Reference: Proverbs, The Book of
Fausets
mishlee, plural of maashaal, "comparison" or "likeness." The Christian fathers (Clement, Ep. Cor. 1:57; Hegesippus, Irenaeus in Eusebius H. E. 4:22) entitle it "Wisdom, the sum of all virtues" (Panareros sophia). Pithy sayings (compare David's quotation, 1Sa 24:13), like similes or with a figure. The comparison is either expressed or left for the hearer to supply. So Balaam's "parable" is prophecy in figurative language (Nu 23:7-10; 1Sa 10:12; Eze 12:22-23; 17:2-3; 18:2; 20:49; 24:3; Lu 4:23). In Job 27:1 "parable" (Job 29:1) means a figurative, sententious, weighty embodiment of wisdom, not in this case short, but containing Job's whole argument (Ps 49:4, maashaal).
In Pr 1:6 "dark sayings" (chidah) are another form of proverbs, the enigmatical obscurity being designed to stimulate reflection (Hab 2:6; Judges 14; 1Ki 10:1; 2Ch 9:1; Eze 17:2; Ps 78:2); the melitsah (Pr 1:6), "interpretation" (so Chald. and Vulgate versions), for which Gesenius translated "a saying that needs an interpreter," i.e. enigmatical (Hab 2:6). For instance (Pr 12:27), "the slothful man roasteth not that which he took in hunting" requires discernment to see the point of comparison and the application; the slothful man is too lazy to hunt, and therefore has nothing to roast (compare 2Th 3:10). "Proverb" is with Jesus' disciples equivalent to an obscure saying (Joh 16:29).
Canonicity. The Book of Proverbs is found in all Jewish lists among the ketubim, "writings" (hagiographa), the third division of Scripture. The Talmud (Baba Bathra, 14 b.) gives the order, Ruth, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Lamentations, Daniel, Esther, Ezra (including Nehemiah), Chronicles. The New Testament quotes and so canonizes (Pr 1:16; Ro 3:10,15. Pr 3:7; Ro 12:16. Pr 3:11-12; Heb 12:5-6; Re 3:19. Pr 3:34; Jas 4:6. Pr 10:12; 1Pe 4:8. Pr 11:31; 1Pe 4:17-18. Pr 17:13; Ro 12:17; 1Th 5:15; 1Pe 3:9. Pr 17:27; Jas 1:19. Pr 20:9; 1Jo 1:8. Pr 20:20; Mt 15:4. Pr 22:8; 2Co 9:6; Ga 6:7,9. Pr 25:21-22; Ro 12:20. Pr 26:11; 2Pe 2:22. Pr 27:1; Jas 4:13).
Divisions and authorship. The same heading, "the proverbs of Solomon the son of David king of Israel" (Pr 1:1; 10:1; 25:1), marks the three divisions. Solomon spoke 3,000 proverbs (1Ki 4:32) and "set in order" the present selection (Proverbs 1-24; Ec 12:9). "Hezekiah" directed his pious "men" (perhaps Isaiah, Micah, Shebna, and Joah: 2Ki 18:18) to supplement the collection with a series of proverbs of Solomon, not included in the collection by the royal author (Pr 25:1; compare Sir 47:14; Sir 47:17). The Holy Spirit did not appoint all Solomon's proverbs indiscriminately to be put into the canon for all ages, but a selection suited for the ends of revelation. The bringing forth of God's word from obscurity fitly accompanied the reformation by pious Hezekiah, as in the case of Josiah's reformation (2Ch 31:21,21). The Jews assign the composition of the Song of Solomon to Solomon's youth, Proverbs to his manhood, and Ecclesiastes to his old age.
(1) Proverbs 1-9 are one connected whole, in which wisdom is recommended to youths; an introduction states the aim.
(2) Proverbs 10-22 are single detached proverbs; from Proverbs 10:1 to Proverbs 22:16; Proverbs 22:17 to Proverbs 24:21, form a more connected whole on righteousness and prudence, with an introduction; Pr 24:23-34, "these also belong to the wise," are an appendix of unconnected maxims.
(3) Proverbs 25-29, consisting of single sentences, are the selection of Hezekiah's men..
(4) Proverbs 30 is Agur's proverbs and enigmatical sayings..
(5) Proverbs 31 consists of king Lemuel's words (Pr 31:1-6), and an alphabetical acrostic in praise of a virtuous woman.
