Reference: Timothy, The First Epistle to
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FIRST EPISTLE. Its authenticity as Paul's writing, and its canonical authority as inspired, were universally recognized by the early church with the solitary exception of the Gnostic Marcion. 1 Timothy and 2 Timothy are in the Peshito Syriac of the second century. The Muratorian Fragment on the canon in the same century acknowledges them. The Pastoral Epistles, 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, and Titus, have a mutual resemblance. Irenaeus (adv. Haeres. i. and iii. 3,. section 3-4; 4:16, section 3; 2:14, section 8; 3:11, section 1; 1:16, section 3) quotes 1Ti 1:4,9; 6:20; 2Ti 4:9-21; Tit 3:10. Clement of Alex. (Strom. 2:383, 457; 3:534, 536; 1:350) quotes 1Ti 4; 20/type/juliasmith'>6:20-21,2 Timothy as to deaconesses; Tit 1:12. Tertullian (de praescriptione Haereticorum, 25 and 6) quotes 1Ti 1:18; 6:13,20; 2Ti 1:14; 2:2; Tit 3:10-11; and adv. Marcion, Scorp. 13, compare 2Ti 4:6.
Eusebius includes the two epistles to Timothy and Titus in "the universally acknowledged Scriptures." Theophilus of Antioch (ad Autolycum 3:14) quotes 1Ti 2:1-2; Tit 3:1. Caius (in Eusebius' Ecclesiastes Hist. vi. 20) recognizes their authenticity. Clement of Rome (First Epistle to Cor. 29) quotes 1Ti 2:8. Ignatius in the second century (epistle to Polycarp 6) alludes to 2Ti 2:4. Polycarp in the same century (Epistle to Philipp. 4-5) alludes to 1Ti 6:7,10; 2Ti 2:4,11-12; and (in chapter 9) to 2Ti 4:10. Hegesippus, in the end of second century (in Eusebius, Ecc. Hist. iii. 32), alludes to 1Ti 6:3,20. Athenagoras at the same period alludes to 1Ti 6:16.
Heresies opposed in the Pastoral Epistles. Ascetic Judaism and legalism (1Ti 1:7; Tit 1:10,14; 3:9) on the one hand, and incipient gnosticism on the other (1Ti 1:4), of which the theory that a twofold principle existed from the beginning, evil as well as good, appears in germ, 1Ti 4:3, etc. In 1Ti 6:20 the term gnosis, "science," itself occurs. Another Gnostic error, "that the resurrection is past," is noticed (2Ti 2:17-18; compare 1Co 15:12-33). The Judaism herein refuted is not that controverted in the earlier epistles, namely, that which joined the law with faith in Christ, for justification. The intermediate phase appears in epistle to Colossians (Colossians 2), namely, that which superadded ascetical will worship and angel worship to Judaism. In the epistle to Philippians (Php 3:2,18-19) the further stage appears, immoral practice accompanying false doctrine as to the resurrection. The pastoral epistles - 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, and Titus - exhibit the mattered godlessness which followed superstition as superstition had followed legalism.
Not knowing the true use of "the law" (1Ti 1:7-8) the false teachers "put away good conscience," as well as "the faith" (1Ti 1:19; 4:2), "spoke lies in hypocrisy, corrupt in mind," regarded "piety as a means of gain" (1Ti 6:5; Tit 1:11); "overthrew the faith" by heresies "eating as a canker, saying the resurrection is past, leading captive silly women, ever learning yet never knowing the truth, reprobate as Jannes and Jambres (2Ti 3:6-8), defiled, unbelieving, professing to know God but in works denying Him, abominable, disobedient, reprobate" (Tit 1:15-16). The universal epistles of John (1Jo 2:18-23; 4:1,3; 2Jo 1:7,11; 3Jo 1:9-10), Jude, and Peter (2Pe 2), and to the Hebrew (Heb 6:4-8) present the same features. This proves the later date of Paul's pastoral epistles. The Gnosticism opposed is not the anti-Judaic later Gnosticism which followed the overthrow of the Jerusalem temple worship, but the earlier phase which amalgamated with Judaism oriental and Greek elements.
