Reference: Man
Easton
(1.) Heb 'Adam, used as the proper name of the first man. The name is derived from a word meaning "to be red," and thus the first man was called Adam because he was formed from the red earth. It is also the generic name of the human race (Ge 1:26-27; 5:2; 8:21; De 8:3). Its equivalents are the Latin homo and the Greek anthropos (Mt 5:13,16). It denotes also man in opposition to woman (Ge 3:12; Mt 19:10).
(2.) Heb 'ish, like the Latin vir and Greek aner, denotes properly a man in opposition to a woman (1Sa 17:33; Mt 14:21); a husband (Ge 3:16; Ho 2:16); man with reference to excellent mental qualities.
(3.) Heb 'enosh, man as mortal, transient, perishable (2Ch 14:11; Isa 8:1; Job 15:14; Ps 8:4; 9:19-20; 103:15). It is applied to women (Jos 8:25).
(4.) Heb geber, man with reference to his strength, as distinguished from women (De 22:5) and from children (Ex 12:37); a husband (Pr 6:34).
(5.) Heb methim, men as mortal (Isa 41:14), and as opposed to women and children (De 3:6; Job 11:3; Isa 3:25).
Man was created by the immediate hand of God, and is generically different from all other creatures (Ge 1:26-27; 2:7). His complex nature is composed of two elements, two distinct substances, viz., body and soul (Ge 2:7; Ec 12:7; 2Co 5:1-8).
The words translated "spirit" and "soul," in 1Th 5:23; Heb 4:12, are habitually used interchangeably (Mt 10:28; 16:26; 1Pe 1:22). The "spirit" (Gr. pneuma) is the soul as rational; the "soul" (Gr. psuche) is the same, considered as the animating and vital principle of the body.
Man was created in the likeness of God as to the perfection of his nature, in knowledge (Col 3:10), righteousness, and holiness (Eph 4:24), and as having dominion over all the inferior creatures (Ge 1:28). He had in his original state God's law written on his heart, and had power to obey it, and yet was capable of disobeying, being left to the freedom of his own will. He was created with holy dispositions, prompting him to holy actions; but he was fallible, and did fall from his integrity (Ge 3:1-6). (See Fall of man.)
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And God said, "Let us make humankind in our image and according to our likeness, and let them rule over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of heaven, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every moving thing that moves upon the earth."
And God said, "Let us make humankind in our image and according to our likeness, and let them rule over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of heaven, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every moving thing that moves upon the earth." So God created humankind in his image, in the likeness of God he created him, male and female he created them.
So God created humankind in his image, in the likeness of God he created him, male and female he created them. And God blessed them, and God said to them, "Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth and subdue it, and rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of heaven, and over every animal that moves upon the earth."
when Yahweh God formed the man [of] dust from the ground, and he blew into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living creature.
when Yahweh God formed the man [of] dust from the ground, and he blew into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living creature.
Now the serpent was more crafty than any other {wild animal} which Yahweh God had made. He said to the woman, "Did God indeed say, 'You shall not eat from any tree in the garden'?" The woman said to the serpent, "From the fruit of the trees of the garden we may eat, read more. but from the tree that is in the midst of the garden, God said, 'You shall not eat from it, nor shall you touch it, lest you die'." But the serpent said to the woman, "You shall not surely die. For God knows that on the day you [both] eat from it, then your eyes will be opened and you [both] shall be like gods, knowing good and evil." When the woman saw that the tree [was] good for food and that it [was] a delight to the eyes, and the tree was desirable to make [one] wise, then she took from its fruit and she ate. And she gave [it] also to her husband with her, and he ate.
And the man replied, "The woman whom you gave [to be] with me--she gave to me from the tree and I ate."
To the woman he said, "I will greatly increase {your pain in childbearing}; in pain you shall bear children. And to your husband [shall be] your desire. And he shall rule over you."
Male and female he created them. And he blessed them. And he called their name "Humankind" when they were created.
And Yahweh smelled the soothing fragrance, and Yahweh said {to himself}, "{Never again will I curse} the ground for the sake of humankind, because the inclination of the heart of humankind [is] evil from his youth. {Nor will I ever again destroy} all life as I have done.
