Reference: Predestination
Easton
This word is properly used only with reference to God's plan or purpose of salvation. The Greek word rendered "predestinate" is found only in these six passages, Ac 4:28; Ro 8:29-30; 1Co 2:7; Eph 1:5,11; and in all of them it has the same meaning. They teach that the eternal, sovereign, immutable, and unconditional decree or "determinate purpose" of God governs all events.
This doctrine of predestination or election is beset with many difficulties. It belongs to the "secret things" of God. But if we take the revealed word of God as our guide, we must accept this doctrine with all its mysteriousness, and settle all our questionings in the humble, devout acknowledgment, "Even so, Father: for so it seemed good in thy sight."
For the teaching of Scripture on this subject let the following passages be examined in addition to those referred to above; Ge 21:12; Ex 9:16; 33:19; De 10:15; 32:8; Jos 11:20; 1Sa 12:22; 2Ch 6:6; Ps 33:12; 65:4; 78:68; 135:4; Isa 41:1-10; Jer 1:5; Mr 13:20; Lu 22:22; Joh 6:37; 15:16; 17:2,6,9; Ac 2:28; 3:18; 4:28; 13:48; 17:26; Ro 9:11,18,21; 11:5; Eph 3:11; 1Th 1:4; 2Th 2:13; 2Ti 1:9; Tit 1:2; 1Pe 1:2. (See Decrees of God; Election of Grace.)
Hodge has well remarked that, "rightly understood, this doctrine (1) exalts the majesty and absolute sovereignty of God, while it illustrates the riches of his free grace and his just displeasure with sin. (2.) It enforces upon us the essential truth that salvation is entirely of grace. That no one can either complain if passed over, or boast himself if saved. (3.) It brings the inquirer to absolute self-despair and the cordial embrace of the free offer of Christ. (4.) In the case of the believer who has the witness in himself, this doctrine at once deepens his humility and elevates his confidence to the full assurance of hope" (Outlines).
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And God will say to Abraham, It shall not be evil in thine eyes concerning the boy, and concerning thy maidservant; all which Sarah shall say to thee, hear to her voice; for in Isaak the seed shall be called to thee.
And yet for this I raised thee up in order to cause thee to see my strength; and for the sake of declaring my name in all the earth.
And he will say, I will cause all my good to pass by before thee, and I called upon the name of Jehovah before thee; and I compassionated whom I will compassionate, and I pitied whom I will pity.
Only Jehovah delighted in thy fathers to love them, and he will choose in their seed after them in you above all peoples, as this day.
The Most High distributing the nations, In his dispersing the sons of Adam, He set the bounds of the peoples According to the number of the sons of Israel.
For from Jehovah it was to strengthen their heart to meet Israel in war in order to destroy them; no favor to be to them, but to destroy them as Jehovah commanded Moses.
Happy the nation to whom Jehovah is his God; the people he chose for an inheritance to him.
Happy him thou wilt choose, and thou wilt draw near; he shall dwell in thy enclosures: we shall be satisfied in the good of thy house; holy is thy temple.
And be will choose the tribe of Judah, mount Zion which he loved.
For Jah chose to himself Jacob; Israel for his property.
Be silent to me, ye islands; and the people shall change strength: they shall draw near; then shall they speak: together we will come near for judgment Who raised up justice from the sunrising? he shall call him to his foot; he will give the nations before him; and he will bring down kings: he will give as the dust of his sword, as driven straw, his bow. read more. He will pursue them, he will pass over in peace; the path he will not come in with his feet Who made and did, calling the generations from the beginning? I Jehovah, the first, and with the last; I am he. The isles saw, and they will be afraid; the extremities of the earth will tremble; they drew near and they will come. They will help a man his neighbor, and he will say to his brother, Be strong. And the artificer will strengthen the founder, he making smooth with the hammer, he beating the anvil, saying, It is good for the welding; he will strengthen it with nails; it shall not totter. And thou, Israel, my servant Jacob whom I chose thee, the seed of Abraham my beloved: Whom I held thee fast from the extremities of the earth, and I called thee from its sides, and saying to thee, Thou my servant; I chose thee, and I rejected thee not Thou shalt not fear, for I am with thee: thou shalt not look around for help for I thy God will strengthen thee; also I helped thee; also I held thee up with the right hand of my justice.
Before I shall form thee in the belly, I knew thee; and before thou shalt go forth from the womb I consecrated thee; I gave thee a prophet to the nations.
And except the Lord shortened the days, no flesh should be saved: but for the chosen whom he chose, he shortened the days.
And truly the Son of man goes according to that determined: but woe to that man by whom he is delivered up!
