Reference: Man
Easton
(1.) Heb 'Adam, used as the proper name of the first man. The name is derived from a word meaning "to be red," and thus the first man was called Adam because he was formed from the red earth. It is also the generic name of the human race (Ge 1:26-27; 5:2; 8:21; De 8:3). Its equivalents are the Latin homo and the Greek anthropos (Mt 5:13,16). It denotes also man in opposition to woman (Ge 3:12; Mt 19:10).
(2.) Heb 'ish, like the Latin vir and Greek aner, denotes properly a man in opposition to a woman (1Sa 17:33; Mt 14:21); a husband (Ge 3:16; Ho 2:16); man with reference to excellent mental qualities.
(3.) Heb 'enosh, man as mortal, transient, perishable (2Ch 14:11; Isa 8:1; Job 15:14; Ps 8:4; 9:19-20; 103:15). It is applied to women (Jos 8:25).
(4.) Heb geber, man with reference to his strength, as distinguished from women (De 22:5) and from children (Ex 12:37); a husband (Pr 6:34).
(5.) Heb methim, men as mortal (Isa 41:14), and as opposed to women and children (De 3:6; Job 11:3; Isa 3:25).
Man was created by the immediate hand of God, and is generically different from all other creatures (Ge 1:26-27; 2:7). His complex nature is composed of two elements, two distinct substances, viz., body and soul (Ge 2:7; Ec 12:7; 2Co 5:1-8).
The words translated "spirit" and "soul," in 1Th 5:23; Heb 4:12, are habitually used interchangeably (Mt 10:28; 16:26; 1Pe 1:22). The "spirit" (Gr. pneuma) is the soul as rational; the "soul" (Gr. psuche) is the same, considered as the animating and vital principle of the body.
Man was created in the likeness of God as to the perfection of his nature, in knowledge (Col 3:10), righteousness, and holiness (Eph 4:24), and as having dominion over all the inferior creatures (Ge 1:28). He had in his original state God's law written on his heart, and had power to obey it, and yet was capable of disobeying, being left to the freedom of his own will. He was created with holy dispositions, prompting him to holy actions; but he was fallible, and did fall from his integrity (Ge 3:1-6). (See Fall of man.)
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And God said, "Let us make man in our similitude and after our likeness: that he may have rule over the fish of the sea, and over the fowls of the air, and over cattle, and over all the earth, and over all worms that creep on the earth."
And God said, "Let us make man in our similitude and after our likeness: that he may have rule over the fish of the sea, and over the fowls of the air, and over cattle, and over all the earth, and over all worms that creep on the earth." And God created man after his likeness, after the likeness of God created he him; male and female created he them.
And God created man after his likeness, after the likeness of God created he him; male and female created he them. And God blessed them, and God said unto them, "Grow and multiply, and fill the earth and subdue it, and have dominion over the fishes of the sea, and over the fowls of the air, and over all the beasts that move on the earth.
Then the LORD God shope man, even of the mold of the earth, and breathed into his face the breath of life. So man was made a living soul.
Then the LORD God shope man, even of the mold of the earth, and breathed into his face the breath of life. So man was made a living soul.
But the serpent was subtler than all the beasts of the field which the LORD God had made; and said unto the woman, "Ah sir, that God hath said, ye shall not eat of all manner trees in the garden." And the woman said unto the serpent, "Of the fruit of the trees in the garden we may eat, read more. but of the fruit of the tree that is in the midst of the garden, said God, see that ye eat not, and see that ye touch it not: lest ye die." Then said the serpent unto the woman, "Tush, ye shall not die: but God doth know, that whensoever ye should eat of it, your eyes should be opened and ye should be as God and know both good and evil." And the woman saw that it was a good tree to eat of, and lusty unto the eyes, and a pleasant tree for to make wise. And took of the fruit of it and ate, and gave unto her husband also with her, and he ate.
And Adam answered, "The woman which thou gavest to bear me company, she took me of the tree, and I ate."
And unto the woman he said, "I will surely increase thy sorrow and make thee oft with child, and with pain shalt thou be delivered: And thy lusts shall pertain unto thy husband and he shall rule thee."
Male and female made he them, and called their names man, in the day when they were created.
And the LORD smelled a sweet savour and said in his heart, "I will henceforth no more curse the earth for man's sake, for the imagination of man's heart is evil even from the very youth of him. Moreover I will not destroy from henceforth all that liveth as I have done.
Thus took the children of Israel their journey from Rameses to Succoth; six hundred thousand men of foot, beside children.
And we utterly destroyed them, as we played with Sihon king of Heshbon: bringing to nought all the cities with men, women and children.