The repetition of many proverbs in a similar form in the middle division is due, not to their emanating from different authors, but to their having been selected out of different collections oral or written, of the same author Solomon, in which the same proverb appeared in a different connection; just as Jesus' sayings repeated in different connections (Pr 14:12; 16:25; 21:2,9,19; 10:1; 15:20; 10:2; 11:4; 10:15; 18:11; 15:33; 18:12; 11:21; 16:5; 14:31; 17:5; 19:12; 20:2). The Proverbs apply the truths of religion to practical life in sentences weighty and easily remembered by their terse point. (See POETRY.)
Gnomic poetry is peculiarly Semitic. Instead of philosophical reasonings and argument, the results of observation are embodied in terse proverbial similitudes and maxims. A proverb is defined as" the wit of one, the wisdom of many." When the nation's experiences had become matured Solomon in a time of national peace embodied them in gnomic proverbs. Internal tranquillity favored the growth of a contemplative spirit which suits such a work. Favorite phrases characterize the middle division, the style of which is simple and antique. The Proverbs are in antithetic parallelism, the second clause standing in contrast to the first. Here are the phrases "fountain of life," "tree of life," "snares of death," "healing," "health;" "destruction" (mechittah), Pr 10:14-15,29, nowhere else in Proverbs; (ad argiah) "but for a moment"; (yad leyad) "hand to hand," Pr 11:21; (nirgan) "a whisperer," "talebearer" )Pr 18:18, etc.), are characteristic of the middle division. The third division, namely, of Hezekiah's men, is marked by the interrogation "seest thou?" (Pr 26:12; 29:20.)
Things are compared by being placed side by side, connected simply by "and" (Pr 25:3,20). The antithesis is not so marked. The verses are not of two equal members; one is often shorter than the other; sometimes there are even three members in the verse. A cautious and mournful tone is thought to mark the language as to rulers, instead of the joy and reverence of the middle and older division; the, state of the nation under Hezekiah at the close of the eighth century B.C. accords with his selection of these proverbs of Solomon. The first division, with the closing part of the middle (Pr 10:1-22:16 being the germ of the book), Proverbs 1-9; Proverbs 22:17 - Proverbs 25:1, is characterized by favorite words and constructions: as chokmot, "wisdoms"; zarah, "the strange woman"; nokriah, "the foreigner," the adulteress who seduces youth, the opposite of true wisdom, found once in the middle division (Pr 22:14). Shephathaim, dual feminine, is constructed with the verb masculine plural.
Warning against envy at the sinner's seeming prosperity appears (Pr 3:31; 23:17; 24:1,19) as in Job. The disciplinary design of chastisement ("instruction," musar, Greek paideia, correction by discipline), Pr 3:11-13; so Job (Job 33:17-30; 5:17); wisdom (Pr 2:4; 3:14,8; Job 28; Pr 3:23; Job 5:22; Pr 8:25; Job 15:7-8). The similarity is probably due to Solomon's having become imbued with the spirit of the book of Job, through study of it. The language of the first division rises from a general exhortation, and then a particular one to youth to follow wisdom, to the sublimest and most universal strain at the close (Pr 6:20-9:18). This first division is continuous description and elucidation of truth, instead of the single proverb which characterizes the middle collection; the poetic parallelism is synonymous, not antithetic or synthetic, as in the middle division.
Keil truly says, after all these distinctions of parts, "one historical background is shown throughout, the contents corresponding only to the relations, culture, and experiences of life acquired by the political development of Israel under Solomon." The first part forms a connected mashal or parabolic commendation of wisdom. It is the porch, leading into the interior, the Proverbs proper, loosely connected. The ornamental, flowing style suits the young, to whom the first division is addressed. The second, addressed to men, is in brief, business like style, compressing much in brief compass for the right conduct of life.
The two sentences in each distich mutually complement each other, and the ellipsis in one is to be supplied from the antithesis in the other, e.g. (Pr 12:3), "a man shall not be established by wickedness (but shall be rooted out); but the root of the righteous shall (be established and) not be moved"; Pr 11:12, "he that is void of
See Verses Found in Dictionary
And he took up his parable, and said, Balak the king of Moab has brought me from Aram, out of the mountains of the east, saying, Come, curse Jacob for me, and come, defy Israel. How shall I curse whom God has not cursed? Or how shall I defy whom Jehovah has not defied? read more. For from the top of the rocks I see him, and from the hills I behold him. Lo, the people shall dwell alone, and shall not be counted among the nations. Who can count the dust of Jacob, and the number of the fourth of Israel? Let me die the death of the righteous, and let my last end be like his!