All that the Father gives me shall come to me; and he coming to me I will not cast out.
Ye chose not me, but I chose you, and I have set you, that ye might retire and bear fruit, and your fruit remain: that whatever ye ask the Father in my name, he might give you.
As thou gavest him the power of all flesh, that every one which thou hast given him, he should give to them eternal life.
I manifested thy name to the men which thou hast given me from the world: they were to thee, and thou hast given them to me; and they have kept thy word.
I ask for them: I ask not for the world, but for them thou hast given me: for they are to thee.
Thou hast made known to me the ways of life; thou wilt fill me with gladness with thy face.
But God, announced these things beforehand by the mouth of all his prophets, for Christ to suffer, he so completed.
To do what thy hands and thy counsel predestinated to be.
To do what thy hands and thy counsel predestinated to be.
And the nations having rejoiced, honoured the word of the Lord: and they believed, as many as were drawn out for eternal life.
And he made of one blood every nation of men to dwell upon all the face of the earth, having limited the times before arranged, and the bounds of their habitation;
For whom he before knew, he also before determined of the form of the image of his Son, for him to be first born in many brethren. And whom he before determined, these he also called: and whom he called, these he also justified: and whom he justified, these he also glorified.
(For not yet born, neither having done any good or evil, that according to choice the purpose of God might remain, not of works, but of him calling;)
Surely then, whom he will he commiserates, and whom he will he hardens.
Or has not the potter power over the clay, of the same mixture truly to make one vessel for honour, and one for dishonour
So then also in the time now has been a remnant according to the election of grace.
Having determined us beforehand for adoption as a son by Jesus Christ to him, according to benevolence of his will,
In whom also we were cast by lot, determined beforehand according to the purpose of him performing all things according to the counsel of his will:
According to the purpose of times immemorial which he made in Christ Jesus our Lord:
Being rooted and built up in him, and rendered firm in the faith, as ye were taught, abounding in it with gratitude.
In hope of eternal life, (which God, not false, promised before eternal times;
Holding firmly the faithful word according to instruction, that he may be able also to beseech in sound doctrine, and to refute those opposing.
Fausets
(See ELECTION.) Ac 2:23; 4:28, "whatsoever Thy hand and Thy counsel determined before to be done" (proorisen). God has "predestinated" believers "unto the adoption of sons by Jesus Christ to Himself, according to the good pleasure of His will, to the praise of the glory of His grace." "He hath chosen us in Christ" out of the rest of the world, "predestinated" us to all things that secure the inheritance for us (Eph 1:4-5,11). "Predestination" refers to God's decree, embodied in God's "election" of us out of the mass; His grand end. in it being "the praise of the glory of His grace" (Eph 1:6,12,14). It is by virtue of our union to Christ, "foreordained before the foundation of the world" (1Pe 1:20), that we are "predestinated" (2Ti 1:9).
Believers are viewed by God before the world's foundation as "IN CHRIST" with whom the Father makes the covenant (Re 13:8; 17:8; Eph 3:11), "according to the eternal purpose which He purposed in Christ Jesus our Lord." In 2Th 2:13 the Greek for "chosen" (heilato) means rather "taken for Himself"; He adopted them in His eternal purpose; "in (Greek) sanctification of (i.e. by) the Spirit" (by consecration to perfect holiness in Christ once for all, next by imparting it to them ever more and more). There was no doubt or contingency with God from the first. All was foreordained. God's glory and the believer's salvation are secured unchangeably. All pride on man's part is excluded; all is of God's unmerited grace. Yet the will of man is, in the sense of preserving our reponsibility, free. God alone knows how the two harmonize, His predestination and our freedom; it is enough for us they are both distinctly revealed.
At the same time fatalism is excluded, for God who predestinated believers to salvation as the end predestinated them to be conformed to the image of His Son as the means. We must make as sure of the means as of the end. Not to have the Spirit of Christ is to be none of His. Yet God's predestination is not founded on the believer's character, but the believer's character results from God's predestination (2Th 2:13; Ro 8:9,28-30). God the Father gives us salvation by gratuitous election; the Son earns it by His blood-shedding; the Holy Spirit applies the Son's merits to the soul by the gospel word (Calvin): Ga 1:4,15; 1Pe 1:2; the element IN (Greek) which we are elected is "sanctification of (consecration once for all by) the Spirit unto obedience and sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ" (the end aimed at by God as regards us).
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This one, surrendered by the fixed counsel and foreknowledge of God, having taken by lawless hands, having fastened, ye slew:
To do what thy hands and thy counsel predestinated to be.
