Reference: Evil
Hastings
EVIL is an older form of the word 'ill'; used, both as substantive and adjective, to tr various synonyms and ranging in meaning from physical unfitness to moral wickedness. The former is archaic, but occurs in Ge 28:8 (Authorized Version margin), Ex 21:8 (Authorized Version margin), Jer 24:3 (AV), and Mt 7:18, though the two last passages are not without an ethical tinge. But the word almost invariably connotes what is either morally corrupt (see Sin) or injurious to life and happiness.
1. In the OT the two meanings are at first scarcely differentiated. Whatever comes to man from without is, to begin with, attributed simply to God (Am 3:6; La 3:38; Eze 14:9; Isa 45:7). Destruction is wrought by His angels (Ex 12:23; 2Sa 24:16; Ps 78:49). Moral temptations come from Him (2Sa 24:1; 1Ki 22:23), though there is a tendency to embody them in beings which, though belonging to the host of heaven, are spoken of as evil or lying spirits (1Sa 16:14; Jg 9:23; 1Ki 22:22). The serpent of the Fall narrative cannot be pressed to mean more than a symbol of temptation, though the form which the temptation takes suggests hostility to the will of God external to the spirit of the woman (2Co 11:3, cf. Ge 3:1-3). Then later we have the figure of the Adversary or Satan, who, though still dependent on the will of God, is nevertheless so identified with evil that he is represented as taking the initiative in seduction (Zec 3:1; 1Ch 21:1, but cf. 2Sa 24:1). This marks the growth of the sense of God's holiness (De 32:4 etc.), the purity which cannot behold evil (Hab 1:13); and correspondingly sharpens the problem. Heathen gods are now identified with demons opposed to the God of Israel (De 32:17; Ps 106:37; cf. 1Co 10:20). This tendency, increased perhaps by Persian influence, becomes dominant in apocryphal literature (2Pe 2:4 and Jude 1:6 are based on the Book of Enoch), where the fallen angels are a kingdom at war with the Kingdom of God.
2. In the NT moral evil is never ascribed to God (Jas 1:13), being essentially hostile to His mind and will (Ro 1:18-21; 5:10; 1Jo 1:5-7; 2:16,29; 3:4,9); but to the Evil One (Mt 6:13; 13:19; 1Jo 5:19), an active and personal being identical with the Devil (Mt 13:39; Joh 8:44) or Satan (Mt 4:10; Mr 4:15; Lu 22:31; Joh 13:27), who with his angels (Mt 25:41) is cast down from heaven (Re 12:9, cf. Lu 10:18), goes to and fro in the earth as the universal adversary (1Pe 5:8; Eph 4:27; 6:11; Jas 4:7), and will be finally imprisoned with his ministering spirits (Re 20:2,10, cf. Mt 25:41). Pain and suffering are ascribed sometimes to God (Re 3:19; 1Th 3:3; Heb 12:5-11), inasmuch as all things work together for good to those that love Him (Ro 8:28); sometimes to Satan (Lu 13:16; 2Co 12:7) and the demons (Mt 8:28 etc.), who are suffered to hurt the earth for a season (Re 9:1-11; 12:12).
The speculative question of the origin of evil is not resolved in Holy Scripture, being one of those things of which we are not competent judges (see Butler's Analogy, i. 7, cf. 1Co 13:12). Pain is justified by the redemption of the body (Ro 8:18-25; 1Pe 4:13), punishment by the peaceable fruits of righteousness (Heb 12:7-11), and the permission of moral evil by the victory of the Cross (Joh 12:31; Ro 8:37-39; Col 2:15; 1Co 15:24-28). Accept the facts and look to the end is the teaching of the Bible as a guide to practical religion (Jas 5:11). Beyond this we enter the region of that high theology which comprehensive thinkers like Aquinas or Calvin have not shrunk from formulating, but which, so far as it is dealt with in the NT, appears rather as a by-product of evangelical thought, than as the direct purpose of revelation (as, e.g., in Ro 9, where God's elective choice is stated only as the logical presupposition of grace). St. Paul is content to throw the responsibility for the moral facts of the universe upon God (Ro 9:19-24; cf. Job 33:12; Ec 5:2; Isa 29:16), who, however, is not defined as capricious and arbitrary power, but revealed as the Father, who loves the creatures of His hand, and has foreordained all things to a perfect consummation in Christ the Beloved (Eph 1:3-14 etc.).
J. G. Simpson.
See Verses Found in Dictionary
Then said Jesus to him, get thee hence Satan: for it it written, "Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and him only shalt thou serve ."
and let us not be left under temptation, but deliver us from the evil one."
a good tree cannot produce bad fruit: neither can a corrupt tree produce good fruit.
