Reference: Predestination
Easton
This word is properly used only with reference to God's plan or purpose of salvation. The Greek word rendered "predestinate" is found only in these six passages, Ac 4:28; Ro 8:29-30; 1Co 2:7; Eph 1:5,11; and in all of them it has the same meaning. They teach that the eternal, sovereign, immutable, and unconditional decree or "determinate purpose" of God governs all events.
This doctrine of predestination or election is beset with many difficulties. It belongs to the "secret things" of God. But if we take the revealed word of God as our guide, we must accept this doctrine with all its mysteriousness, and settle all our questionings in the humble, devout acknowledgment, "Even so, Father: for so it seemed good in thy sight."
For the teaching of Scripture on this subject let the following passages be examined in addition to those referred to above; Ge 21:12; Ex 9:16; 33:19; De 10:15; 32:8; Jos 11:20; 1Sa 12:22; 2Ch 6:6; Ps 33:12; 65:4; 78:68; 135:4; Isa 41:1-10; Jer 1:5; Mr 13:20; Lu 22:22; Joh 6:37; 15:16; 17:2,6,9; Ac 2:28; 3:18; 4:28; 13:48; 17:26; Ro 9:11,18,21; 11:5; Eph 3:11; 1Th 1:4; 2Th 2:13; 2Ti 1:9; Tit 1:2; 1Pe 1:2. (See Decrees of God; Election of Grace.)
Hodge has well remarked that, "rightly understood, this doctrine (1) exalts the majesty and absolute sovereignty of God, while it illustrates the riches of his free grace and his just displeasure with sin. (2.) It enforces upon us the essential truth that salvation is entirely of grace. That no one can either complain if passed over, or boast himself if saved. (3.) It brings the inquirer to absolute self-despair and the cordial embrace of the free offer of Christ. (4.) In the case of the believer who has the witness in himself, this doctrine at once deepens his humility and elevates his confidence to the full assurance of hope" (Outlines).
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And except the Lord had shortened the days, no flesh would have been preserved: but for the sake of those elect, whom he hath elected, he hath shortened the days.
And the Son of man indeed goeth, as is decreed: but wo to that man by whom he is betrayed!
Every individual which the Father giveth me will come to me; and him that cometh to me I will in nowise cast out.
Ye have not chosen me, but I have chosen you, and appointed you that ye should go forth and bear fruit, and that your fruit should be permanent: that so whatsoever ye shall ask the Father in my name, he may give it you.
even as thou hast given him authority over all flesh, that with regard to all those whom thou hast given him, he should give to them eternal life:
I have made known thy name to the persons whom thou gavest me out of the world: for thee they had a being, and to me thou hast given them; and thy word have they kept.
I entreat for them: I make no request for the world; but for those thou hast given me; for they are thine.
Thou hast made known to me the ways of life; thou shalt fill me with delight by thy countenance."
But the things which God before announced by the mouth of all his prophets, that Messiah should suffer, he hath thus fulfilled.
to do all that thy hand and thy counsel predestined should come to pass.
to do all that thy hand and thy counsel predestined should come to pass.
Now when the Gentiles heard this, they rejoiced, and glorified the word of the Lord: and they believed, even as many as were ordained to life eternal.
And hath made from one man's blood all the nations of mankind, to dwell upon the whole face of the earth, fixing the predetermined periods of their existence, and the boundaries of their several abodes;
For whom he foreknew, he predestinated also to a conformity with the image of his Son, that he might be the first-begotten among many brethren. But whom he predestinated, those also he called: and whom he called, those also he justified: but whom he justified, those also he glorified.
(though the children were not yet born, nor had done any thing good or evil, that according to the election of God the purpose might abide, not from works, but from him who called;)
Well then, he hath mercy on whom he will, but whom he will he hardeneth.
Hath not the potter power over the clay, from the same mass to make one vessel for an honourable use, and another for a dishonourable?
So then at this present time also there is a remnant according to the election of grace.
having predestinated us for his adopted children by Jesus Christ unto himself, according to the good pleasure of his will,
in whom also we have obtained our inheritance, predestinated according to the purpose of him who effectually worketh all things according to the counsel of his own will:
according to the purpose from everlasting, which he formed in Christ Jesus our Lord:
rooted and built up on him, and confirmed in the faith, as ye have been taught, abounding therein with thanksgiving.
in hope of life eternal, which God, who cannot lie, hath promised before time had a being;
firmly attached to the faithful word, according to the doctrine delivered, that he may be able to exhort with sound instruction and to confute the opposers.