But ye are not in the flesh, but in the Spirit, if indeed the Spirit of God dwell in you. And if any have not the Spirit of Christ, he is not his.
And we know that to them loving God, all things work together for good, to them being called according to the setting up. For whom he before knew, he also before determined of the form of the image of his Son, for him to be first born in many brethren. read more. And whom he before determined, these he also called: and whom he called, these he also justified: and whom he justified, these he also glorified.
Having given himself for our sins, that he might take us away out of this present evil time, according to the will of God and our Father:
And when God was contented, having separated me from my mother's womb, and having called me, by his grace,
As he chose us in him before the foundation of the world, for us to be holy and blameless before him in love: Having determined us beforehand for adoption as a son by Jesus Christ to him, according to benevolence of his will, read more. To the praise of the glory of his grace, in which he rendered us acceptable in the beloved.
In whom also we were cast by lot, determined beforehand according to the purpose of him performing all things according to the counsel of his will: For us to be to the praise of his glory, who before hoped in Christ.
Which is the pledge of our inheritance for the redemption of the acquisition, to the praise of his glory.
According to the purpose of times immemorial which he made in Christ Jesus our Lord:
And we ought to return thanks to God always for you, brethren dearly beloved by the Lord, that God chose you from the beginning to salvation in consecration of the Spirit and belief of the truth:
And we ought to return thanks to God always for you, brethren dearly beloved by the Lord, that God chose you from the beginning to salvation in consecration of the Spirit and belief of the truth:
Who having saved us, and called us with a holy calling, not according to our works, but according to his own purpose and grace, given us in Christ Jesus before eternal times,
Known truly before the foundation of the world, and made manifest in the last times for you,
And all they dwelling upon earth shall worship him, whose names have not been written in the book of life of the slain Lamb from the foundation of the world.
The wild beast that thou sawest was, and is not; and is about to come up from the abyss, and go forward to perdition: and they dwelling upon the earth shall wonder, whose names have not been written upon the book of life from the foundation of the world, seeing the wild beast that was, and is not, although he is.
Hastings
The English word 'predestinate' in the AV is, in the few cases in which it occurs (Ro 8:29,36; Eph 1:5,11), exchanged in the RV for 'foreordain,' a return to the usage of the older Versions. The Gr. word (proorizo) conveys the simple idea of defining or determining beforehand (thus, in addition to above, in Ac 4:29; 1Co 2:7). The change in rendering brings the word into closer relation with a number of others expressing the same, or related, meanings, as 'foreknow' (in pregnant sense, Ac 2:23; Ro 8:29; 11:2; 1Pe 1:2,20), 'determine' (Ac 17:26), 'appoint' (1Pe 2:8), 'purpose' (Eph 1:9), in the case of believers, 'choose' or 'elect' (Eph 1:4 etc.). In the OT the idea is expressed by the various words denoting to purpose, determine, choose (e.g. Isa 14:24-27; 46:10-11), with the ahundance of phrases extolling the sovereignty and immutability of God's counsel in all the spheres of His operation (see below; so in NT). The best clue to the Scripture conception will he found in tracing it as it appears in these different spheres of the Divine action.
1. In its most general aspect, foreordination is coextensive with the sphere of God's universal providence, is, in fact, but another name for the eternal plan, design, purpose, counsel of God, which executes itself in providence. The election of believers, to which 'predestination' is sometimes narrowed, is hut a specific case of the 'purpose' of Him 'who worketh all things after the counsel of his will' (Eph 1:11). It is in this wider regard, accordingly, that foreordination must be studied first. It cannot be reasonably doubted that all Scripture
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And Abraham being, shall be for a great and numerous nation, and all the nations of the earth shall bless themselves in him. For I know him, for that he will command his sons and his house after him; and they watched the way of Jehovah to do justice and judgment, for Jehovah to bring upon Abraham what he spake to him.
And now not you sent me here, but God: and he placed me for a father to Pharaoh, and for lord to all his house, and ruler over all the land of Egypt.
And you, ye even purposed evil against me; God purposed it for good, for the sake of doing as this day, to preserve alive much people.
And I said to you, Ye shall inherit their land, and I will give it to you to inherit it, a land flowing with milk and honey: I Jehovah your God, who separated you from the nations.
And, ye were holy to me: for I Jehovah am holy, and I will separate you from the nations to be to me.
For I counseled being gathered, all Israel shall be gathered to thee from Dan and even to the Well of the Oath, as the sand which is upon the sea for multitude; and thy face going in the midst of them. And we came upon him in one of the places which we shall find there, and we upon him as the dew will fall upon the earth: and we will not leave of him and of all the men which are with him, even one.