This book of the Law shall not depart out of your mouth, but you shall meditate on it by day and by night, so that you may be careful to do according to all that is written in it. For then you shall make your way prosperous, and then you shall act wisely.
As the ancient proverb says, Wickedness proceeds from the wicked. But my hand shall not be on you.
And he spoke three thousand proverbs, and his songs were a thousand and five.
And the queen of Sheba heard of Solomon's fame concerning the name of Jehovah, and she came to test him with hard questions.
And they called to the king. And Eliakim the son of Hilkiah, who was over the house, and Shebna the scribe, and Joah the son of Asaph the recorder, went out to them.
And in every work that he began in the service of the house of God, and in the law, and in the commandments, to seek his God, he did it with all his heart, and prospered.
And in every work that he began in the service of the house of God, and in the law, and in the commandments, to seek his God, he did it with all his heart, and prospered.
Behold, blessed is the man whom God corrects. Therefore do not despise the chastening of the Almighty.
At destruction and famine you shall laugh; neither shall you be afraid of the beasts of the earth.
Were you the first man born? Or were you made before the hills? Have you heard the secret counsel of God? And do you limit wisdom to yourself?
so that He may turn man from his act, that He might hide pride from man. He keeps back his soul from the Pit, and his life from perishing by the sword. read more. He is also chastened with pain on his bed, and enduring strife in his bones; so that his life is sick of bread, and his soul desirable food. His flesh wastes away, not seen; and his bones laid bare; they were not seen. Yea, his soul draws near to the Pit, and his life to the dealers of death. If there is a messenger for him, a mediator, one among a thousand, to declare for man his uprightness, then He is gracious to him and says, Deliver him from going down to the Pit; for I have found a ransom. His flesh shall be fresher than in vigor; he shall return to the days of his youth; he shall pray to God, and He will be gracious to him; and he shall see His face with joy, for He will restore to man his righteousness. He will observe to men, and say, I have sinned and perverted righteousness; and it was not equally repaid to me, He has redeemed my soul from passing over into the Pit, and my life shall see the light. Lo, all these things God does two or three times with a man, to bring back his soul from the Pit, to be lighted with the light of the living.
I will bow down my ear to a parable; I will open my dark saying on the harp.
I will open my mouth in a parable; I will speak dark sayings of old,
The proverbs of Solomon the son of David, king of Israel;
to understand a proverb and its meaning; the words of the wise, and their acute sayings.
to understand a proverb and its meaning; the words of the wise, and their acute sayings.
for their feet run to evil and make haste to shed blood.
if you seek her as silver, and search for her as for hidden treasures,
Do not be wise in your own eyes; fear Jehovah and depart from evil. Healing shall be to your navel and marrow to your bones.
My son, do not despise the chastening of Jehovah; nor be weary with His correction;
My son, do not despise the chastening of Jehovah; nor be weary with His correction; for whom Jehovah loves He corrects, even as a father corrects the son in whom he delights.
for whom Jehovah loves He corrects, even as a father corrects the son in whom he delights. Blessed is the man who finds wisdom, and the man who gets understanding. read more. For the profit from it is better than the gain from silver, and its produce more than fine gold;
then you shall walk in your way safely, and your foot shall not stumble.
Do not envy the cruel man, and choose none of his ways.
Surely He scorns the scorners; but He gives grace to the lowly.
The proverbs of Solomon. A wise son makes a glad father; but a foolish son is the sorrow of his mother.
The proverbs of Solomon. A wise son makes a glad father; but a foolish son is the sorrow of his mother.
The proverbs of Solomon. A wise son makes a glad father; but a foolish son is the sorrow of his mother. Treasures of wickedness profit nothing; but righteousness delivers from death.
Treasures of wickedness profit nothing; but righteousness delivers from death. Jehovah will not allow the soul of the righteous to go hungry; but He casts away the desire of the wicked. read more. He who deals with a lazy hand becomes poor; but the hand of the hard worker makes rich. He who gathers in summer is a wise son; but he who sleeps in harvest is a son who causes shame. Blessings are on the head of the just; but violence covers the mouth of the wicked. The memory of the just is blessed; but the name of the wicked shall rot. The wise in heart will receive commandments; but a babbling fool shall fall. He who walks uprightly walks surely; but he who twists his ways shall be known. He who winks the eye causes sorrow; but a babbling fool shall fall. The mouth of a righteous one is a well of life; but violence covers the mouth of the wicked. Hatred stirs up fights, but love covers all sins.