Directions in the Pastoral Epistles as to church ministers and officers. The apostle naturally directs Timothy, the church president for the time being at Ephesus, and Titus at Crete, concerning "bishop-elders and deacons," in order to secure due administration of the church at a time when heresies were springing up and when he must soon depart this life. He shows the same anxiety in his address to the elders of the same city Ephesus earlier (Ac 20:21-30). The presbyterate and diaconate existed long before (Ac 6:8; 11:30; 14:23). Paul's directions are not as to their appointment then first, but as to the due ordination and moral qualifications of elders and deacons thenceforth, according as vacancies might occur. Timothy and Titus exercised the same power in ordaining elders in Ephesus and Crete as Paul had in the Gentile churches in general (2Co 11:28).
Unique phrases and modes of thought in the Pastoral Epistles. The difference of subject and of circumstances of those addressed, and those spoken of, as compared with Paul's other epistles, accounts for these. They partly occur in Galatians also, where as here he with characteristic warmth controverts the perverters of the truth: 1Ti 2:6; Tit 2:4, "gave Himself for us," with Ga 1:4; 1Ti 1:17; 2Ti 4:18, "forever and ever," with Ga 1:5; 1Ti 5:21; 6:13; 2Ti 2:14; 4:22 with Ga 1:20; "a pillar," 1Ti 3:15, with Ga 2:9; "mediator," 1Ti 2:5, with Ga 3:20; 1Ti 2:6; 6:15; Tit 1:3, with Ga 6:9, "in due season." Fifty special phrases occur, e.g. "the faithful saying" (1Ti 1:15), "sound," "seared" (1Ti 4:2,7), "old wives' fables," "slow bellies" (Tit 1:12). Paul's writing with his own hand, instead of by an amanuensis, as he did to Galatians and Philemon, accounts for the more concise, abrupt, and forcible style and phraseology.
TIME OF WRITING: First Epistle to Timothy. Soon after Paul's leaving Ephesus for Macedon (1Ti 1:3). The object of leaving Timothy at Ephesus was primarily to restrain the false teachers (1Ti 1:3), not to organize the church for the first time. The institution for church widows implies a settled organization. Scandals occurring after the original institution rendered directions as to the existing ministry needful. The similarity in style, subject, and state of the church, of the second epistle to Timothy (written certainly just before Paul's death) with the first epistle, implies that the date of the latter is not much prior to that of the second. The mention of Timothy's "youth" (1Ti 4:12) is not inconsistent with a late date; he was "young" not absolutely but as compared with "Paul the aged" (Phm 1:9), and with some of the elders whom he had to superintend; probably 34 or 35, compare 1Ti 5:1.
As to Ac 20:25, "all" the Ephesian elders called to Miletus "never saw Paul's face" afterward; Paul "knew" this by inspiration; but this assertion of his is compatible with his visiting Ephesus again (1Ti 1:3; 2Ti 1:18; 4:20). Being at Miletum, so near Ephesus, after his first Roman imprisonment, he would be sure to visit Ephesus. In 1Ti 3:14 Paul says "I write, hoping to come unto thee shortly"; but on the earlier occasion of his passing from Ephesus to Macedon he had planned to spend the summer in Macedon and the winter in Corinth (1Co 16:6). Nor did Paul leave Timothy then as now (1Ti 1:3) at Ephesus, but sent him to Macedon (Ac 19:22). Paul in his address to the Ephesian elders (Ac 20:29-30) prophesies the rise of false teachers; in his epistle to the Ephesians from Rome at his first imprisonment he does not notice the Judaeo-Gnostic errors as yet; but in 1 Timothy he notices them as then actually prevailing.
PLACE OF WRITING: First Epistle to Timothy. Paul's using "went" not "came," "when I went (poreuomenos) into Macedonia" (1Ti 1:3), implies he was not there when he wrote the First Epistle to Timothy. Wherever he was he was uncertain how long he might be detained from coming to Ephesus to Timothy (1Ti 3:14-15). Corinth may have been the place. Between it and Ephesus communication was easy; his course on former occasions was from Macedon to Corinth (Acts 17-18). Coincidences occur between 1Ti 2:11-14 and 1Co 14:40 as to women being silent in church; 1Ti 5:17-18 and 1Co 9:8-10 as to ministers' maintenance, on the law's maxim not to muzzle the ox treading the grain; and 1Ti 5:19-20 and 2Co 13:1-4 as to charges against elders before witnesses. In the very place where these directions had been already enforced Paul naturally reproduces them in his First Epistle to Timothy.