And the {Israelites} set out from Rameses to Succoth; the men [were] about six hundred thousand on foot, besides dependents.
And [so] we destroyed them just as we had done to Sihon the king of Heshbon; [we destroyed] utterly each town of males, the women, and the little children.
And he humbled you and let you go hungry, and [then] he fed you with that which you did not know nor did your ancestors know, in order to make you know that not by bread alone but by all [that] goes out of the mouth of Yahweh humankind shall live.
"The apparel of a man shall not be [put] on a woman, and a man shall not wear the clothing of a woman, because everyone who does these things is detestable to Yahweh your God.
All the people that fell on that day, both men and women, [were] twelve thousand--all the inhabitants of Ai.
But Saul said to David, "You will not be able to go against this Philistine to fight with him, because you are [only] a boy, whereas [he has] been a man of war since his childhood!"
Then Asa cried out to Yahweh his God. And he said, "O Yahweh, there is none with you to help between the great and the powerless. Help us, O Yahweh our God, for we rely upon you, and in your name we have come against this multitude. O Yahweh, you [are] our God! Let no man prevail against you!"
Should your loose talk put people to silence? {And when you mock, shall no one put you to shame}?
"What [is] a human being, that he can be clean, or that [one] born of a woman can be righteous?
what [is] a human being that you think of him? and a child of humankind that you care for him?
Rise up, O Yahweh, let not humans prevail; let [the] nations be judged before you. O Yahweh, put them in fear. Let [the] nations know they [are merely] human. Selah
As for man, his days [are] like the grass. As the flower of the field, so he blossoms.
For jealousy [is the] fury of a husband, and he will not show restraint on the day of revenge.
And the dust returns to the earth as it was, and the breath returns to God who gave it.
Your men shall fall by the sword, and your warriors in battle.
Then Yahweh said to me, "Take yourself a large tablet and write on it with a common stylus pen: Maher-Halal-Hash-Baz.
You must not fear, O worm of Jacob; people of Israel, I myself, I will help you," {declares} Yahweh, "and your redeemer [is] the holy one of Israel.
{And on that day}-- a declaration of Yahweh-- you will call me, "My husband;" you will no longer call me, "My Baal."
"You are the salt of the earth. But if salt becomes tasteless, by what will it be made salty? It is good for nothing any longer except to be thrown outside [and] trampled under foot by people.
In the [same] way let your light shine before people, so that they can see your good works and glorify your Father who is in heaven.
And do not be afraid of those who kill the body but are not able to kill the soul, but instead be afraid of the one who is able to destroy both soul and body in hell.
Now those who ate were about five thousand men, in addition to women and children.
For what will a person be benefited if he gains the whole world but forfeits his life? Or what will a person give in exchange for his life?
The disciples said to him, "If this is the case of a man with his wife, it would be better not to marry!"
and put on the new man (in accordance with God), who is created in righteousness and holiness from the truth.
and have put on the new [man] that is being renewed in knowledge according to the image of the one who created him,
Now may the God of peace himself sanctify you completely, and may your spirit and soul and body be kept complete, blameless at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ.
For the word of God [is] living and active and sharper than any double-edged sword, and piercing as far as the division of soul and spirit, both joints and marrow, and able to judge the reflections and thoughts of the heart.
Fausets
(See ADAM; CIVILIZATION; CREATION .) Hebrew "Aadam," from a root "ruddy" or fair, a genetic term. "iysh," "man noble and brave". "Geber," "a mighty man, war-like hero", from gabar, "to be strong". "nowsh" (from 'aanash, "sick, diseased"), "wretched man": "what is "wretched man" (nowsh) that Thou shouldest be mindful of him?" (Ps 8:4; Job 15:14.) "methim," "mortal men"; Isa 41:14, "fear not ... ye men (mortals few and feeble though ye be, methey) of Israel." In addition to the proofs given in the above articles that man's civilization came from God at the first, is the fact that no creature is so helpless as man in his infancy.
