Reference: Predestination
Easton
This word is properly used only with reference to God's plan or purpose of salvation. The Greek word rendered "predestinate" is found only in these six passages, Ac 4:28; Ro 8:29-30; 1Co 2:7; Eph 1:5,11; and in all of them it has the same meaning. They teach that the eternal, sovereign, immutable, and unconditional decree or "determinate purpose" of God governs all events.
This doctrine of predestination or election is beset with many difficulties. It belongs to the "secret things" of God. But if we take the revealed word of God as our guide, we must accept this doctrine with all its mysteriousness, and settle all our questionings in the humble, devout acknowledgment, "Even so, Father: for so it seemed good in thy sight."
For the teaching of Scripture on this subject let the following passages be examined in addition to those referred to above; Ge 21:12; Ex 9:16; 33:19; De 10:15; 32:8; Jos 11:20; 1Sa 12:22; 2Ch 6:6; Ps 33:12; 65:4; 78:68; 135:4; Isa 41:1-10; Jer 1:5; Mr 13:20; Lu 22:22; Joh 6:37; 15:16; 17:2,6,9; Ac 2:28; 3:18; 4:28; 13:48; 17:26; Ro 9:11,18,21; 11:5; Eph 3:11; 1Th 1:4; 2Th 2:13; 2Ti 1:9; Tit 1:2; 1Pe 1:2. (See Decrees of God; Election of Grace.)
Hodge has well remarked that, "rightly understood, this doctrine (1) exalts the majesty and absolute sovereignty of God, while it illustrates the riches of his free grace and his just displeasure with sin. (2.) It enforces upon us the essential truth that salvation is entirely of grace. That no one can either complain if passed over, or boast himself if saved. (3.) It brings the inquirer to absolute self-despair and the cordial embrace of the free offer of Christ. (4.) In the case of the believer who has the witness in himself, this doctrine at once deepens his humility and elevates his confidence to the full assurance of hope" (Outlines).
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Then God said unto Abraham, Let it not be grievous in thy sight because of the lad and because of thy bondwoman; in all that Sarah has said unto thee, hearken unto her voice; for in Isaac shall thy seed be called.
For in truth I have placed thee to declare my power in thee, and that my name may be declared throughout all the earth.
And he replied, I will make all my goodness pass before thee, and I will proclaim the name that I AM before thee; and I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy and will show clemency on whom I will show clemency.
The LORD delighted only in thy fathers to love them, and he chose their seed after them, even you from among all the peoples, as it is this day.
when the most High caused the Gentiles to be inherited, when he separated the sons of men, he set the bounds of the peoples according to the number of the sons of Israel.
For it was of the LORD to harden their hearts that they should come against Israel in battle, that he might destroy them utterly and that they might have no mercy, but that he might destroy them, as the LORD had commanded Moses.
Blessed is the people whose God is the LORD; the people whom he has chosen for his own inheritance.
Blessed is the man whom thou dost choose and cause to approach unto thee that he may dwell in thy courts: we shall be satisfied with the goodness of thy house even of thy holy temple.
But chose the tribe of Judah, the Mount Zion which he loved.
For JAH has chosen Jacob unto himself and Israel for his own possession.
Listen unto me, O islands; and let the peoples strengthen themselves; let them come near; then let them speak; let us come near together to judgment. Who raised up righteousness from the east, called him that he might follow him, gave the Gentiles before him, and made him rule over kings? He gave them as the dust to his sword and as driven stubble to his bow. read more. He pursued them and passed in peace by the way that his feet had never entered. Who has wrought and done it? Who calls the generations from the beginning? I the LORD, the first, and I, myself am with those who are last. The isles saw it and feared; the ends of the earth were afraid; they congregated and came. Each one helped his neighbour; and each one said to his brother, Be of good courage. So the carpenter encouraged the goldsmith, and he that smooths with the hammer him that smote the anvil, saying, It is well joined and he strengthened it with nails, that it should not be moved. But thou, Israel, my slave, Jacob whom I have chosen, art the seed of Abraham my friend. For I have taken thee from the ends of the earth and called thee from the boundaries thereof and said unto thee Thou shalt be my slave; I have chosen thee, and not cast thee away. Do not fear for I am with thee; do not be dismayed, for I am thy God, who strengthens thee; I will help thee always; I will always uphold thee with the right hand of my righteousness.
