Reference: Eucharist
Hastings
This is the earliest title for the sacrament of the body and blood of Christ. It is found in Ignatius and the Didache, and is based upon the eucharistia or giving of thanks with which our Lord set apart the bread and wine at the Last Supper as memorials of Himself (Mt 26:27; Lu 22:17,19; 1Co 11:24). The name Lord's Supper, though legitimately derived from 1Co 11:20, is not there applied to the sacrament itself, but to the Love-feast or Agape, a meal commemorating the Last Supper, and not yet separated from the Eucharist when St. Paul wrote. The irregularities rebuked by the Apostle (1Co 11:21,29) are such as could only have accompanied the wider celebration, and doubtless contributed to the speedy separation of the essential rite from the unnecessary accessories. The title Communion comes from 1Co 10:16, where, however, the word is a predicate not used technically. The breaking of (the) bread (Ac 2:42,46) probably refers to the Eucharist (cf. Ac 20:7; Lu 24:35?), but until modern times does not seem to have been adopted as a title.
1. The institution is recorded by each of the Synoptic Gospels, but not by St. John. A fourth account appears in 1 Corinthians.
As they were eating, he took bread, and when he had blessed, he brake it, and gave to them, and said. Take ye: this is my body. And he took a cup, and when he had given thanks, he gave to them: and they all drank of it. And he said unto them, This is my blood of the covenant, which is shed for many. Verily I say unto you, I will no more drink of the fruit of the vine, until that day when I drink it new in the kingdom of God.
As they were eating, Jesus took bread, and blessed, and brake it; and he gave to the disciples, and said, Take, eat: this is my body. And he took a cup, and gave thanks, and gave to them, saying, Drink ye all of it; for this is my blood of the covenant, which is shed for many unto remission of sins. But I say unto you, I will not drink henceforth of this fruit of the vine, until that day when I drink it new with you in my Father's kingdom.
Lu 22:14-20.
When the hour was come, he sat down, and the apostles with him. And he said unto them, With desire I have desired to eat this passover with you before I suffer: for I say unto you, I will not eat it, until it be fulfilled in the kingdom of God. And he received a cup, and when he had given thanks, he said, Take this, and divide it among yourselves: for I say unto you, I will not drink from henceforth of the fruit of the vine, until the kingdom of God shall come. And he took bread, and when he had given thanks, he brake it, and gave to them, saying, This is my body [which is given for you: this do in remembrance of me. And the cup in like manner after supper, saying. This cup is the new covenant in my blood, even that which is poured out for you].
I received of the Lord that which also I delivered unto you, how that the Lord Jesus in the night in which he was betrayed took bread; and when he had given thanks, he brake it, and said. This is my body, which is for you: this do in remembrance of me. In like manner also the cup, after supper, saying, This cup is the new covenant in my blood: this do, as oft as ye drink it, in remembrance of me.
A comparison shows variations of minor importance between Mark and Matthew. But the most remarkable differences are those of Luke, which mentions what is apparently a second cup. It seems scarcely credible that at a supreme moment, like that in which a sacred rite was being established, our Lord should have created the possibility of confusion by solemnly delivering two of the Paschal cups, dividing between them the words which, according to the other Synoptics, belong, as it would seem appropriately, to one. Nor, if He were about to ballow a succeeding cup as Eucharistic, is it likely that He would have spoken of the fulfilment of the Paschal wine in relation to another (Lu 22:17). In spite, therefore, of the fact that the majority of MSS and Versions favour its inclusion, Westcott and Hort are probably right in regarding the passage inclosed in brackets above as an interpolation. With this omitted, the narrative is assimilated to the other Synoptics. The inversion of bread and cup, which now becomes apparent and which probably belongs not to Luke but to his source, is perhaps due to the fact that the writer, dwelling on the Lord's intention that the Passover should be fulfilled in a Messianic rite, records at the opening of his narrative a declaration similar to that which Matthew and Mark assign to a later stage, the delivery of the cup (Mt 26:29; Mr 14:25). These words, though referring more particularly to the Eucharistic bread, yet, as extending to the whole meal ('this passover'), require no mention of the action that would accompany them; whereas the companion statement concerning the fruit of the vine (Lu 22:18) necessitates the mention of the cup (Lu 22:17). The first half of Lu 22:19 (the consecration of the bread), which, if the account were symmetrical, would appear (as arranged in Rush-brooke's Synopticon) before Lu 22:15, is then added to complete the institution. A copyist, assuming a part of the narrative to be wanting, would then introduce, probably from a contemporary liturgical formula, the second half of Lu 22:19 and Lu 22:20, which bear a striking resemblance to the Pauline account, of which Luke is otherwise independent. A similar inversion is found in the sub-Apostolic Teaching of the Apostles.