DESIGN.
(1) To direct Timothy to restrain false teachers from teaching aught different from the gospel (1Ti 1:3,20; Re 2:1-6).
(2) To g
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Only be strong and be greatly active, to watch to do according to all the law which Moses my servant commanded thee: thou shalt not turn aside from it to the right and to the left, so that thou shalt be wise in all things where thou shalt go.
Did I not command thee? Be strong and be active; thou shalt not fear and thou shalt not bend: for Jehovah thy God is with thee in all where thou shalt go. And Joshua will command the scribes of the people, saying, read more. Pass through in the midst of the camp and command the people, saying, Prepare to yourselves food, for yet three days ye pass through this Jordan to go to possess the land which Jehovah your God gave to you to inherit it
And Stephen, full of faith and power, did great wonders and signs among the people.
Which also they did, having sent to the elders by the hands of Barnabas and Saul.
And having chosen them elders in the church, having prayed with fasting, they set them before the Lord, in whom they had believed.
And having sent into Macedonia two of them serving him, Timothy, and Erastus, he stopped a season in Asia.
Testifying to both Jews, and Greeks, repentance towards God, and the faith towards our Lord Jesus Christ. And now, behold, I, bound in the spirit, am going to Jerusalem, not knowing the things going to happen to me in it; read more. But that the Holy Spirit testifies in the city, saying that bonds and pressures await me. But the word of none do I make mine own, neither have I my soul highly prized to myself, in order to finish my course with joy, and the service which I received from the Lord Jesus, to testify the good news of the grace of God. And now, behold, I know that all ye shall see my face no more, among whom I passed through, proclaiming the kingdom of God.
And now, behold, I know that all ye shall see my face no more, among whom I passed through, proclaiming the kingdom of God. Wherefore I testify to you in this day, that I pure from the blood of all. read more. For I concealed not to announce to you all the counsel of God. Attend therefore to yourselves, and to all the flock, in which the Holy Spirit set you inspectors, to feed the church of God, which he acquired by his own blood. For I know this, that there shall come in after my departure grievous wolves to you, not sparing the flock.
For I know this, that there shall come in after my departure grievous wolves to you, not sparing the flock. And of yourselves shall men arise, speaking perverse things, to tear away disciples after them.
And of yourselves shall men arise, speaking perverse things, to tear away disciples after them.
Not according to man do I speak these things: or does not the law also say these things? For in the law of Moses has been written, Thou shalt not muzzle the mouth of the ox grinding. Is there not care to God for oxen? read more. Or does he say altogether on account of us? For it was written on account of us: that he ploughing ought to plough upon hope; and he grinding upon hope, to participate with his hope.
Let all things be becomingly and according to order.
And if Christ is proclaimed that he arose from the dead, how say some among you that there is no rising up of the dead? And if there is no rising up of the dead, neither has Christ risen: read more. And if Christ has not risen, then our proclaiming vain, and also your faith vain. And we are also found false witnesses of God; for we testified for God that he raised up Christ: whom he raised not, if therefore the dead are not raised. For if the dead are not raised, neither was Christ raised up: And if Christ was not raised up, your faith is vain; yet are ye in your sins. Then they also having died in Christ perished. If in this life only we have been hoping in Christ, we are more to be compassionated than all men. And now Was Christ raised from the dead, he was the first fruits of those having died. For since by man death, also by man the rising up of the dead. For as in Adam all die, so also in Christ shall all be made alive. And each in his own order: the first fruit Christ; then they of Christ in his arrival. Then the end, when he should deliver up the kingdom to God, and the Father; when he should leave unemployed every beginning and every authority and power. For he must reign, till he put all enemies under his feet. The last enemy, death, is left unemployed. For he subjected all things under his feet. And when he said that all things have been subjected, it is manifest that without him having subjected all things to him. And when all things be subjected to him, then also shall the Son himself be subjected to him having made all things subject to him, that God might be all things in all. For what shall they do being immersed for the dead, if in fine the dead rise not? and why are they immersed for the dead? And why are we in peril every hour? In the day I die by: your boasting which I have in Christ Jesus our Lord. If according to man I fought with wild beasts at Ephesus, what the profit to me, if the dead rise not? let us eat and drink; for to morrow we die. Be not deceived: evil intercourses corrupt good habits.