Before I formed thee in the belly I knew thee; and before thou camest forth out of the womb I sanctified thee, and I ordained thee a prophet unto the Gentiles.
And except that the Lord had shortened those days, no flesh should be saved, but for the elect's sake, whom he has chosen, he has shortened those days.
And truly the Son of man goes as it was determined; but woe unto that man by whom he is betrayed!
All that the Father gives me shall come to me, and he that comes to me I will in no wise cast out.
Ye have not chosen me, but I have chosen you and ordained you, that ye should go and bring forth fruit, and that your fruit should remain; that whatever ye shall ask of the Father in my name, he may give it unto you.
as thou hast given him power over all flesh, that he should give eternal life to as many as thou hast given him.
I have manifested thy name unto the men which thou didst give me out of the world; thine they were, and thou didst give them me; and they have kept thy word.
I pray for them; I do not pray for the world, but for those whom thou hast given me; for they are thine.
Thou hast made known to me the ways of life; thou shalt make me full of joy with thy countenance.
But God has thus fulfilled those things which he had showed in advance by the mouth of all his prophets, that his Christ should suffer.
to do that which thy hand and thy counsel had determined beforehand must be done.
to do that which thy hand and thy counsel had determined beforehand must be done.
And when the Gentiles heard this, they were glad and glorified the word of the Lord, and as many as were ordained to eternal life believed.
and has made of one blood all the lineage of men to dwell on all the face of the earth and has determined the seasons (which he has limited) and the bounds of their habitation;
For unto those whom he knew beforehand, he also marked out beforehand the way that they might be conformed to the image of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brethren. And unto those whom he did mark out beforehand the way, to these he also called; and to whom he called, these he also justified; and to whom he justified, these he also glorified.
(for the children being not yet born, neither having done any good or evil, that the purpose of God according to election might stand: not of works, but of him that calls),
Therefore he has mercy on whom he will have mercy, and he hardens whom he will.
Has not the potter power over the clay, of the same lump to make one vessel unto honour and another unto dishonour?
Even so then at this present time also, there is a remnant by the gracious election of God.
having marked out beforehand the way for us to be adopted as sons by Jesus Christ in himself, according to the good pleasure of his will,
in him in whom likewise we have obtained an inheritance, having had the way marked out beforehand according to the purpose of him who works all things after the counsel of his own will,
according to the eternal purpose which he purposed in Christ Jesus our Lord,
rooted and built up in him and confirmed in the faith, as ye have been taught, abounding therein with thanksgiving.
for the hope of eternal life, which God, who cannot lie, promised before the times of the ages
holding fast the doctrine according to the faithful word, that he may be able by sound doctrine both to exhort and to convince the gainsayers.
Fausets
(See ELECTION.) Ac 2:23; 4:28, "whatsoever Thy hand and Thy counsel determined before to be done" (proorisen). God has "predestinated" believers "unto the adoption of sons by Jesus Christ to Himself, according to the good pleasure of His will, to the praise of the glory of His grace." "He hath chosen us in Christ" out of the rest of the world, "predestinated" us to all things that secure the inheritance for us (Eph 1:4-5,11). "Predestination" refers to God's decree, embodied in God's "election" of us out of the mass; His grand end. in it being "the praise of the glory of His grace" (Eph 1:6,12,14). It is by virtue of our union to Christ, "foreordained before the foundation of the world" (1Pe 1:20), that we are "predestinated" (2Ti 1:9).