When he was arrived on the other side, in the country of the Gergesenes, two demoniacs met him starting out of the tombs with such fury, it was not safe for any body to pass that way.
when any one heareth the doctrine of the gospel, and considers it not, then comes the wicked one, and catches away what was sown in his heart: he is the person meant by the high-way, where some of the seed was sown: but the stony ground,
the enemy that sowed them is the devil: the harvest is the conclusion of the age: and the reapers are the angels.
then will he say to those on the left, depart from me ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his angels.
then will he say to those on the left, depart from me ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his angels.
they who receiv'd seed by the wayside, are those in whom the word is sown, who no sooner have heard it, but satan comes and takes away the word that was sown in their hearts.
upon which he said to them, I beheld satan falling, like lightning, from heaven.
and must not this daughter of Abraham, whom satan has held bound these eighteen years, be disengag'd from this bond, on a sabbath-day?
Then said Jesus, Simon, Simon, satan has demanded to shake you, and my disciples, like wheat in a sieve.
you, who have the devil for your father, will execute the designs of your father: he was a murderer from the beginning, and deserted the truth, since he has no love for the truth: when he lyes, he speaks like himself: for he is a lyar, and the father of a lyar.
now is this world condemn'd: now shall the prince of this world be cast out.
and after he had taken the sop, Satan entred into him. then said Jesus to him, what you do, do quickly.
there the divine wrath is revealed from heaven against all impiety, and injustice of men, who wickedly suppress the truth. because what should be known of God they are acquainted with; for God hath manifested it unto them. read more. for ever since the creation of the world, his eternal power and divinity, things in themselves invisible, are clearly seen, being perceived by the things that are made; so that they are without excuse: because when they knew God, they did not with gratitude glorify him as God, but their reasoning became extravagance, and their minds, void of judgment, were involv'd in darkness.
for if, when we were enemies, we were reconciled to God by the death of his son: much more being reconciled, shall we be saved by his life.
for I consider, that the sufferings of this present life are infinitely over-ballanc'd by that glory which shall hereafter be discovered to us. mankind impatiently desire that the divine being would display himself to his creatures, read more. who were not, by their own choice, expos'd to this uncertain state, but by virtue of him, who subjected them thereto: and therefore hope to be removed from this slavish condition of mortality to the free inheritance of divine glory. for we know that the whole creation groans, and labours with general pain even to this day. and not only they, but even those who have the first fruits of the spirit, even we our selves do inwardly groan for the fruit of our adoption, by the deliverance of our body from corruption. for we are saved but by hope: but hope supposes things not yet present; for how can a man hope for what he has now in possession? but if we hope for what is yet to come, our patience does necessarily intervene.
We know too, that all things co-operate for the good of those who love God, who, pursuant to his purpose, has now called them:
yet after all we are more than conquerors, through him that loved us. for I am fully persuaded, that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, nor things present, nor things to come, read more. neither the high, nor the low, nor any other creature, shall be able to separate us from the love of God by Christ Jesus our Lord.
But you will object, why does he then find fault? for "who can resist his will?" nay, but, O man, who art thou, to raise a dust against heaven? shall the pitcher say to him that formed it, "why hast thou made me thus?" read more. is not the potter the master of his own clay, of the same mass to make one vessel for use and ornament, and another for a meaner purpose? if the divine Being has patiently bore with those objects of his displeasure, that had been working out their own destruction, why may he not reveal himself to make them feel his vindictive power, and display his infinite goodness to such objects of mercy, as he had prepared for glory? to such as we, whom he has called, both from among the Jews, and from among the Gentiles.
no, but that what the Gentiles sacrifice, they sacrifice to demons, and not to God: and I would not have you partake of the sacrifices of demons.
now we do but indirectly see the faint images of things; but then the objects themselves will be before our eyes; now I have a partial knowledge, but then shall I know, even as I myself am known.
but I fear lest by some means or other, as Eve was beguiled by the subtilly of the serpent, your minds should be corrupted from the simplicity that is due to Christ.