2. From the Synoptic record the following inferences may be drawn: (1) The words of institution cannot themselves determine the meaning of the rite. Luke (unless v. 20 be genuine) omits 'This is my blood of the covenant.' [Notice also that the other traditional form varies the phrase
See Verses Found in Dictionary
and it shall come to pass that your sons shall say unto you, - What is this your service? Then shall ye say - A passover sacrifice, it is to Yahweh, who passed-over the houses of the sons of Israel, in Egypt, when he plagued the Egyptians but our houses, he delivered. Then did the people bend their heads and bow themselves down.
Then shall ye say - A passover sacrifice, it is to Yahweh, who passed-over the houses of the sons of Israel, in Egypt, when he plagued the Egyptians but our houses, he delivered. Then did the people bend their heads and bow themselves down.
In one house, shall it be eaten, thou shalt not take forth out of the house any of the flesh outside; and a, bone thereof, shalt thou not break.
So they rose up early, on the morrow, and offered ascending-sacrifices, and brought near peace-offerings, and the people sat down, to eat and to drink, and then rose up - to make sport!
Thou shalt not slay, along with anything leavened, the blood of my sacrifice, - neither shall remain to the morning, the sacrifice of the festival of the passover.
so shall he bring it in unto the sons of Aaron, the priests, and he shall grasp therefrom a handful of the fine meal thereof and of the oil thereof, besides all the frankincense thereof, - and the priest shall make a perfume with the memorial thereof at the altar, an altar-flame of a satisfying odour unto Yahweh.
Then shall the priest uplift out of the meal-offering, a memorial thereof, and make a perfume at the altar, - an altar-flame of a satisfying odour unto Yahweh.
Then shall the priest make a perfume, with the memorial thereof, - from the crushed grain thereof and from the oil thereof, besides all the frankincense thereof, - an altar-flame, unto Yahweh.
And he shall bring it in unto the priest, and the priest shall take therefrom a handful, as the memorial thereof, and shall make a perfume at the altar, upon the altar-flames of Yahweh, - a sin-bearer, it is.
But, as for the flesh of his peace-offering of thanksgiving, on the day of bringing it near, shall it be eaten, - he shall not leave thereof until morning, But, if, a vow or a freewill offering, be his sacrifice of oblation, in the day he bringeth near his sacrifice, shall it be eaten, and on the morrow, then may the remainder thereof, be eaten; read more. but as for the remainder of the flesh of the sacrifice, on the third day - in fire, shall it be consumed. And, if any of the flesh of his peace-offering, be at all eaten, on the third day, he that brought it near shall not be accepted it shall not be reckoned to him, unclean, shall it be, - and the person who shall eat thereof, shall bear his iniquity. And, the flesh that toucheth anything unclean, shall not be eaten, in fire, shall it be consumed, - but, as for the other flesh, any one who is clean, may eat flesh. But as for the person who shall eat flesh from the peace-offering, which pertaineth unto Yahweh, while his uncleanness is on him, then shall that person be cut off from among his kinsfolk. Yea, as for, any person, whensoever he shall touch anything unclean - the uncleanness of man or an unclean beast, or any unclean disgusting thing, - and then eateth of the flesh of a peace-offering that pertaineth unto Yahweh, then shall that person be cut off from among his kinsfolk.