The instincts of lower animals are perfect at first, the newborn lamb turns at once from the mother's breast to the grass; but by man alone are the wants of the infant, bodily and mental, supplied until he is old enough to provide for himself. Therefore, if Adam had come into the world as a child he could not have lived in it. Not by the natural law of evolution, but by the Creator's special interposition, man came into the world, the priest of nature, to interpret her inarticulate language and offer conscious adoration before God. As Adam's incarnation was the crowning miracle of nature, so Christ's incarnation is the crowning miracle of grace; He represents man before God, as man represents nature, not by ordinary descent but by the extraordinary operation of the Holy Spirit. Not a full grown man as Adam; but, in order to identify Himself with our weakness, a helpless infant.
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"What [is] a human being, that he can be clean, or that [one] born of a woman can be righteous?
what [is] a human being that you think of him? and a child of humankind that you care for him?
You must not fear, O worm of Jacob; people of Israel, I myself, I will help you," {declares} Yahweh, "and your redeemer [is] the holy one of Israel.
Hastings
The Bible is concerned with man only from the religious standpoint, with his relation to God. This article will deal only with the religious estimate of man, as other matters which might have been included will be found in other articles (Creation, Eschatology, Fall, Sin, Psychology). Man's dignity, as made by special resolve and distinct act of God in God's image and likeness (synonymous terms), with dominion over the other creatures, and for communion with God, as asserted in the double account of his Creation in Ge 1; 2, and man's degradation by his own choice of evil, as presented figuratively in the story of his Fall in Ge 3, are the two aspects of man that are everywhere met with. The first is explicitly affirmed in Ps 8, an echo of Ge 1; the second, without any explicit reference to the story in Ge 3, is taken for granted in the OT (see esp. Ps 51), and is still more emphasized in the NT, with distinct allusion to the Fall and its consequences (see esp. Ro 5:12-21; 7:7-25). While the OT recognizes man's relation to the world around him, his materiality and frailty as 'flesh' (wh. see), and describes him as 'dust and ashes' in comparison with God (Ge 2:7; 3:19; 18:27), yet as made in God's image it endows him with reason, conscience, affection, free will. Adam is capable of recognizing the qualities of, and so of naming, the living creatures (Ge 2:19), cannot find a help meet among them (Ge 2:20), is innocent (Ge 2:25), and capable of moral obedience (Ge 2:16-17) and religious communion (Ge 3:9-10). The Spirit of God is in man not only as life, but also as wisdom and understanding, counsel and might, skill and courage (see Inspiration). The Divine immanence in man as the Divine providence for man is affirmed (Pr 20:27).
In the NT man's dignity is represented as Divine sonship. In St. Luke's Gospel Adam is described as 'son of God' (Lu 3:38). St. Paul speaks of man as 'the image and glory of God' (1Co 11:7), approves the poet's words, 'we also are his offspring,' asserts the unity of the race, and God's guidance in its history (Ac 17:26-28). In his argument in Romans regarding universal sinfulness, he assumes that even the Gentiles have the law of God written in their hearts, and thus can exercise moral judgment on themselves and others (Ro 2:15). Jesus' testimony to the Fatherhood of God, including the care and bounty in Providence as well as the grace in Redemption, has as its counterpart His estimate of the absolute worth of the human soul (see Mt 10:30; 16:26; Lu 10:20,15). While God's care and bounty are unlimited, yet Jesus does seem to limit the title 'child or son of God' to those who have religious fellowship and seek moral kinship with God (see Mt 5:9,45; cf. Joh 1:12). St. Paul's doctrine of man's adoption by faith in God's grace does not contradict the teaching of Jesus. The writer of Hebrews sees the promise of man's dominion in Ps 8 fulfilled only in Christ (Heb 2:8-9). Man's history, according to the Fourth Evangelist, is consummated in the Incarnation (Joh 1:14).
The Bible estimate of man's value is shown in its anticipation of his destiny
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when Yahweh God formed the man [of] dust from the ground, and he blew into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living creature.
And Yahweh God commanded the man, saying, "From every tree of the garden {you may freely eat}, but from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil you shall not eat, for in the day {that you eat} from it {you shall surely die}."