Believers are viewed by God before the world's foundation as "IN CHRIST" with whom the Father makes the covenant (Re 13:8; 17:8; Eph 3:11), "according to the eternal purpose which He purposed in Christ Jesus our Lord." In 2Th 2:13 the Greek for "chosen" (heilato) means rather "taken for Himself"; He adopted them in His eternal purpose; "in (Greek) sanctification of (i.e. by) the Spirit" (by consecration to perfect holiness in Christ once for all, next by imparting it to them ever more and more). There was no doubt or contingency with God from the first. All was foreordained. God's glory and the believer's salvation are secured unchangeably. All pride on man's part is excluded; all is of God's unmerited grace. Yet the will of man is, in the sense of preserving our reponsibility, free. God alone knows how the two harmonize, His predestination and our freedom; it is enough for us they are both distinctly revealed.
At the same time fatalism is excluded, for God who predestinated believers to salvation as the end predestinated them to be conformed to the image of His Son as the means. We must make as sure of the means as of the end. Not to have the Spirit of Christ is to be none of His. Yet God's predestination is not founded on the believer's character, but the believer's character results from God's predestination (2Th 2:13; Ro 8:9,28-30). God the Father gives us salvation by gratuitous election; the Son earns it by His blood-shedding; the Holy Spirit applies the Son's merits to the soul by the gospel word (Calvin): Ga 1:4,15; 1Pe 1:2; the element IN (Greek) which we are elected is "sanctification of (consecration once for all by) the Spirit unto obedience and sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ" (the end aimed at by God as regards us).
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him, being delivered by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God, ye have taken and by wicked hands have crucified and slain,
to do that which thy hand and thy counsel had determined beforehand must be done.
But ye are not in the flesh, but in the Spirit, because the Spirit of God dwells in you. Now if anyone does not have the Spirit of Christ, that person is not of him.
And we now know that unto those who love God, all things help them unto good, to those who according to the purpose are called to be saints. For unto those whom he knew beforehand, he also marked out beforehand the way that they might be conformed to the image of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brethren. read more. And unto those whom he did mark out beforehand the way, to these he also called; and to whom he called, these he also justified; and to whom he justified, these he also glorified.
who gave himself for our sins that he might deliver us from this present evil age, according to the will of our God and Father,
But when it pleased God, who separated me from my mother's womb and called me by his grace,
according as he has chosen us in him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and without blemish before him in charity; having marked out beforehand the way for us to be adopted as sons by Jesus Christ in himself, according to the good pleasure of his will, read more. to the praise of the glory of his grace, in which he has made us accepted in the beloved;
in him in whom likewise we have obtained an inheritance, having had the way marked out beforehand according to the purpose of him who works all things after the counsel of his own will, so that we should be to the praise of his glory, those of us who first trusted in the Christ.
which is the earnest of our inheritance unto the redemption of the purchased possession, unto the praise of his glory.
according to the eternal purpose which he purposed in Christ Jesus our Lord,
But we should always give thanks to God for you, brethren, beloved of the Lord, because God has from the beginning chosen you to saving health through the sanctification of the Spirit and faith in the truth,
But we should always give thanks to God for you, brethren, beloved of the Lord, because God has from the beginning chosen you to saving health through the sanctification of the Spirit and faith in the truth,
who has saved us and called us with a holy calling, not according to our works, but according to his own purpose and grace, which was given us in Christ Jesus before the times of the ages,
already ordained from before the foundation of the world, but was manifest in these last times for love of you,
And all that dwell upon the earth shall worship it, whose names are not written in the book of the life of the Lamb that was slain from the foundation of the world.
The beast that thou sawest was, and is not, and shall ascend out of the bottomless pit, and shall go into perdition; and those that dwell on the earth shall wonder (whose names are not written in the book of life from the foundation of the world) when they behold the beast that was, and is not, and yet is.