And thou shalt put upon each row pure frankincense, - so shall it belong unto the bread as a memorial, an altar-flame unto Yahweh.
and the priest shall take a handful from the meal-offering, a remembrancer thereof, and make a perfume at the altar, - and afterwards, shall cause the woman to drink the water.
Then said those men unto him, We, are unclean by a dead person, - wherefore should we become of less esteem for want of offering the oblation of Yahweh in its appointed season, in the midst of the sons of Israel?
But as for the man who is, clean, and no a journey, doth not chance to be and yet faileth to keep the passover, that person shall he cut off from among his kinsfolk, - for the oblation of Yahweh, hath he not offered in its appointed season, his own sin, shall, that man, bear.
And in your day of rejoicing and in your appointed seasons and in the beginnings of your months, then shall ye blow with the trumpets, over your ascending-sacrifices, and over your peace-offerings, - so shall they be unto you for a memorial before your God. I - Yahweh, am your God.
but, unto the place which Yahweh your God shall choose out of all your tribes, to put his name there, - as his habitation, shall ye ask your way, and come in thither;
So shall ye rejoice before Yahweh your God, Ye, and your sons, and your daughters, and your servants and your handmaids, - and the Levite that is within your gates, forasmuch as he hath neither portion nor inheritance with you.
Now, therefore lo! I have brought in the first of the fruit of the soil, which thou hast given unto me, O Yahweh. Thus shalt thou set it down before Yahweh thy God, and shall bow thyself down before Yahweh thy God; and shalt rejoice in all the good things which Yahweh thy God, hath given unto thee, and unto thy house, - thou and the Levite, and the sojourner who is in thy midst.
And Samuel said, How can I go? As soon as Saul heareth, he will slay me. Then said Yahweh, A heifer, take thou with thee, and say, To sacrifice unto Yahweh, am I come.
Then said Samuel unto Jesse - Are these all the young men? And he said - There yet remaineth, the youngest, but lo! he is tending the sheep. Then said Samuel unto Jesse - Do, send, and summon him, for we cannot sit round, until he cometh in hither.
Yea, he, shall build the temple of Yahweh, and, he, shall bear the honour, and shall sit and rule upon his throne, - and shall become a priest upon his throne, and, the counsel of peace, shall be between the two of them.
In bringing near upon mine altar, polluted food, while yet ye say, Wherein have we polluted thee? Because ye say, As for the table of Yahweh, a thing to be despised, it is;
But ye are profaning me, - in that ye say, As for the table of the Lord, polluted it is, and, as for his produce, contemptible is his food.
And, as they were eating, Jesus, taking a loaf and blessing, brake, - and, giving to his disciples, said - Take, eat! This, is, my body. And, taking a cup, and giving thanks, he gave unto them, saying - Drink of it, all of you;
And, taking a cup, and giving thanks, he gave unto them, saying - Drink of it, all of you; For, this, is my blood of the covenant, which, for many, is to be poured out, for remission of sins.
For, this, is my blood of the covenant, which, for many, is to be poured out, for remission of sins. Moreover, I say unto you - In nowise, will I drink, henceforth, of this produce of the vine, until that day, whensoever I shall drink it with you, new, in the kingdom of my Father.
Moreover, I say unto you - In nowise, will I drink, henceforth, of this produce of the vine, until that day, whensoever I shall drink it with you, new, in the kingdom of my Father.
and he appointed a twelve, whom also he named, Apostles, - that they might be with him, and that he might be sending them forth to make proclamation,
And, as they were eating, taking a loaf, he blessed and brake, and gave unto them, and said - Take! this, is, my body; And, taking a cup, he offered thanks, and gave unto them; and they, all, drank of it. read more. And he said unto them - This, is, my blood of the covenant, that is to be poured out in behalf of many. Verily, I say unto you - No more, will I in anywise drink of the fruit of the vine, until that day when I shall be drinking it new, in the kingdom of God.