And out of the ground Yahweh God formed every beast of the field and every bird of the sky, and he brought [each] to the man to see what he would call it. And whatever the man called that living creature [was] its name. And the man {gave names} to every domesticated animal and to the birds of heaven and to all the wild animals. But for [the] man there was not found a helper {as his counterpart}.
And the man and his wife, both of them, were naked, and they were not ashamed.
And Yahweh God called to the man and said to him, "Where [are] you?" And he replied, "I heard the sound of you in the garden, and I was afraid because I [am] naked, so I hid myself."
By the sweat of your brow you shall eat bread, until your return to the ground. For from it you were taken; for you are dust, and to dust you shall return."
Then Abraham answered and said, "Look, please, I was bold to speak to my Lord, but I [am] dust and ashes.
The lamp of Yahweh [is] the spirit of humankind, he who searches every {innermost part}.
Blessed [are] the peacemakers, because they will be called sons of God.
in order that you may be sons of your Father who is in heaven, because he causes his sun to rise on the evil and the good, and he sends rain on the just and the unjust.
And even the hairs of your head are all numbered!
For what will a person be benefited if he gains the whole world but forfeits his life? Or what will a person give in exchange for his life?
the [son] of Enosh, the [son] of Seth, the [son] of Adam, the [son] of God.
And you, Capernaum, will you be exalted to heaven? No! You will be brought down to Hades!
Nevertheless, do not rejoice in this, that the spirits are subject to you, but rejoice that your names are inscribed in heaven."
But as many as received him--to those who believe in his name--he gave to them authority to become children of God,
And the Word became flesh and took up residence among us, and we saw his glory, glory as of the one and only from the Father, full of grace and truth.
And he made from one [man] every nation of humanity to live on all the face of the earth, determining [their] fixed times and the fixed boundaries of their habitation, to search for God, if perhaps indeed they might feel around for him and find [him]. And indeed he is not far away from each one of us, read more. for in him we live and move and exist, as even some of {your own} poets have said: 'For we also are {his} offspring.'
who show the work of the law written on their hearts, their conscience bearing witness and their thoughts [one] after another accusing or even defending them
Because of this, just as sin entered into the world through one man, and death through sin, so also death spread to all people because all sinned. For until the law, sin was in the world, but sin is not charged to one's account [when there] is no law. read more. But death reigned from Adam until Moses even over those who did not sin in the likeness of the transgression of Adam, who is a type of the one who is to come. {But the gift is not like the trespass}, for if by the trespass of the one, the many died, by much more did the grace of God and the gift by the grace of the one man, Jesus Christ, multiply to the many. And the gift [is] not as through the one who sinned, for on the one hand, judgment from the one [sin] [led] to condemnation, but the gift, from many trespasses, [led] to justification. For if by the trespass of the one [man], death reigned through the one [man], much more will those who receive the abundance of grace and of the gift of righteousness reign in life through the one, Jesus Christ. Consequently therefore, as through one trespass [came] condemnation to all people, so also through one righteous deed [came] justification of life to all people. For just as through the disobedience of the one man, the many were made sinners, so also through the obedience of the one, the many will be made righteous. Now the law came in as a side issue, in order that the trespass could increase, but where sin increased, grace was present in greater abundance, so that just as sin reigned in death, so also grace would reign through righteousness to eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord.
What then shall we say? [Is] the law sin? May it never be! But I would not have known sin except through the law, for I would not have known covetousness if the law had not said, "Do not covet." But sin, seizing an opportunity through the commandment, produced in me all [kinds of] covetousness. For apart from the law, sin [is] dead. read more. And I was alive once, apart from the law, but [when] the commandment came, sin sprang to life and I died, and this commandment which [was] to [lead to] life was found with respect to me to [lead to] death. For sin, seizing the opportunity through the commandment, deceived me and through it killed [me]. So then, the law [is] holy, and the commandment [is] holy and righteous and good. Therefore, [did that which is] good become death to me? May it never be! Rather [it was] sin, in order that it might be recognized [as] sin, producing death through [what is] good for me, in order that sin might become sinful to an extraordinary degree through the commandment. For we know that the law is spiritual, but I am fleshly, {sold into slavery to sin}. For what I am doing I do not understand, because what I want [to do], this I do not practice, but what I hate, this I do. But if what I do not want [to do], this I do, I agree with the law that [it is] good. But now I am no longer the one doing it, but sin that lives in me. For I know that good does not live in me, that is, in my flesh. For the willing is present in me, but the doing [of] the good [is] not. For the good that I want [to do], I do not do, but the evil that I do not want [to do], this I do. But if what I do not want [to do], this I am doing, I am no longer the one doing it, but sin that lives in me. Consequently, I find the principle with me, the one who wants to do good, that evil is present with me. For I joyfully agree with the law of God in my inner person, but I observe another law in my members, at war with the law of my mind and making me captive to the law of sin that exists in my members. Wretched man [that] I [am]! Who will rescue me from this body of death? Thanks [be] to God through Jesus Christ our Lord! So then, I myself with my mind am enslaved to the law of God, but with my flesh [I am enslaved] to the law of sin.
