraham's example as the most fitting, as we have of it the fullest account. "The account," says Mr. Lane, "of Abraham's entertaining the three angels related in the Bible, presents a perfect picture of the manner in which a modern Bedawee sheikh receives travellers arriving at his encampment." The Oriental respect for the covenant of bread and salt, or salt alone, certainly sprang from the high regard in which hospitality was held.
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And Yahweh appeared unto him among the oaks of Mamre, - as, he, was sitting at the opening of the tent in the heat of the day.
So the two messengers went in towards Sodom at eventide, Lot, being seated in the gate of Sodom, - so Lot beheld and rose up to meet them, and bowed himself with his face to the earth.
And he said unto his daughters - And where is he? wherefore is it that ye left the man? Call him that he may eat bread.
As one home born from among yourselves, shall be unto you the sojourner who sojourneth with you, So shalt thou love him as thyself, For, sojourners, became ye, in the land of Egypt, - I - Yahweh, am your God.
And neither bread, nor roasted corn, nor garden-land grain, shall ye eat, until this selfsame day, until ye have brought in the oblation of your God, - an age-abiding statute unto your generations, in all your dwellings.
And Manoah said unto the messenger of Yahweh, - I pray thee, let us detain thee, that we may make ready for thy presence, a kid.
So he lifted up his eyes, and saw a wayfaring man in the broadway of the city, - and the old man said - Whither goest thou? and from whence hast thou come?
And the old man said - Thou art welcome! only, all thy wants, be on me, - by no means, in the broadway, mayest thou lodge. So he brought him into his house, and gave provender to the asses, - and they bathed their feet, and did eat and drink.
A stranger, was I, and ye took me not home, naked, and ye clothed me not, sick, and in prison, and ye visited me not.
With the needs of the saints, having fellowship, - hospitality, pursuing.
It is needful, then, for, the overseer, to be irreproachable, a husband, of one wife, sober, of sound mind, orderly, hospitable, apt in teaching,
In noble works, being well-attested; - if she hath nourished children, if she hath shewn hospitality, if, saints feet, she hath washed, if, them who were in tribulation, she hath succoured, if, in every good, work she hath followed on:
But hospitable, a lover of what is good, sober-minded, just, kind, possessing self-control,
Of the entertaining of strangers, be not forgetful, for, hereby, unawares, have some entertained, messengers.
Showing hospitality one to another without murmuring, -
Watsons
HOSPITALITY. Instances of ancient hospitality occur frequently in the Old Testament. So in the case of Abraham, Genesis xviii, where he invites the angels who appeared in the form of men to rest and refreshment, "And he stood by them under the tree, and they did eat." "Nothing is more common in India," says Mr. Ward, "than to see travellers and guests eating under the shade of trees. Even feasts are never held in houses. The house of a Hindoo serves for the purposes of sleeping and cooking, and of shutting up the women; but is never considered as a sitting or a dining room." "On my return to the boat," says Belzony, "I found the aga and all his retinue seated on a mat, under a cluster of palm trees, close to the water. The sun was then setting, and the shades of the western mountains had reached across the Nile, and covered the town. It is at this time the people recreate themselves in various scattered groups, drinking coffee, smoking their pipes, and talking of camels, horses, asses, dhourra, caravans, or boats." "The aga having prepared a dinner for me," says Mr. Light, "invited several of the natives to sit down. Water was brought in a skin by an attendant, to wash our hands. Two fowls roasted were served up on wheaten cakes, in a wooden bowl, covered with a small mat, and a number of the same cakes in another: in the centre of these were liquid butter, and preserved dates. These were divided, broken up, and mixed together by some of the party, while others pulled the fowls to pieces: which done, the party began to eat as fast as they could: getting up, one after the other, as soon as their hunger was satisfied." "Hospitality to travellers," says Mr. Forbes, "prevails throughout Guzerat: a person of any consideration passing through the province is presented, at the entrance of a village, with fruit, milk, butter, fire wood, and earthen pots for cookery; the women and children offer him wreaths of flowers. Small bowers are constructed on convenient spots, at a distance from a well or lake, where a person is maintained by the nearest villages, to take care of the water jars, and supply all travellers gratis. There are particular villages, where the inhabitants compel all travellers to accept of one day's provisions: whether they be many or few, rich or poor, European or native, they must not refuse the offered bounty."
So when angelic forms to Syria sent Sat in the cedar shade, by Abraham's tent, A spacious bowl th' admiring patriarch fills With dulcet water from the scanty rills;
Sweet fruits and kernels gathers from his hoard, With milk and butter piles the plenteous board; While on the heated hearth his consort bakes Fine flour well kneaded in unleavened cakes,
The guests ethereal quaff the lucid flood, Smile on their hosts, and taste terrestrial food; And while from seraph lips sweet converse spring, They lave their feet, and close their silver wings. DARWIN.