And perhaps with you I shall abide, or also pass the winter, that ye might send me forward wherever I go.
Besides things outside, my distraction daily, the care of all the churches.
This third I come to you. By mouth of two witnesses, and three, shall every word be established. I have said before, and say beforehand, as being present the second; and being away now I write to them having sinned before, and to all the rest, that, if I should come again, I will not spare: read more. Since seek proof of Christ speaking in me, who to you is no weak, but has power in you. For also if he was crucified from weakness, but he lives from the power of God. For also we are weak in him, but we live with him from the power of God to you.
Having given himself for our sins, that he might take us away out of this present evil time, according to the will of God and our Father: To whom the glory for the time of times. Amen.
And what I write to you, behold, before God, that I lie not.
And having known the grace given to me, James, and Cephas, and John, seeming to be pillars, gave me and Barnabas the right hands of communion; that we for the nations, and they for the circumcision.
And a mediator is not of one, and God is one.
And doing good let us not despond: for in proper time we shall reap, not being enervated.
Look out for dogs, look out for evil workmen, look out for the incision.
(For many walk, of whom I said to you often, and now also say weeping, the enemies of the cross of Christ: Whose end destruction, whose God the belly, and their glory in shame, having in mind earthly things.)
As I besought thee to remain in Ephesus, going into Macedonia, that thou mightest proclaim to some not to teach another doctrine,
As I besought thee to remain in Ephesus, going into Macedonia, that thou mightest proclaim to some not to teach another doctrine,
As I besought thee to remain in Ephesus, going into Macedonia, that thou mightest proclaim to some not to teach another doctrine,
As I besought thee to remain in Ephesus, going into Macedonia, that thou mightest proclaim to some not to teach another doctrine,
As I besought thee to remain in Ephesus, going into Macedonia, that thou mightest proclaim to some not to teach another doctrine,
As I besought thee to remain in Ephesus, going into Macedonia, that thou mightest proclaim to some not to teach another doctrine, Neither hold to fictions and endless genealogies, which offer questions, rather than the arrangement of God in the faith:
Neither hold to fictions and endless genealogies, which offer questions, rather than the arrangement of God in the faith:
Wishing to be teachers of the law; neither understanding what they say, nor of certain things they are assured.
Wishing to be teachers of the law; neither understanding what they say, nor of certain things they are assured. And we know the law good, if any use it lawfully; read more. Knowing this, that the law is laid down not for the just one, but for the lawless and disorderly, for the profane and sinful, for the wicked and unholy, for the patricides and matricides, for manslayers,
Faithful the word, and worthy of all acceptance, for Christ Jesus came into the world to save the sinful; of whom I am first.
This proclamation I set before thee, child Timothy, according to the gifts of prophecy led before upon thee, that thou in them mightest war the good warfare; Having faith, and a good consciousness; which some having rejected concerning faith suffered shipwreck: read more. Of whom is Hymeneus and Alexander; whom I have delivered to Satan, that they should not be taught to blaspheme.
I Beseech therefore, first of all, supplications to be made, prayers, entreaties, thanks, for all men;
I Beseech therefore, first of all, supplications to be made, prayers, entreaties, thanks, for all men; For kings, and all them being in eminence; that we may lead a gentle and quiet life, in all devotion and gravity.
For kings, and all them being in eminence; that we may lead a gentle and quiet life, in all devotion and gravity. For this good and acceptable before our Saviour God; read more. Who wills all men to be saved, and to come to the knowledge of the truth. For one God, and one mediator of God and men, the man Christ Jesus;
For one God, and one mediator of God and men, the man Christ Jesus; Having given himself a ransom for all, a testimony in his own time.
Having given himself a ransom for all, a testimony in his own time.
I will therefore men shall pray in every place, lifting up holy hands, without anger and reasoning.
Let the woman, in freedom from care, learn in all subjection. And I trust not the woman to teach, neither to exercise authority over the man, but to be in freedom from care. read more. For Adam was first formed, then Eve. And Adam was not deceived, but the woman, having been deceived, was in the transgression.