For indeed a man ought not to cover his head, [because he] is the image and glory of God, but the woman is the glory of the man.
you subjected all [things] under his feet. For in subjecting all [things], he left nothing [that was] not subject to him. But now we do not yet see all [things] subjected to him, but we see Jesus, for a short [time] made lower than the angels, because of the suffering of death crowned with glory and honor, so that apart from God he might taste death on behalf of everyone.
Morish
Various Hebrew words are frequently translated 'man.'
1. Adam, 'man,' a generic term for man, mankind. Ge 1:26-27.
2. ish, ' man,' implying 'strength and vigour' of mind and body, 1Sa 4:2; 26:15; also signifying 'husband' in contra-distinction to 'wife.' Ge 2:23; 3:6.
3. enosh, 'subject to corruption, mortal;' not used for man till after the fall. Ge 6:4; 12:20; Ps 103:15.
4. ben, 'son,' with words conjoined, 'son of valour,' or valiant man; 'son of strength,' or strong man. 2Ki 2:16, etc.
5. baal, 'master, lord.' Ge 20:3; Ex 24:14.
6. geber, 'mighty, war-like.' Ex 10:11; 12:37.
In some passages these different Hebrew words are used in contrast: as in Ge 6:4, "The sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, 1 and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men (gibbor) which were of old, men 3 of renown." In Ps 8:4; "What is man, 3 that thou art mindful of him? and the son of man, 1 that thou visitest him?" "God is not a man 2 that he should lie." Nu 23:19.
Man was God's crowning work of creation (see ADAM), and He set him in dominion over the sphere in which he was placed. It is impossible that man could by evolution have arisen from any of the lower forms of created life. God breathed into Adam's nostrils the breath of life, and man is responsible to Him as his Creator; and for this reason he will be called to account, which is not the case with any of the animals. "It is appointed unto men once to die, but after this the judgement." Heb 9:27. All have descended from Adam and Eve: God "hath made of one blood all nations of men for to dwell on all the face of the earth, and hath determined the times before appointed, and the bounds of their habitation; that they should seek the Lord or God." Ac 17:26-27.
The soul of man being immortal, he still exists after death, and it is revealed in scripture that his body will be raised, and he will either be in eternity away from God in punishment for the sins he has committed; or, by the grace of God, be in an eternity of happiness with the Lord Jesus through His atoning work on the cross.
In the N.T. the principal words are
1. nqrwpo" -->????????, man in the sense of 'humanity,' irrespective of sex. "Man shall not live by bread alone." Mt 4:4. In a few places it is used in a stricter sense in contrast to a woman: as "Is it lawful for a man to put away his wife?" Mt 19:3.
2. ????, man as distinguished from a woman. "The head of the woman is the man." 1Co 11:3. It is thus the common word used for 'husband:' a woman's man is her husband. "Joseph the husband of Mary." Mt 1:16,19. The words ???, ??????, ??????, are often translated 'man,' 'no man,' 'any man,' which would be more correctly translated 'one,' 'no one,' 'any one.' In 'men and brethren,' Ac 1:16; 2:29, etc., there are not two classes alluded to, but 'men who are brethren,' or, in our idiom, simply 'brethren.' So in Ac 7:2; 22:1, not three classes, but two: 'men who are brethren, and fathers.' See NEW MAN and OLD MAN.