Verily, I say unto you - No more, will I in anywise drink of the fruit of the vine, until that day when I shall be drinking it new, in the kingdom of God.
And, when the hour arrived, he reclined, and the apostles with him. And he said unto them - I have greatly desired, to eat, this passover, with you before I suffer;
And he said unto them - I have greatly desired, to eat, this passover, with you before I suffer;
And he said unto them - I have greatly desired, to eat, this passover, with you before I suffer; For, I say unto you - In nowise shall I eat it, until it have been fulfilled in the kingdom of God. read more. And, accepting a cup, giving thanks, he said - Take this, and divide among yourselves;
And, accepting a cup, giving thanks, he said - Take this, and divide among yourselves;
And, accepting a cup, giving thanks, he said - Take this, and divide among yourselves;
And, accepting a cup, giving thanks, he said - Take this, and divide among yourselves; For, I say unto you - In nowise shall I drink henceforth of the fruit of the vine, until, the kingdom of God, shall come.
For, I say unto you - In nowise shall I drink henceforth of the fruit of the vine, until, the kingdom of God, shall come. And, taking a loaf, he gave thanks, and brake, and gave unto them, saying - This is my body
And, taking a loaf, he gave thanks, and brake, and gave unto them, saying - This is my body
And, taking a loaf, he gave thanks, and brake, and gave unto them, saying - This is my body
And, taking a loaf, he gave thanks, and brake, and gave unto them, saying - This is my body
Nevertheless, lo! the hand of him who is delivering me up, is with me upon the table.
And it came to pass that there was, a rivalry also, among them, as to which of them seemed to be greater than the rest . And, he, said unto them - The kings of the nations, lord it over them, and, they who wield authority over them, benefactors, are called. read more. But, ye, not so! On the contrary - the greater among you, Let him become as, the younger, and, he that governeth, as, he that ministereth, For which is greater - he that reclineth? or he that ministereth? Is not he that reclineth? But, I, am, in your midst, as he that ministereth, Ye, however, are they who have remained throughout with me in my temptations; And, I, covenant unto you - as my Father hath covenanted unto me - a kingdom, That ye may eat and drink, at my table, in my kingdom, and sit upon thrones, judging, the twelve tribes of Israel. Simon! Simon! lo! Satan, hath claimed you, to sift as wheat; But, I, have entreated for thee, that thy faith may not fail. And, thou, once thou hast turned, strengthen thy brethren. But, he, said unto him - Lord! with thee, am I, ready, both into prison and unto death, to be going. And, he, said: I tell thee, Peter - A cock will not crow this day, until, thrice, thou deny that thou knowest me.
And, they, went on to relate the things, that had passed on the journey, and how he was made known unto them in the breaking of the loaf.
The Jews, therefore, began to strive one with another, saying - How can this one, unto us, give his flesh to eat? Jesus, therefore, said unto them - Verily, verily, I say unto you - Except ye eat the flesh of the Son of Man, and drink his blood, ye have not life within yourselves. read more. He that feedeth upon my flesh, and drinketh my blood, hath life age-abiding, and, I, will raise him up at the last day; For, my flesh, is, true, food, and, my blood, is, true, drink: He that feedeth upon my flesh, and drinketh my blood, in me, abideth, and, I, in him. Just as the living Father sent me, - and I live by reason of the Father, he also that feedeth upon me, even he, shall live by reason of me. This, is the bread, which, out of heaven, came down: - Not just as your fathers did eat - and died! He that feedeth upon this bread, shall live unto times age-abiding.
The spirit, it is, that giveth life, - the flesh, profiteth, nothing: The declarations which, I, have spoken unto you, are, spirit, and, are, life.
For these things came to pass, that, the Scripture, might be fulfilled - A bone thereof, shall not be crushed;
For these things came to pass, that, the Scripture, might be fulfilled - A bone thereof, shall not be crushed;
And they went on to give constant attention - unto the teaching of the apostles, and unto the fellowship, unto the breaking of bread, and unto the prayers.