Hatred stirs up fights, but love covers all sins. In the lips of him who has understanding, wisdom is found; but a rod is for the back of him who is without understanding. read more. Wise ones store up knowledge; but the mouth of the foolish is near ruin.
Wise ones store up knowledge; but the mouth of the foolish is near ruin. The rich man's wealth is his strong city; the ruin of the poor is their poverty.
The rich man's wealth is his strong city; the ruin of the poor is their poverty.
The rich man's wealth is his strong city; the ruin of the poor is their poverty. The labor of the righteous tends to life; the fruit of the wicked tends to sin. read more. He who keeps instruction is in the way of life; but he who refuses reproof goes astray. He who hides hatred with lying lips, and he who speaks a slander, is a fool. In the multitude of words, sin is not lacking; but he who holds back his lips is wise. The tongue of the just is as choice silver; the heart of the wicked is worth little. The lips of the righteous feed many; but fools die for lack of wisdom. The blessing of Jehovah itself makes rich, and He adds no sorrow with it.
The way of Jehovah is strength to the upright; but ruin is to the workers of iniquity.
Riches do not profit in the day of wrath, but righteousness delivers from death.
One despising his friend lacks heart, but a man of understanding remains silent.
Though hand join in hand, the wicked shall not be innocent; but the seed of the righteous shall be delivered.
Though hand join in hand, the wicked shall not be innocent; but the seed of the righteous shall be delivered.
Behold, the righteous shall be rewarded in the earth; much more the wicked and the sinner.
A man shall not be established by wickedness, but the root of the righteous shall not be moved.
The lazy one does not start after his game, but the wealth of a hard worker is precious.
There is a way which seems right to a man, but the end of it is the ways of death.
He who presses the poor curses his Maker, but he who honors Him has mercy upon the poor.
A wise son makes a glad father, but a foolish man despises his mother.
The fear of Jehovah is the instruction of wisdom, and before honor is humility.
Everyone proud in heart is hateful to Jehovah; though hand join in hand, he shall not be unpunished.
There is a way that seems right to a man, but the end of it is the ways of death.
Whoever scorns the poor reviles his Maker; he who is glad at calamities shall not be unpunished.
Whoever rewards evil for good, evil shall not depart from his house.
He who has knowledge uses few words; a man of understanding is of an excellent spirit.
The rich man's wealth is his strong city, and as a high wall in his own mind. Before shattering, the heart of man is proud, and before honor is humility.
The lot causes arguments to cease, and divides between the mighty.
The king's wrath is like the roaring of a lion; but his favor is like dew on the grass.
The fear of a king is as the roaring of a lion; whoever stirs him up to anger sins against his own soul.
Who can say, I have made my heart clean; I am pure from my sin?
Whoever curses his father or his mother, his lamp shall be put out in deep darkness.
Every way of a man is right in his own eyes, but Jehovah ponders the hearts.
It is better to dwell in a corner of the housetop than with a quarrelsome woman and to share a house.
It is better to dwell in the wilderness than with a quarrelsome and angry woman.
He who sows iniquity shall reap vanity; and the rod of his anger shall fail.
The mouth of strange women is a deep pit; those despised by Jehovah shall fall there.
Bow down your ear, and hear the words of the wise, and apply your heart to My knowledge.
Do not let your heart envy sinners; but be in the fear of Jehovah all the day long.
Do not be jealous of evil men, nor desire to be with them.
for a just one falls seven times, and rises up again; but the wicked shall fall into evil.
Do not fret yourself because of evil ones, nor be jealous of the wicked;
These also are for the wise: To have respect of persons in judgment is not good.
These also are for the wise: To have respect of persons in judgment is not good. He who says to the wicked, You are righteous; the people shall curse him and nations shall abhor him.
He who says to the wicked, You are righteous; the people shall curse him and nations shall abhor him. But to those who rebuke him, it shall be a delight, and a good blessing shall come upon them.
But to those who rebuke him, it shall be a delight, and a good blessing shall come upon them. He shall kiss the lips that return right words.
He shall kiss the lips that return right words. Prepare your work outside, and make it fit for yourself in the field; and afterwards build your house.
Prepare your work outside, and make it fit for yourself in the field; and afterwards build your house. Do not be a witness against your neighbor without cause, nor deceive with your lips.
Do not be a witness against your neighbor without cause, nor deceive with your lips. Do not say, I will do so to him as he has done to me; I will give to the man according to his work.