And he will say, Naked I came forth from my mother's womb, and naked shall I turn back there: Jehovah gave, and Jehovah took; the name of Jehovah shall be blessed.
Rejoice, ye just, in Jehovah, praise being suitable for the upright
Desist, and know that I am God: I will be exalted in the nations, I will be exalted in the earth. Jehovah of armies is with us; the God of Jacob a height for us. Silence.
And our God is in the heavens; did all that he delighted in.
All which Jehovah delighted in he did, in the heavens and in the earth, in the seas and all the depths.
The heart of man will purpose his ways, and Jehovah will prepare his steps.
In the bosom he shall, cast the lot; and from Jehovah all his judgment
Steams of waters the heart of the king, in the hand of Jehovah: upon all which he shall delight in he will turn it
Jehovah of armies sware, saying, If not as I purposed thus it was, and as I counseled, this shall stand:
Jehovah of armies sware, saying, If not as I purposed thus it was, and as I counseled, this shall stand: To break Assur in my land, and upon my mountain I will tread him down: and his yoke was removed from off them, and his burden shall remove from off their shoulder. read more. This the counsel being counseled upon all the land: and this the hand stretched out upon all the nations. For Jehovah of armies counseled and who shall bring to nought? and his hand was stretched out, and who shall turn it back?
For Jehovah of armies counseled and who shall bring to nought? and his hand was stretched out, and who shall turn it back?
Didst thou not hear to remoteness I did it? from days of old and I formed it? now did I bring it and thou shalt be to lay waste fortified cities into straits.
And now, thus said Jehovah creating thee, O Jacob, and forming thee, O Israel, Thou shalt not fear, for I redeemed thee; I called by thy name; thou art to me.
All being called by name: and I created him; for my glory I formed him; also I made him.
I shall form light and create darkness: making peace and creating evil: I Jehovah doing all these.
Announcing the last part from the beginning, and from of old what was not done, saying, My counsel shall stand, and I will do all my delight: Calling a ravenous beast from the sunrising, from a land afar off a man of my counsel: also I spake, also I will bring it; I formed, also I will do it.
And all the generations of the earth being reckoned as nothing: and doing according to his station in the army of the heavens, and the generations of the earth: and there is none that shall strike upon his hand, and say to him, What didst thou?
If the trumpet shall be struck in the city and the people not be terrified? if evil shall be in the city and Jehovah did not?
Let thy kingdom come. Let thy will be as in heaven also upon the earth.
Are not two little sparrows sold for a farthing? and one of them shall not fall to the earth without your Father. And also the hairs of your head are all numbered.
This one, surrendered by the fixed counsel and foreknowledge of God, having taken by lawless hands, having fastened, ye slew:
Thou hast made known to me the ways of life; thou wilt fill me with gladness with thy face.
To do what thy hands and thy counsel predestinated to be. And now, Lord, look upon their threats: and give to thy servants, with all freedom of speech to speak thy word,
Known to God are all his works from eternity.
For it seemed fitting to the Holy Spirit, and to us, for no more burden to be put upon you but the necessities of these;
And he made of one blood every nation of men to dwell upon all the face of the earth, having limited the times before arranged, and the bounds of their habitation;
For whom he before knew, he also before determined of the form of the image of his Son, for him to be first born in many brethren.
For whom he before knew, he also before determined of the form of the image of his Son, for him to be first born in many brethren.
For whom he before knew, he also before determined of the form of the image of his Son, for him to be first born in many brethren.
As has been written, That for thy sake we are killed the whole day; we were reckoned as sheep for slaughter.
What then shall we say Is injustice with God? It may not be. I will commiserate whomsoever I commiserate, and I will have compassion upon whomsoever I have compassion. read more. Surely then, not of him Willing, nor of him running, but of God commiserating. For the writing says to Pharaoh, That for this same have I raised thee up, so that I might show in thee my power, and so that my name might be announced in all the earth.