Fausets
(See ELECTION.) Ac 2:23; 4:28, "whatsoever Thy hand and Thy counsel determined before to be done" (proorisen). God has "predestinated" believers "unto the adoption of sons by Jesus Christ to Himself, according to the good pleasure of His will, to the praise of the glory of His grace." "He hath chosen us in Christ" out of the rest of the world, "predestinated" us to all things that secure the inheritance for us (Eph 1:4-5,11). "Predestination" refers to God's decree, embodied in God's "election" of us out of the mass; His grand end. in it being "the praise of the glory of His grace" (Eph 1:6,12,14). It is by virtue of our union to Christ, "foreordained before the foundation of the world" (1Pe 1:20), that we are "predestinated" (2Ti 1:9).
Believers are viewed by God before the world's foundation as "IN CHRIST" with whom the Father makes the covenant (Re 13:8; 17:8; Eph 3:11), "according to the eternal purpose which He purposed in Christ Jesus our Lord." In 2Th 2:13 the Greek for "chosen" (heilato) means rather "taken for Himself"; He adopted them in His eternal purpose; "in (Greek) sanctification of (i.e. by) the Spirit" (by consecration to perfect holiness in Christ once for all, next by imparting it to them ever more and more). There was no doubt or contingency with God from the first. All was foreordained. God's glory and the believer's salvation are secured unchangeably. All pride on man's part is excluded; all is of God's unmerited grace. Yet the will of man is, in the sense of preserving our reponsibility, free. God alone knows how the two harmonize, His predestination and our freedom; it is enough for us they are both distinctly revealed.
At the same time fatalism is excluded, for God who predestinated believers to salvation as the end predestinated them to be conformed to the image of His Son as the means. We must make as sure of the means as of the end. Not to have the Spirit of Christ is to be none of His. Yet God's predestination is not founded on the believer's character, but the believer's character results from God's predestination (2Th 2:13; Ro 8:9,28-30). God the Father gives us salvation by gratuitous election; the Son earns it by His blood-shedding; the Holy Spirit applies the Son's merits to the soul by the gospel word (Calvin): Ga 1:4,15; 1Pe 1:2; the element IN (Greek) which we are elected is "sanctification of (consecration once for all by) the Spirit unto obedience and sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ" (the end aimed at by God as regards us).
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him, by the destined counsel and foreknowledge of God delivered up, ye have seized, and by wicked hands have crucified and slain:
to do all that thy hand and thy counsel predestined should come to pass.
But ye are not in the flesh, but in the Spirit, if indeed the Spirit of God dwelleth in you. But if any man hath not the Spirit of Christ, he is not his.
But we know that to those who love God all things work together for good, even to those who are called according to his purpose. For whom he foreknew, he predestinated also to a conformity with the image of his Son, that he might be the first-begotten among many brethren. read more. But whom he predestinated, those also he called: and whom he called, those also he justified: but whom he justified, those also he glorified.
who gave himself for our sins, that he might pluck us out of this present wicked world, according to the will of God and our Father:
But when it pleased God, who selected me from my mother's womb, and called me by his grace,
as he hath elected us in him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and blameless before him in love: having predestinated us for his adopted children by Jesus Christ unto himself, according to the good pleasure of his will, read more. to the praise of the glory of his grace, whereby he hath made us acceptable in that beloved one;
in whom also we have obtained our inheritance, predestinated according to the purpose of him who effectually worketh all things according to the counsel of his own will: that we should be to the praise of his glory, who first had hope in Christ.
which is the earnest of our inheritance, until the final redemption, acquired by him, come, to the praise of his glory.
according to the purpose from everlasting, which he formed in Christ Jesus our Lord:
But we are bound to give thanks always to God for you, brethren, beloved of the Lord, because God hath elected you from the beginning unto salvation, by sanctification of the Spirit, and faith in the truth:
But we are bound to give thanks always to God for you, brethren, beloved of the Lord, because God hath elected you from the beginning unto salvation, by sanctification of the Spirit, and faith in the truth:
who hath saved us, and called us with an holy calling, not according to our works, but according to his own purpose and grace, which was given us in Christ Jesus before time had a beginning;
who was indeed predestined before the foundation of the world, but manifested in these last times for us,
And all the inhabitants who dwell upon the earth shall worship him, whose names are not written in the book of life of the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world.