And, daily giving attendance with one intent in the temple and, at home, breaking bread, they were partaking of food with exultation and singleness of heart;
And, on the first of the week, when we were gathered together to break bread, Paul went on to discourse with them, being about to depart on the morrow; and he prolonged his discourse until midnight.
Purge ye out the old leaven, that ye may be a new lump, - even as ye are unleavened; for, our passover, hath even been sacrificed - Christ:
Thus, also, hath the Lord, appointed - that, they who the glad message tell, should, of the glad-message, live.
The cup of blessing which we bless, is it not, a sharing together of the blood of the Christ? The loaf which we break, is it not, a sharing together of the body of the Christ?
The cup of blessing which we bless, is it not, a sharing together of the blood of the Christ? The loaf which we break, is it not, a sharing together of the body of the Christ?
The cup of blessing which we bless, is it not, a sharing together of the blood of the Christ? The loaf which we break, is it not, a sharing together of the body of the Christ?
The cup of blessing which we bless, is it not, a sharing together of the blood of the Christ? The loaf which we break, is it not, a sharing together of the body of the Christ? Because, one loaf, one body, we, the many, are, for we, all, of the one loaf, partake. read more. Be looking at Israel after the flesh: - are not, they who eat the sacrifices, joint partakers with the altar?
On the contrary - that, the things which the nations sacrifice, unto demons, and not unto God, they sacrifice; and I wish not that ye should become, sharers together with the demons! Ye cannot be drinking - a cup of the Lord, and a cup of demons; ye cannot be partaking of, a table of the Lord, and a table of demons.
Ye cannot be drinking - a cup of the Lord, and a cup of demons; ye cannot be partaking of, a table of the Lord, and a table of demons.
But, in giving you the following charge, I praise you not, - in that, not for the better, but for the worse, ye come together. For, first of all, - when ye come together in assembly, I hear that divisions among you exist, - and, in part, I believe it; read more. For there must needs be, even parties among you, that, the approved, themselvesmay become manifest among you. When, therefore, ye come together into one place, it is not to eat, a supper unto the Lord;
When, therefore, ye come together into one place, it is not to eat, a supper unto the Lord; For, each one, taketh beforehand, his own supper, in your eating, and, one, indeed, is hungry, whereas, another, is drinking to excess.
For, each one, taketh beforehand, his own supper, in your eating, and, one, indeed, is hungry, whereas, another, is drinking to excess.
For, each one, taketh beforehand, his own supper, in your eating, and, one, indeed, is hungry, whereas, another, is drinking to excess. What! have ye not houses for your eating and drinking? or, the assembly of God, do ye despise, and, put to shame them who have nothing? What am I to say to you? Shall I praise you? In this, I praise you not.
What! have ye not houses for your eating and drinking? or, the assembly of God, do ye despise, and, put to shame them who have nothing? What am I to say to you? Shall I praise you? In this, I praise you not. For, I myself, received from the Lord - that which I also delivered unto you, - how that, the Lord Jesus, in the night in which he was being delivered up, took a loaf,
For, I myself, received from the Lord - that which I also delivered unto you, - how that, the Lord Jesus, in the night in which he was being delivered up, took a loaf, And, giving thanks, brake it, and said - This, is my body, which is for you, - this, do ye, in remembrance of me;
And, giving thanks, brake it, and said - This, is my body, which is for you, - this, do ye, in remembrance of me;
And, giving thanks, brake it, and said - This, is my body, which is for you, - this, do ye, in remembrance of me; In the same manner, the cup also, after they had taken supper, saying - This cup, is, the new covenant in my blood, this, do ye, as often soever as ye may be drinking it, in remembrance of me.
In the same manner, the cup also, after they had taken supper, saying - This cup, is, the new covenant in my blood, this, do ye, as often soever as ye may be drinking it, in remembrance of me.