Hastings
The English word 'predestinate' in the AV is, in the few cases in which it occurs (Ro 8:29,36; Eph 1:5,11), exchanged in the RV for 'foreordain,' a return to the usage of the older Versions. The Gr. word (proorizo) conveys the simple idea of defining or determining beforehand (thus, in addition to above, in Ac 4:29; 1Co 2:7). The change in rendering brings the word into closer relation with a number of others expressing the same, or related, meanings, as 'foreknow' (in pregnant sense, Ac 2:23; Ro 8:29; 11:2; 1Pe 1:2,20), 'determine' (Ac 17:26), 'appoint' (1Pe 2:8), 'purpose' (Eph 1:9), in the case of believers, 'choose' or 'elect' (Eph 1:4 etc.). In the OT the idea is expressed by the various words denoting to purpose, determine, choose (e.g. Isa 14:24-27; 46:10-11), with the ahundance of phrases extolling the sovereignty and immutability of God's counsel in all the spheres of His operation (see below; so in NT). The best clue to the Scripture conception will he found in tracing it as it appears in these different spheres of the Divine action.
1. In its most general aspect, foreordination is coextensive with the sphere of God's universal providence, is, in fact, but another name for the eternal plan, design, purpose, counsel of God, which executes itself in providence. The election of believers, to which 'predestination' is sometimes narrowed, is hut a specific case of the 'purpose' of Him 'who worketh all things after the counsel of his will' (Eph 1:11). It is in this wider regard, accordingly, that foreordination must be studied first. It cannot be reasonably doubted that all Scripture
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seeing that Abraham shall surely become a great and mighty nation and that all the Gentiles of the earth shall be blessed in him? For I know him, that he will command his sons and his household after him, and they shall keep the way of the LORD, to do righteousness and judgment, that the LORD may bring upon Abraham that which he has spoken of him.
So now it was not you that sent me here, but God; and he has made me as a father to Pharaoh and lord of all his house and a ruler throughout all the land of Egypt.
But as for you, ye thought evil against me; but God thought it out unto good, to bring to pass that which we see this day, to give life to many people.
But I have said unto you, Ye shall possess their land, and I will give it unto you in possession of inheritance, a land that flows with milk and honey. I AM your God, who have separated you from the other peoples.
Ye must, therefore, be holy unto me, for I the LORD am holy and have separated you from the other peoples, that ye should be mine.
Therefore I counsel that all Israel be generally gathered unto thee from Dan even to Beersheba, as the sand that is by the sea for multitude, and that thou go to battle in thine own person. Then we shall come upon him in some place where he shall be found, and we will light upon him as the dew falls on the ground; and of him and of all the men that are with him, there shall not be left so much as one.
and said, Naked came I out of my mother's womb, and naked shall I return there. The LORD gave, and the LORD has taken away; blessed be the name of the LORD.
Rejoice in the LORD, O ye righteous, for to the upright praise is beautiful.
Be still, and know that I am God; I will be exalted in the Gentiles, I will be exalted in the earth. The LORD of the hosts is with us; the God of Jacob is our refuge. Selah.
But our God is in the heavens; he has made whatever he has desired.
Whatever the LORD desired, he did in the heavens and in the earth, in the seas and in all the deep places.
The heart of man devises his way, but the LORD directs his steps.
The lot is cast into the lap, but the judgment thereof is of the LORD.
The king's heart is in the hand of the LORD, as the rivers of water, he turns it wherever he will.
The LORD of the hosts has sworn, saying, Surely as I have thought, so shall it come to pass; and as I have purposed, so shall it stand:
The LORD of the hosts has sworn, saying, Surely as I have thought, so shall it come to pass; and as I have purposed, so shall it stand: That I will break the Assyrian in my land and upon my mountains tread him under foot; then shall his yoke depart from off them, and his burden depart from off their shoulders. read more. This is the counsel that is purposed upon the whole earth; and this is the hand that is stretched out upon all the Gentiles. For the LORD of the hosts has purposed, and who shall disannul it? His hand is stretched out, and who shall turn it back?
For the LORD of the hosts has purposed, and who shall disannul it? His hand is stretched out, and who shall turn it back?
Hast thou not heard long ago how I have done it and of ancient times that I have formed it? Now I have brought it to pass, that thou should be to lay waste defenced cities into ruinous heaps.