The beast which thou seest was, and is not; and shall come up out of the abyss [of hell], and shall go into perdition: and the dwellers upon earth will wonder, (whose names are not written in the book of life from the foundation of the world,) when they shall see the beast which was, and is not, though he is.
Hastings
The English word 'predestinate' in the AV is, in the few cases in which it occurs (Ro 8:29,36; Eph 1:5,11), exchanged in the RV for 'foreordain,' a return to the usage of the older Versions. The Gr. word (proorizo) conveys the simple idea of defining or determining beforehand (thus, in addition to above, in Ac 4:29; 1Co 2:7). The change in rendering brings the word into closer relation with a number of others expressing the same, or related, meanings, as 'foreknow' (in pregnant sense, Ac 2:23; Ro 8:29; 11:2; 1Pe 1:2,20), 'determine' (Ac 17:26), 'appoint' (1Pe 2:8), 'purpose' (Eph 1:9), in the case of believers, 'choose' or 'elect' (Eph 1:4 etc.). In the OT the idea is expressed by the various words denoting to purpose, determine, choose (e.g. Isa 14:24-27; 46:10-11), with the ahundance of phrases extolling the sovereignty and immutability of God's counsel in all the spheres of His operation (see below; so in NT). The best clue to the Scripture conception will he found in tracing it as it appears in these different spheres of the Divine action.
1. In its most general aspect, foreordination is coextensive with the sphere of God's universal providence, is, in fact, but another name for the eternal plan, design, purpose, counsel of God, which executes itself in providence. The election of believers, to which 'predestination' is sometimes narrowed, is hut a specific case of the 'purpose' of Him 'who worketh all things after the counsel of his will' (Eph 1:11). It is in this wider regard, accordingly, that foreordination must be studied first. It cannot be reasonably doubted that all Scripture
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Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven.
Are not two sparrows sold for a farthing? and one of them shall not fall to the ground without your Father. But even the hairs of your head are all numbered.
him, by the destined counsel and foreknowledge of God delivered up, ye have seized, and by wicked hands have crucified and slain:
Thou hast made known to me the ways of life; thou shalt fill me with delight by thy countenance."
to do all that thy hand and thy counsel predestined should come to pass. And as to the present transactions, Lord, look upon their threatnings: and grant thy servants power with all boldness to speak thy word,
Known unto God from the beginning are all his works.
For it hath seemed good to the Holy Ghost and to us, to lay upon you no other burden except these things which are of absolute necessity;
And hath made from one man's blood all the nations of mankind, to dwell upon the whole face of the earth, fixing the predetermined periods of their existence, and the boundaries of their several abodes;
For whom he foreknew, he predestinated also to a conformity with the image of his Son, that he might be the first-begotten among many brethren.
For whom he foreknew, he predestinated also to a conformity with the image of his Son, that he might be the first-begotten among many brethren.
For whom he foreknew, he predestinated also to a conformity with the image of his Son, that he might be the first-begotten among many brethren.
As it is written, "That for thy sake we have been put to death the whole day long; we have been reckoned indeed as sheep for slaughter."
What shall we say therefore? Is there unrighteousness with God? God forbid. For he saith to Moses, "I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I will have compassion." read more. Well then, it is not of him that willeth, nor of him that runneth, but of God who sheweth mercy. For the scripture saith to Pharaoh, "That for this very end have I raised thee up, that I might display in thee my power, and that my name may be proclaimed in all the earth."
For the scripture saith to Pharaoh, "That for this very end have I raised thee up, that I might display in thee my power, and that my name may be proclaimed in all the earth." Well then, he hath mercy on whom he will, but whom he will he hardeneth. read more. Wilt thou then say to me, Why yet doth he blame us? Who hath resisted his will? Nay but, O man, who art thou that disputest against God? Shall the thing fashioned say to him that fashioned it, Why hast thou made me thus?
Nay but, O man, who art thou that disputest against God? Shall the thing fashioned say to him that fashioned it, Why hast thou made me thus? Hath not the potter power over the clay, from the same mass to make one vessel for an honourable use, and another for a dishonourable?