These I write to thee, hoping to come to thee quickly:
These I write to thee, hoping to come to thee quickly: And if I delay, that thou shouldest know how thou must be occupied in the house of God, which is the church of the living God, the pillar and base of the truth.
And if I delay, that thou shouldest know how thou must be occupied in the house of God, which is the church of the living God, the pillar and base of the truth.
In the hypocrisy of speaking falsely; burned with a hot iron in their own consciousness;
In the hypocrisy of speaking falsely; burned with a hot iron in their own consciousness; Hindering to marry, to keep from victuals which God created for participation, with thanks, for the faithful and them knowing the truth.
And profane and old women's fictions reject, and exercise thyself in devotion.
Let none despise thy youth; but be thou a type of the faithful, in word, in intercourse, in love, in spirit, in faith, in purity.
An elder shouldest thou not reprove, but beseech as a father; the younger as brethren;
Let the elders having presided well be deemed worthy of double honour, chiefly they being wearied in word and doctrine. For the writing says, Thou shalt not muzzle the ox grinding. And, The laborer worthy of his hire. read more. Against an elder receive not an accusation from without, except from two or three witnesses. Them having sinned rebuke before all, that the rest also have fear.
If any teach otherwise, and come not up to the sound words of our Lord Jesus Christ, and to the doctrine according to devotion;
If any teach otherwise, and come not up to the sound words of our Lord Jesus Christ, and to the doctrine according to devotion; He has been proud, knowing nothing, but sick about questions and disputes of words, of which is envy, strife, slanders, evil conjectures, read more. Unprofitable occupations of men corrupted in mind, and deprived of the truth, thinking gain to be devotion: be separated from such.
Unprofitable occupations of men corrupted in mind, and deprived of the truth, thinking gain to be devotion: be separated from such. But devotion with contentment is great gain. read more. For we brought nothing into the world, it is manifest that neither are we able to carry anything out.
For we brought nothing into the world, it is manifest that neither are we able to carry anything out. And having sustenance and covering, with these let us be contented. read more. And they wishing to be rich fall into temptation and a snare, and many eager desires, unwise and hurtful, which sink men into ruin and perdition. For the root of all evils is the love of money: which some striving for, have been led astray from the faith, and pierced themselves through with many pains.
For the root of all evils is the love of money: which some striving for, have been led astray from the faith, and pierced themselves through with many pains. And thou, O man of God, flee these things; and follow justice, devotion, faith, love, patience, meekness. read more. Contend earnestly the good contest of faith, take hold upon eternal life, into which thou wert also called, and hast confessed the good confession before many witnesses. I beseech thee before God, making all things alive, and Christ Jesus, he having witnessed to Pontius Pilate the good confession;
I beseech thee before God, making all things alive, and Christ Jesus, he having witnessed to Pontius Pilate the good confession; For thee to keep the command spotless, irreprehensible, until the appearance of our Lord Jesus Christ: read more. Which the blessed and only sovereign shall show in his own times, the King of those reigning, and Lord of those ruling; Who only having immortality, inhabiting inaccessible light; which none of men saw, nor can see; to whom honour and might forever. Amen.
Who only having immortality, inhabiting inaccessible light; which none of men saw, nor can see; to whom honour and might forever. Amen. To the rich now in this life, proclaim not to be highminded, nor to be hoping upon the uncertainty of riches, but in the living God, offering us all things richly for profit; read more. To do good, to be rich in good works, to be liberal, qualified for participation; Treasuring up to themselves a good foundation for the future, that they may lay hold upon eternal life. O Timothy, watch that which holds firm, turning aside from profane, idle talk, and oppositions of knowledge, bearing a false name:
O Timothy, watch that which holds firm, turning aside from profane, idle talk, and oppositions of knowledge, bearing a false name:
O Timothy, watch that which holds firm, turning aside from profane, idle talk, and oppositions of knowledge, bearing a false name:
O Timothy, watch that which holds firm, turning aside from profane, idle talk, and oppositions of knowledge, bearing a false name:
None making war is entangled with the affairs of life: that he may please him having enlisted him.
And this word as a gangrene, will have an eating ulcer: of whom is Hymeneus and Philetus; Who concerning the truth missed their aim, saying the rising up has already been; and they subvert the faith of some.