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And God said, "Let us make humankind in our image and according to our likeness, and let them rule over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of heaven, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every moving thing that moves upon the earth." So God created humankind in his image, in the likeness of God he created him, male and female he created them.
And the man said, "{She is now} bone from my bones and flesh from my flesh; {she} shall be called 'Woman,' for {she was taken} from man."
When the woman saw that the tree [was] good for food and that it [was] a delight to the eyes, and the tree was desirable to make [one] wise, then she took from its fruit and she ate. And she gave [it] also to her husband with her, and he ate.
The Nephilim [were] upon the earth in those days, and also afterward, when the sons of God went into the daughters of humankind, and they bore children to them.
The Nephilim [were] upon the earth in those days, and also afterward, when the sons of God went into the daughters of humankind, and they bore children to them.
And Pharaoh commanded his men concerning him, and then sent him and his wife and all that [was] with him away.
And God came to Abimelech in a dream at night. And he said to him, "Look, you [are] a dead man on account of the woman you have taken. For she [is] {a married woman}."
{No indeed}; [just] the men go and serve Yahweh, since this [is what] you [are] seeking." And he drove them out from the presence of Pharaoh.
And the {Israelites} set out from Rameses to Succoth; the men [were] about six hundred thousand on foot, besides dependents.
And to the elders he said, "Wait for us here until we return to you. And look, Aaron and Hur are with you. Whoever {has a dispute} will bring [it] to you."
God [is] not a man, that he should lie, nor a son of humankind, that he should change his mind. Has he said, and will he not do [it]? And has he spoken, and will he not fulfill it
[The] Philistines lined up for the battle to meet Israel, and the battle was prolonged until Israel was defeated before [the] Philistines, {who} killed about four thousand men {on the battlefield}.
So David said to Abner, "[Are] you not a man? And who [is] like you in Israel? Why did you not keep watch over your lord the king? For one of the people came to destroy your lord the king.
Then they said to him, "Look, there are with your servants fifty able men. Please let them go and look for your master, lest the Spirit of Yahweh has lifted him up and thrown him on one of the mountains or into one of the valleys," but he said, "You must not send them."
what [is] a human being that you think of him? and a child of humankind that you care for him?
As for man, his days [are] like the grass. As the flower of the field, so he blossoms.
and Jacob became the father of Joseph, the husband of Mary by whom was born Jesus, who is called Christ.
So Joseph her husband, being righteous and not wanting to disgrace her, intended to divorce her secretly.
But he answered [and] said, "It is written, 'Man will not live on bread alone, but on every word that comes out of the mouth of God."
And Pharisees came up to him [in order to] test him, and asked if it was permitted for a man to divorce his wife for any cause.
"Men [and] brothers, it was necessary [that] the scripture be fulfilled, which the Holy Spirit proclaimed beforehand through the mouth of David concerning Judas, who became a guide to those who arrested Jesus,
"Men [and] brothers, it is possible to speak with confidence to you about the patriarch David, that he both died and was buried, and his tomb is with us until this day.
So he said, "Men--brothers and fathers--listen: The God of glory appeared to our father Abraham [while he] was in Mesopotamia, before he settled in Haran,
And he made from one [man] every nation of humanity to live on all the face of the earth, determining [their] fixed times and the fixed boundaries of their habitation, to search for God, if perhaps indeed they might feel around for him and find [him]. And indeed he is not far away from each one of us,
"Men--brothers and fathers--listen to my defense to you now!"
But I want you to know that Christ is the head of every man, and the man [is the] head of the woman, and [the] head of Christ [is] God.
And {just as} it is destined for people to die once, and after this, judgment,
Smith
Man.
Four Hebrew terms are rendered "man" in the Authorized Version:
1. Adam, the name of the man created in the image of God. It appears to be derived from adam, "he or it was red or ruddy," like Edom. This was the generic term for the human race.
2. Ish, "man," as distinguished from woman, husband.
3. Geber, "a man," from gabar, "to be strong," generally with reference to his strength.
4. Methim, "men," always masculine. Perhaps it may be derived from the root muth, "he died."