Hath not the potter power over the clay, from the same mass to make one vessel for an honourable use, and another for a dishonourable? But what if God, willing to display his wrath, and to make known what is possible with him, hath borne with much long-suffering the vessels of wrath fitted for perdition:
But what if God, willing to display his wrath, and to make known what is possible with him, hath borne with much long-suffering the vessels of wrath fitted for perdition:
But what if God, willing to display his wrath, and to make known what is possible with him, hath borne with much long-suffering the vessels of wrath fitted for perdition: and that he might make known the riches of his glory upon the vessels of mercy which he had before prepared for glory:
God hath not rejected his people whom he foreknew. Know ye not what the scripture saith of Elias? how he maketh intercession with God against Israel, saying,
O the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and knowledge of God! how unsearchable are his judgments, and how incomprehensible his ways! For who hath known the mind of the Lord, or who hath been admitted his counsellor?
as he hath elected us in him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and blameless before him in love:
as he hath elected us in him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and blameless before him in love:
as he hath elected us in him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and blameless before him in love: having predestinated us for his adopted children by Jesus Christ unto himself, according to the good pleasure of his will,
having predestinated us for his adopted children by Jesus Christ unto himself, according to the good pleasure of his will,
having made known to us the mystery of his will, according to his good pleasure, which he purposed in himself;
in whom also we have obtained our inheritance, predestinated according to the purpose of him who effectually worketh all things according to the counsel of his own will:
in whom also we have obtained our inheritance, predestinated according to the purpose of him who effectually worketh all things according to the counsel of his own will:
in whom also we have obtained our inheritance, predestinated according to the purpose of him who effectually worketh all things according to the counsel of his own will:
AND you hath he quickened, who were dead in trespasses and sins, wherein in times past ye walked after the fashion of this world, after the prince of the power of the air, the spirit who now worketh with energy in the children of disobedience: read more. among whom also we all have had our conversation in time past, in the lusts of the flesh, fulfilling the desires of the flesh and of the mind, and were by nature children of wrath, as well as the rest. But God, being rich in mercy, through the great love with which he hath loved us, though we were dead in sins, hath quickened us together with Christ, (by grace ye are saved,) and hath raised us up together with him, and made us sit down together in the heavenly regions in Christ Jesus. That he might shew forth in the ages to come the transcendent riches of his grace, in the kindness shewed to us in Christ Jesus. For by grace ye are saved through faith, and this not of yourselves; it is the gift of God:
Husbands, love your own wives, as Christ also loved the church, and gave himself for it; that he might sanctify it, purifying it in the laver of water by the word, read more. that he might present it to himself a glorious church, not having blemish, nor wrinkle, nor any such things; but that it may be holy and unblameable.
rooted and built up on him, and confirmed in the faith, as ye have been taught, abounding therein with thanksgiving.
But we are bound to give thanks always to God for you, brethren, beloved of the Lord, because God hath elected you from the beginning unto salvation, by sanctification of the Spirit, and faith in the truth:
Therefore, brethren, stand fast, and firmly hold the injunctions delivered to you, as ye have been taught, whether by our discourse, or by letter.
PETER, an apostle of Jesus Christ, to the sojourners, dispersed through Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia,
and a stone of stumbling, and rock of offence," to those who stumble at the word, disobedient; whereunto also they were appointed.
and from Jesus Christ, the faithful witness, and first-born from the dead, and the prince of the kings of the earth: to him who loved us, and washed us from our sins by his blood, and made us kings and priests to his God and Father; to him be glory and might for ever and ever. Amen.
Worthy art thou, O Lord, to receive glory, and honour, and power; for thou hast created all things, and by thy will they exist, and were created.
and crying with a loud voice, saying, Salvation to our God that sitteth on the throne, and to the Lamb.
AND I saw, and lo, a lamb stood upon the mount Zion, and with him an hundred forty-four thousand, having the name of his Father inscribed on their foreheads. And I heard a voice from heaven, as the sound of many waters, and as the roar of loud thunder; and I heard the sound of harpers harping on their harps: read more. and they sang as it were a new song before the throne, and before the four living beings, and the presbyters: and no person could learn that song, but the hundred forty-four thousand, who were redeemed from the earth. These are they who have not defiled themselves with women; for they are virgins: these are they who follow the Lamb whithersoever he goeth: these have been redeemed among men, as first-fruits to God, and to the Lamb. And in their mouth no guile is found; for they are blameless before the throne of God. And I saw another angel flying in the midst of heaven, having the everlasting gospel to preach the glad tidings to the inhabitants of the earth, to every nation, and tribe, and tongue, and people,
Watsons
PREDESTINATION, according to some, is a judgment, or decree of God, by which he has resolved, from all eternity, to save a certain number of persons, hence named elect. Others define it, a decree to give faith in Jesus Christ to a certain number of men, and to leave the rest to their own malice and hardness of heart. A third, more Scripturally, God's eternal purpose to save all that "truly repent and unfeignedly believe his holy Gospel,"