Blessed be the God and father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who hath blessed us with all the spiritual blessings in Christ's kingdom. according as he had chosen us in himself before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy, free from vice, and devoted to virtue. read more. having predetermin'd to adopt us by Jesus Christ to be his children, according to the good pleasure of his own will, to display the glory of his grace, which has render'd us acceptable by his beloved son: who has by his blood obtained for us the redemption, even the forgiveness of our sins, according to the riches of his grace, out of the over-flowing treasures of his comprehensive wisdom and contrivance. for he has discover'd to us the secret of his will, that out of his meer good pleasure, he had purposed in himself, when the full time of the dispensation was come, to reduce all things both in heaven and on earth, under one head in Christ. It is by him, that we have a share in the inheritance, which was before allotted to us, in consequence of his design, who executes the whole plan, as he himself had contriv'd it: that we should celebrate his glory, who were the first that plac'd our hopes in Christ. by whom you also have heard the word of truth, the gospel of your salvation: and having believed in him, ye were mark'd with the seal of the holy spirit, which was promised: and this is the pledge of our inheritance, being given for the deliverance of his peculiar people, to the display of his glory.
lest the devil take hold of the opportunity.
put on the set of divine armour, that ye may be able to stand against the wiles of the devil.
and having divested principalitys and powers, he made them an example of obedience, and caus'd them to triumph in Christ.
have you forgot the exhortation which is address'd to you, as to children? "my son, despise not thou the chastning of the Lord, nor faint when thou art rebuked of him. for whom the Lord loveth, he chastises, and scourgeth every son whom he receives." read more. if you are to endure chastisement, God treats you as his children: for where's the son whom his father does not chastise?
if you are to endure chastisement, God treats you as his children: for where's the son whom his father does not chastise? but if you were exempted from that discipline which others are subject to, then are you bastards, and not sons.
but if you were exempted from that discipline which others are subject to, then are you bastards, and not sons. when our natural parents corrected us, we gave them reverence: is it not much more reasonable to be in subjection to the father of spirits, in order to have life?
when our natural parents corrected us, we gave them reverence: is it not much more reasonable to be in subjection to the father of spirits, in order to have life? their discipline was temporary, and the effect of humour; whereas God chastises us for our advantage, to make us partakers of his holiness.
their discipline was temporary, and the effect of humour; whereas God chastises us for our advantage, to make us partakers of his holiness. 'tis true, all correction at first is far from appearing agreeable, yet afterward it produces the agreeable fruits of virtue in those who are exercised thereby.
'tis true, all correction at first is far from appearing agreeable, yet afterward it produces the agreeable fruits of virtue in those who are exercised thereby.
Let no man under temptation, say, it is God that tempts him; for as he is incapable of moral evil, he can't influence any one thereto.
Surrender therefore to God, resist the devil, and he will flee from you.
we pronounce those happy, who have so endur'd. you have heard of the constancy of Job, you know with what success he was crown'd by the Lord, who is all mercy and compassion.
Be temperate, be vigilant: for your adversary the Devil goes about like a roaring lion, seeking whom he may devour.
for since God did not spare the angels, who had sinned, but having precipitated them to hell, confin'd them to chains of darkness, where they are reserv'd for judgment:
and the angels which kept not their original dignity, but deserted their proper abode, he hath reserved in everlasting chains under darkness, to the judgment of the great day.
as many as I love, I rebuke and chastise: be warm therefore with zeal, and repent.
And the fifth angel sounded, and I saw a star fall from heaven unto the earth: and to him was given the key of the bottomless pit. and he opened the bottomless pit, and there arose a smoke out of the pit, as the smoke of a great furnace; and the sun and the air were darkned by reason of the smoke of the pit. read more. and there came out of the smoke locusts upon the land; and to them was given power, as the scorpions of the earth have power. and they were commanded not to hurt the fruits of the earth, nor any green thing, nor any tree; but those men who have not the seal of God in their foreheads. and to them was power given, not to kill them, but to torment them five months: and their pain was like the pain which a scorpion produces when it strikes a man. in those days shall men seek for death, but shall not find it; they will desire to die, and death will shun them. the figure of the locusts were like that of horses prepared to battle; but on their heads they had, as it were, crowns like gold, and their faces were as the faces of men. their hair was like that of women, and their teeth like the teeth of lions. they were vested with breast-plates, as it were of iron; and the sound of their wings was like the sound of chariots and many horses running to battle. they had stings in their tails like scorpions; and they had leave to molest men for five months with their stings. they had for their king the angel of the bottomless pit, whose name in the Hebrew tongue is Abaddon, but in the Greek his name is Apollyon.
the great dragon was cast out, that old serpent, call'd the devil or satan, which deceiveth the whole world: he was cast down to the earth, and his angels were precipitated with him.
therefore rejoice, ye heavens, and ye that dwell in them. WO to the land, and to the sea: for the devil is come down unto you, in great rage, because he knows that his time is but short."
and he laid hold on the dragon, that old serpent, which is the devil and satan, and bound him for a thousand years,
the devil that seduced them, shall be cast into the lake of fire and brimstone, where the beast and the false prophet are, and shall be tormented day and night for ever and ever.