But now thus saith the LORD that created thee, O Jacob, and he that formed thee, O Israel, Do not fear, for I have redeemed thee, I have named thee; Thou art mine.
even every one that is called by my name, for I have created them for my glory; I have formed them; yea, I have made them.
I form the light and create darkness; I make peace and create evil: I am the LORD that does all this.
declaring the end from the beginning, and from ancient times the things that are not yet done, saying, My counsel shall stand, and I will do all my pleasure: Calling a ravenous bird from the east, the man that executes my counsel from a far country; I have spoken it; I will also bring it to pass; I have purposed it; I will also do it.
and all the inhabitants of the earth are counted as nothing; and in the army of heaven and in the inhabitants of the earth, he does according to his will; nor is there anyone who can interfere with his hand and say unto him, What doest thou?
Shall the shofar be blown in the city and the people not be afraid? Shall there be any evil in the city which the LORD has not done?
Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven.
Are not two sparrows sold for a farthing? And one of them shall not fall on the ground without your Father. But the very hairs of your head are all numbered.
him, being delivered by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God, ye have taken and by wicked hands have crucified and slain,
Thou hast made known to me the ways of life; thou shalt make me full of joy with thy countenance.
to do that which thy hand and thy counsel had determined beforehand must be done. And now, Lord, behold their threatenings and grant unto thy slaves that with all boldness they may speak thy word,
Known unto God are all his works from the beginning of the world.
For it seemed good to the Holy Spirit and to us to lay upon you no greater burden than these necessary things:
and has made of one blood all the lineage of men to dwell on all the face of the earth and has determined the seasons (which he has limited) and the bounds of their habitation;
For unto those whom he knew beforehand, he also marked out beforehand the way that they might be conformed to the image of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brethren.
For unto those whom he knew beforehand, he also marked out beforehand the way that they might be conformed to the image of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brethren.
For unto those whom he knew beforehand, he also marked out beforehand the way that they might be conformed to the image of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brethren.
(As it is written, For thy sake we are killed all the day long; we are accounted as sheep for the slaughter.)
What shall we say then? Is there injustice in God? No, in no wise. For he saith to Moses, I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I will have compassion. read more. So then it is not of him that wills, nor of him that runs, but of God that has mercy. For the scripture saith of Pharaoh, Even for this same purpose have I raised thee up, that I might show my power in thee and that my name might be declared throughout all the earth.
For the scripture saith of Pharaoh, Even for this same purpose have I raised thee up, that I might show my power in thee and that my name might be declared throughout all the earth. Therefore he has mercy on whom he will have mercy, and he hardens whom he will. read more. Thou wilt say then unto me, Why does he become angry? For who shall resist his will? Rather, O man, who art thou to reply against God? Shall the thing formed say to him that formed it, Why hast thou made me thus?
Rather, O man, who art thou to reply against God? Shall the thing formed say to him that formed it, Why hast thou made me thus? Has not the potter power over the clay, of the same lump to make one vessel unto honour and another unto dishonour?
Has not the potter power over the clay, of the same lump to make one vessel unto honour and another unto dishonour? What if God, desiring to show his wrath and to make his power known, endured with much meekness the vessels of wrath, prepared for death,
What if God, desiring to show his wrath and to make his power known, endured with much meekness the vessels of wrath, prepared for death,
What if God, desiring to show his wrath and to make his power known, endured with much meekness the vessels of wrath, prepared for death, and making known the riches of his glory on the vessels of mercy, which he has prepared unto glory?