For of these are they going into houses, and taking captive little women heaped up with sins, led away with various eager desires, Always learning, and never able to come to the knowledge of the truth. read more. And as Jannes and Jambres withstood Moses, so also these have withstood the truth: men corrupted in mind, not tried concerning the faith.
For I am already poured out, and the time of my deliverance has been fixed.
For Demas has forsaken me, having loved the time now, and has gone to Thessalonica; Crescens to Galatia, Titus to Dalmatia.
And manifested his word in his own times, in the proclamation, which I was entrusted with according to the command of the Saviour our God;)
For many also are disorderly, vain talkers and infatuates, especially they of the circumcision: Who must be restrained, who subvert whole houses, teaching what they ought not, for the sake of sordid gain. read more. A certain of them said, their own prophet, The Cretians always liars, evil beasts, lazy bellies.
A certain of them said, their own prophet, The Cretians always liars, evil beasts, lazy bellies.
Not holding to Jewish fictions, and commands of men, having turned away from the truth.
Not holding to Jewish fictions, and commands of men, having turned away from the truth. All things truly pure to the pure: and to the defiled and unbelieving nothing pure; but also their mind and consciousness are defiled. read more. They confess to know God; and in works they deny, being abominable, and disobedient, and to every good work not tried.
The aged men to be sober, grave, of sound mind, sound in the faith, in love, in patience.
The aged men to be sober, grave, of sound mind, sound in the faith, in love, in patience.
That they render the young women discreet, to be lovers of the husband, lovers of the children,
That they render the young women discreet, to be lovers of the husband, lovers of the children,
The younger men likewise beseech to be of sound mind.
For the grace of God who saves, was manifested to all men, Teaching us that, denying ungodliness and eager worldly desires, we should live discreetly, and justly, and religiously, in the time now;
Who gave himself for us, that he might redeem us from all iniquity, and purify to himself a distinguished people. zealous of good works.
Remind them to be subordinate to beginnings and powers, to yield obedience to authority, to be prepared for every good work,
And foolish questions, and genealogies, and strifes, and conflicts pertaining to the law, avoid; for they are unprofitable and vain. A man, a heretic after one and the second admonition, reject;
A man, a heretic after one and the second admonition, reject; Knowing such to be turned back, and he sins, being self-condemned.
By love I beseech rather, being such as Paul an aged man, and now also the imprisoned of Jesus Christ.
For impossible for them once enlightened, and having tasted of the heavenly gift, and having partaken of the Holy Spirit, And tasted of the good word of God, and powers of the life about to be, read more. And having fallen, again to renew to repentance; crucifying to themselves the Son of God, and exposing to ignominy. For the earth drinking the rain coming often upon it, and bringing forth the vegetable fitting well to them by whom it is cultivated, receives commendation from God: And producing thorns and briers is rejected, after having been tried, and near cursing; whose end for destruction.
Young children, it is the last hour: and as ye have heard that antichrist comes, and now many antichrists have come; whence we know that it is the last hour. They went out from us, but they were not of us; for if they had been of us, they had remained with us, but, that they might be manifested, that they are not all of us. read more. And ye have an anointing from the Holy One, and know all things. I have not written to you because ye know not the truth, but because ye know it, and that no lie is of the truth. Who is a liar if not he denying that Jesus is the Christ? He is antichrist, denying the Father and the Son. Every one denying the Son, neither has the Father: he acknowledging the Son, has also the Father.
Dearly beloved, believe not every spirit, but try the spirits if they are of God: for many false prophets have come out into the world.
And every spirit which acknowledges not Jesus Christ having come in the flesh is not of God: and this is that of antichrist which ye have heard comes; and now is already in the world.
To the messenger of the Ephesian church write: Thus says he holding the seven stars in his right hand, he walking about in the midst of the seven golden chandeliers; I know thy works, and thy fatigue, and thy patience, and that thou canst not bear the wicked: and thou bast tried them saying they are sent, and are not, and thou Last found them liars: read more. And thou hast borne, and thou hast patience, and for my name hast thou been wearied, and thou hast not been broken by toil. But I have against thee, for thou hest let go thy first love. Therefore remember whence thou hest fallen, and repent, and do the first works; and if not, I come to thee quickly, and I will move the chandelier out of its place, except thou repent. But this hast thou, that thou dost hate the works of the Nicolaitanes, which I also hate.