For the writing says to Pharaoh, That for this same have I raised thee up, so that I might show in thee my power, and so that my name might be announced in all the earth. Surely then, whom he will he commiserates, and whom he will he hardens. read more. Thou wilt then say to me, Why does he yet blame For who has withstood his will? Surely, O man, who art thou replying against God? Shall the formation say to him having formed, Why hest thou made me so
Surely, O man, who art thou replying against God? Shall the formation say to him having formed, Why hest thou made me so Or has not the potter power over the clay, of the same mixture truly to make one vessel for honour, and one for dishonour
Or has not the potter power over the clay, of the same mixture truly to make one vessel for honour, and one for dishonour And if God, willing anger to be shown, and his power to be made known, endured in much long suffering the vessels of anger put in proper order for destruction:
And if God, willing anger to be shown, and his power to be made known, endured in much long suffering the vessels of anger put in proper order for destruction:
And if God, willing anger to be shown, and his power to be made known, endured in much long suffering the vessels of anger put in proper order for destruction: And that he might make known the riches of his glory upon the vessels of mercy, which he before prepared for glory
God has not rejected his people whom he foreknew. Or know ye not in Elias, what says the writing? how he addresses God against Israel, saying,
O the depth of the riches and wisdom and knowledge of God! his judgments how unsearchable, and his ways not traced out! For who knew the mind of the Lord? or who was his counsel?
As he chose us in him before the foundation of the world, for us to be holy and blameless before him in love:
As he chose us in him before the foundation of the world, for us to be holy and blameless before him in love:
As he chose us in him before the foundation of the world, for us to be holy and blameless before him in love: Having determined us beforehand for adoption as a son by Jesus Christ to him, according to benevolence of his will,
Having determined us beforehand for adoption as a son by Jesus Christ to him, according to benevolence of his will,
Having made known to us the mystery of his will, according to his benevolence which he purposed in himself:
In whom also we were cast by lot, determined beforehand according to the purpose of him performing all things according to the counsel of his will:
In whom also we were cast by lot, determined beforehand according to the purpose of him performing all things according to the counsel of his will:
In whom also we were cast by lot, determined beforehand according to the purpose of him performing all things according to the counsel of his will:
And ye being dead in faults and in sins; In which when ye walked according to the life of this world, according to the ruler of the power of the air, of the spirit now energetic in the sons of disobedience: read more. Among whom also we then all occupied ourselves in the eager desire? of our flesh, doing the wills of the flesh and the thoughts; and were by nature children of wrath, as also the rest. But God, being rich in mercy, by his much love which he loved us, And we being dead in faults, he made alive together with Christ, (by grace are ye saved;) And raised together, and seated together in heavenlies in Christ Jesus: That he might show in times coming the surpassing riches of his grace in kindness to us in Christ Jesus. For by grace are ye saved through faith; and this not of you: the gift of God:
Husbands, love your own wives, as also Christ loved the church, and delivered himself up for it; That he might consecrate it, having cleansed by the washing of water in the word, read more. That he might present it to himself a glorious church, not having spot, or wrinkle, or any such thing: but that it be holy and blameless.
Being rooted and built up in him, and rendered firm in the faith, as ye were taught, abounding in it with gratitude.
And we ought to return thanks to God always for you, brethren dearly beloved by the Lord, that God chose you from the beginning to salvation in consecration of the Spirit and belief of the truth:
Therefore, brethren, stand, and hold firmly the doctrines which ye were taught, whether by the word, or by our epistle.
Peter, sent of Jesus Christ, to the chosen strangers of the dispersion of Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia,
And a stone of stumble, and rock of offence, they disbelieving the word stumble: to which also they were set.
And from Jesus Christ, the faithful witness, the first born from the dead, and the chief of the kings of the earth. To him having loved us, and washed us from our sins in his blood, And he made us kings and priests to God and his Father; to him the glory and strength for the times of times.
Worthy art thou, O Lord, to receive glory, and honour, and power; for thou didst create all things, and by thy will they are, and they were created.
And crying with a great voice, saying, Salvation to our God sitting upon the throne, and to the Lamb.
And I saw, and, behold, a Lamb standing upon mount Sion, and with him a hundred forty-four thousand, having the name of his Father written in their foreheads. And I heard a voice from heaven, as the voice of many waters, and as the voice of great thunder: and I heard the voice of harp-players playing on their harps: read more. And they sing as a new song before the throne, and before the four living creatures, and the elders: and none could learn the song, except the hundred forty-four thousand, purchased from the earth. There are they who were not contaminated by women; for they are virgins. These are they following the Lamb wherever he should lead. These were purchased from men, first fruits to God and the Lamb. And guile was not found in their mouth: for they are blameless before the throne of God. And I saw another angel flying in the midst of heaven, having the lasting good news to announce to them dwelling upon the earth, and to every nation, and tribe, and tongue, and people,
Watsons
PREDESTINATION, according to some, is a judgment, or decree of God, by which he has resolved, from all eternity, to save a certain number of persons, hence named elect. Others define it, a decree to give faith in Jesus Christ to a certain number of men, and to leave the rest to their own malice and hardness of heart. A third, more Scripturally, God's eternal purpose to save all that "truly repent and unfeignedly believe his holy Gospel,"