God has not cast away his people whom he knew beforehand. Know ye not what the scripture says of Elijah? how speaking to God against Israel, he said,
O the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and of the knowledge of God! How incomprehensible are his judgments and his ways past finding out! For who has understood the intent of the Lord? or who has been his counsellor?
according as he has chosen us in him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and without blemish before him in charity;
according as he has chosen us in him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and without blemish before him in charity;
according as he has chosen us in him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and without blemish before him in charity; having marked out beforehand the way for us to be adopted as sons by Jesus Christ in himself, according to the good pleasure of his will,
having marked out beforehand the way for us to be adopted as sons by Jesus Christ in himself, according to the good pleasure of his will,
having made known unto us the mystery of his will, according to his good pleasure which he has purposed in himself,
in him in whom likewise we have obtained an inheritance, having had the way marked out beforehand according to the purpose of him who works all things after the counsel of his own will,
in him in whom likewise we have obtained an inheritance, having had the way marked out beforehand according to the purpose of him who works all things after the counsel of his own will,
in him in whom likewise we have obtained an inheritance, having had the way marked out beforehand according to the purpose of him who works all things after the counsel of his own will,
And he has made you alive, who were dead in trespasses and sins, in which in time past ye walked according to the course of this world, according to the will of the prince of the power of this air, the spirit that now works in the sons of disobedience, read more. among whom also we all had our conversation in times past in the lusts of our flesh, fulfilling the desires of the flesh and of the mind and were by nature the children of wrath, even as all the others. But God, who is rich in mercy, for his great charity with which he loved us, even as we were dead in sins, he has made us alive together with the Christ (by whose grace ye are saved) and has raised us up together and made us sit together in heavenly places in Christ Jesus, That in the ages to come he might show the exceeding riches of his grace in his kindness toward us in Christ Jesus. For by grace are ye saved through faith and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God,
Husbands, love your wives even as the Christ also loved the congregation and gave himself for her, that he might sanctify and cleanse her in the washing of water by the word, read more. that he might present her glorious for himself, a congregation , not having spot or wrinkle or any such thing, but that she should be holy and without blemish.
rooted and built up in him and confirmed in the faith, as ye have been taught, abounding therein with thanksgiving.
But we should always give thanks to God for you, brethren, beloved of the Lord, because God has from the beginning chosen you to saving health through the sanctification of the Spirit and faith in the truth,
Therefore, brethren, stand fast and retain the doctrine which ye have been taught, whether by word or our epistle.
Peter, apostle of Jesus, the Christ, to the strangers scattered in Pontus, in Galatia, in Cappadocia, in Asia, and in Bithynia,
and a stone of stumbling and a rock of offense, even to those who stumble at the word, not obeying in that for which they were ordained.
and from Jesus, the Christ, who is the faithful witness and the first begotten of the dead and the prince of the kings of the earth. Unto him that loved us and washed us from our sins with his own blood and has made us kings and priests unto God and his Father; to him be glory and dominion for ever and ever. Amen.
Thou art worthy, O Lord, to receive glory and honour and virtue; for thou hast created all things, and by thy will they have their being and were created.
and cried with a loud voice, saying, Salvation unto him who is seated upon the throne of our God and unto the Lamb.
And I saw and, behold, the Lamb stood upon Mount Sion and with him a hundred and forty-four thousand, having the name of his Father written in their foreheads. And I heard a voice from heaven as the voice of many waters and as the voice of a great thunder; and I heard the voice of harpers harping with their harps; read more. and they sang as it were a new song before the throne and before the four animals and the elders; and no one could learn that song but the hundred and forty-four thousand, who were redeemed from the earth. These are those who are not defiled with women, for they are virgins. These are those who follow the Lamb wherever he goes. These are redeemed from among men, being the firstfruits unto God and to the Lamb. And in their mouth was found no guile, for they are without blemish before the throne of God. And I saw another angel fly in the midst of heaven, having the eternal gospel that he might evangelize those that dwell on the earth and every nation and kindred and tongue and people,
Watsons
PREDESTINATION, according to some, is a judgment, or decree of God, by which he has resolved, from all eternity, to save a certain number of persons, hence named elect. Others define it, a decree to give faith in Jesus Christ to a certain number of men, and to leave the rest to their own malice and hardness of heart. A third, more Scripturally, God's eternal purpose to save all that "truly repent and unfeignedly believe his holy Gospel,"