In the same manner, the cup also, after they had taken supper, saying - This cup, is, the new covenant in my blood, this, do ye, as often soever as ye may be drinking it, in remembrance of me. For, as often as ye may be eating this loaf, and, the cup, may be drinking, The death of the Lord, do ye announce, until he come.
For, as often as ye may be eating this loaf, and, the cup, may be drinking, The death of the Lord, do ye announce, until he come.
For, as often as ye may be eating this loaf, and, the cup, may be drinking, The death of the Lord, do ye announce, until he come.
For, as often as ye may be eating this loaf, and, the cup, may be drinking, The death of the Lord, do ye announce, until he come. So that, whosoever may be eating the loaf, or drinking the cup of the Lord, in an unworthy manner, shall be responsible for the body and blood of the Lord.
So that, whosoever may be eating the loaf, or drinking the cup of the Lord, in an unworthy manner, shall be responsible for the body and blood of the Lord.
So that, whosoever may be eating the loaf, or drinking the cup of the Lord, in an unworthy manner, shall be responsible for the body and blood of the Lord. But let a man be proving himself, - and, so, of the loaf, let him eat, and, of the cup, let him drink; read more. For, he that is eating and drinking, - judgment unto himself, doth eat and drink, - if he be not setting apart the body.
For, he that is eating and drinking, - judgment unto himself, doth eat and drink, - if he be not setting apart the body.
For, he that is eating and drinking, - judgment unto himself, doth eat and drink, - if he be not setting apart the body.
For, he that is eating and drinking, - judgment unto himself, doth eat and drink, - if he be not setting apart the body. For this cause, many among you are weak and sickly; and, not a few, are falling asleep. read more. If, however, we had been setting, ourselves, apart, we had not, in that case, been coming under judgment;
If, however, we had been setting, ourselves, apart, we had not, in that case, been coming under judgment; But, being brought under judgment, by the Lord, are we being disciplined, lest, with the world, we should be condemned. read more. So then, my brethren, - when ye come together for the eating, unto one another, be giving welcome: - If anyone be hungry, at home, let him eat, lest, unto judgment, ye be coming together. And, the remaining things, whensoever I come, I will set in order.
For I delivered unto you, among the first things, what also I received: - how that Christ died for our sins, according to the Scriptures,
I marvel that, thus quickly, ye are moving away from him that called you in the favour of Christ, unto a different glad-message, - Which is not, another, only there are, some, that are troubling you, and wishing to change the glad-message of the Christ. read more. But, even if, we, or, a messenger out of heaven, announce a glad-message unto youaside from that which we announced unto you, accursed, let him be! As we have said before, even now, again, I say: If anyone is announcing unto you a glad-message aside from that which ye accepted, accursed, let him be!
A crowning point on the things being spoken: - such a one as this, have we, as high-priest, who hath sat down on the right hand of the throne of the Majesty in the heavens, -
By which will, we have been made holy, through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ, once for all.
For, by one offering, hath he perfected for evermore, them who are being made holy.
Having therefore, brethren, freedom of speech for the entrance through the Holy place, by the blood of Jesus, Which entrance he hath consecrated for us, as a way recent and living, through the veil, that is, his flesh, - read more. And having a great priest over the house of God, Let us approach with a genuine heart, in full assurance of faith, having been sprinkled, as to our hearts, from an evil conscience, and bathed, as to our bodies, with pure water;
and the Living One, - and I became dead; - and lo! living, am I, unto the ages of ages, and have the keys of death and of hades.
And I saw, in the midst of the throne and of the four living creatures, and in the midst of the elders, a Lamb, standing, showing that it had been slain, - having seven horns, and seven eyes, which are the seven Spirits of God sent forth into all the earth.
Morish
See LORD'S SUPPER.
Watsons
EUCHARIST, the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. The word, in its original Greek, ??????????, properly signifies giving thanks; from the hymns and thanksgivings which accompanied that holy service in the primitive church. See LORD'S SUPPER.