Do not say, I will do so to him as he has done to me; I will give to the man according to his work. I went by the field of the lazy man, and by the vineyard of the man without understanding;
I went by the field of the lazy man, and by the vineyard of the man without understanding; and, lo, it was all grown over with thorns, and nettles had covered the face of it, and its stone wall was broken down.
and, lo, it was all grown over with thorns, and nettles had covered the face of it, and its stone wall was broken down. Then I saw; I set my heart on it; I looked and I received instruction.
Then I saw; I set my heart on it; I looked and I received instruction. A little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to lie down;
A little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to lie down; then your poverty comes stalking, and your want like a man armed with a shield.
then your poverty comes stalking, and your want like a man armed with a shield.
These are also proverbs of Solomon which the men of Hezekiah king of Judah copied out.
These are also proverbs of Solomon which the men of Hezekiah king of Judah copied out.
The heavens for height, and the earth for depth, but the heart of kings is without searching.
As he who takes away a garment in cold weather, as vinegar upon niter, so is he who sings songs to a heavy heart. If your enemy is hungry, give him bread to eat; and if he is thirsty, give him water to drink, read more. for you shall heap coals of fire upon his head, and Jehovah shall reward you.
As a dog returns to its vomit, so a fool returns to his folly. Do you see a man wise in his own eyes? There is more hope for a fool than for him.
Do not boast yourself of tomorrow, for you do not know what a day may bring forth.
Do you see a man hasty in his words? There is more hope for a fool than for him.
The words of King Lemuel, the prophecy which his mother taught him. What, my son? And what, the son of my womb? And what, the son of my vows? read more. Do not give your strength to women, nor your ways to that which destroys kings. It is not for kings, O Lemuel, not for kings to drink wine; nor for princes to lust for strong drink; lest they drink, and forget the law, and pervert the judgment of any of the afflicted. Give strong drink to him who is ready to perish, and wine to those who are of heavy hearts.
And more than that, the preacher was wise; he still taught the people knowledge. Yes, he listened, and looked, and set in order many proverbs.
Son of man, what is this proverb that you have in the land of Israel, saying, The days will go on and every vision shall fail? Therefore tell them, So says the Lord Jehovah: I will make this proverb to cease, and they shall no more use it as a proverb in Israel. But say to them, The days are at hand, and the fulfillment of every vision.
Son of man, put out a riddle and speak a parable to the house of Israel. And say, So says the Lord Jehovah: A great eagle with great wings, long of pinion, full of feathers, who had different colors, came to Lebanon and took the highest branch of the cedar.
What is it to you that you use this proverb concerning the land of Israel, saying, The fathers have eaten sour grapes and the teeth of the sons are dull?
And I said, Ah Lord Jehovah! They say of me, Does he not speak parables?
And speak a parable to the rebellious house, and say to them, So says the Lord Jehovah: Set on a pot; set it on, and also pour water into it.
Shall not all these lift up a parable against him, and a mocking riddle to him, and say, Woe to him who increases what is not his! Until when, then, shall he load the pledges on himself?
Shall not all these lift up a parable against him, and a mocking riddle to him, and say, Woe to him who increases what is not his! Until when, then, shall he load the pledges on himself?
For God commanded, saying, "Honor your father and mother"; and, "He who speaks evil of father or mother, let him die by death."
And He said to them, You will surely say this proverb to Me, Physician, heal yourself. Whatever we have heard done in Capernaum, do also here in your native-place.
The disciples said to Him, Lo, now You speak plainly and speak no parable.
as it is written: "There is none righteous, no not one;
"their feet are swift to shed blood;
minding the same thing toward one another, not minding high things, but yielding to the lowly. Do not be wise within yourselves. Repay no one evil for evil. Provide things honest in the sight of all men.
Therefore if your enemy hungers, feed him. If he thirsts, give him drink. For in so doing you shall heap coals of fire on his head.
Do not be deceived, God is not mocked. For whatever a man sows, that he also will reap.
But we should not lose heart in well-doing, for in due season we shall reap, if we do not faint.
For even when we were with you, we commanded you this, that if anyone would not work, neither should he eat.
And you have forgotten the exhortation which speaks to you as to sons, "My son, despise not the chastening of the Lord, nor faint when you are rebuked by Him; for whom the Lord loves He chastens, and He scourges every son whom He receives."
Therefore, my beloved brothers, let every man be swift to hear, slow to speak, slow to wrath.
But He gives more grace. Therefore He says, God resists the proud, but He gives grace to the humble.
Come now, those saying, Today or tomorrow we will go into such a city and spend a year there, and we will trade and will make a profit,
As many as I love, I rebuke and chasten; therefore be zealous and repent.