He humbled thee and made thee hunger and fed thee with Manna, which neither thou nor thy father knew of, to make thee know that a man must not live by bread only: but by all that proceedeth out of the mouth of the LORD must a man live.
The woman shall not wear that which pertaineth unto the man, neither shall a man put on woman's raiment. For all that do so, are abomination unto the LORD thy God.
And all that fell that day, both of men and women, were twelve thousand, even all the men of Ai.
And Saul said to David again, "Thou art not able to go unto this Philistine, to fight with him. For thou art but a lad, and he hath been a man of war even from his youth."
And Asa cried unto the LORD his God and said, "LORD, it is all one with thee to help them that have no power, with few or with many: help us O LORD our God, for we trust to thee, and in thine name be come against this multitude. Thou art the LORD our God: let not man prevail against thee."
Should men give ear unto thee only? Thou wilt laugh other men to scorn; and shall nobody mock thee again?
What is man, that he should be clean? What hath he, which is born of a woman, whereby he might be known to be righteous?
What is man, that thou art mindful of him? And what is the son of man that thou visitest him?
Arise, LORD, and let no man have the upper hand; let the Heathen be judged in thy sight. O LORD, put a schoolmaster over them, that the Heathen may know themselves to be but men. Selah.
that a man in his time is but as grass, and flourisheth as a flower of the field.
For the jealousy and wrath of the man will not be intreated;
Or dust be turned again unto earth from whence it came, and or the spirit return unto God, which gave it.
Their husbands and their mighty men shall perish with the sword in battle.
Moreover the LORD said unto me, "Take thee a great leaf, and write in it, as men do with a pen, 'Make hasty speed to rob, and haste to the spoil.'"
Be not afraid, thou little worm Jacob, and thou despised Israel: for I will help thee, sayeth the LORD, and the holy one of Israel thine avenger.
Then, sayeth the LORD, she shall say unto me, 'O my husband,' and shall call me no more Baal.
"Ye are the salt of the earth: but and if the salt have lost her saltiness, what can be salted therewith? It is thenceforth good for nothing, but to be cast out, and to be trodden underfoot of men.
Let your light so shine before men, that they may see your good works, and glorify your father which is in heaven.
And fear ye not them which kill the body, and be not able to kill the soul: but rather fear him which is able to destroy both soul and body into hell.
And they that ate were in number about five thousand men, besides women and children.
What shall it profit a man, though he should win all the whole world, if he lose his own soul? Or else, what shall a man give to redeem his soul again withal?
Then said his disciples to him, "If the matter be so between man and wife, then is it not good to marry."
and put on that new man, which after the image of God is shapen in righteousness, and true holiness.
and the new put on; which is renewed in knowledge, after the image of him that made him:
The very God of peace sanctify you throughout. And I pray God that your whole spirit, soul, and body, be kept faultless unto the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ.
for the word of God is quick, and mighty in operation, and sharper than any two edged sword: and entereth through, even unto the dividing asunder of the soul and the spirit and of the joints, and the marrow: and judgeth the thoughts and the intents of the heart.
Fausets
(See ADAM; CIVILIZATION; CREATION .) Hebrew "Aadam," from a root "ruddy" or fair, a genetic term. "iysh," "man noble and brave". "Geber," "a mighty man, war-like hero", from gabar, "to be strong". "nowsh" (from 'aanash, "sick, diseased"), "wretched man": "what is "wretched man" (nowsh) that Thou shouldest be mindful of him?" (Ps 8:4; Job 15:14.) "methim," "mortal men"; Isa 41:14, "fear not ... ye men (mortals few and feeble though ye be, methey) of Israel." In addition to the proofs given in the above articles that man's civilization came from God at the first, is the fact that no creature is so helpless as man in his infancy.
The instincts of lower animals are perfect at first, the newborn lamb turns at once from the mother's breast to the grass; but by man alone are the wants of the infant, bodily and mental, supplied until he is old enough to provide for himself. Therefore, if Adam had come into the world as a child he could not have lived in it. Not by the natural law of evolution, but by the Creator's special interposition, man came into the world, the priest of nature, to interpret her inarticulate language and offer conscious adoration before God. As Adam's incarnation was the crowning miracle of nature, so Christ's incarnation is the crowning miracle of grace; He represents man before God, as man represents nature, not by ordinary descent but by the extraordinary operation of the Holy Spirit. Not a full grown man as Adam; but, in order to identify Himself with our weakness, a helpless infant.
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What is man, that he should be clean? What hath he, which is born of a woman, whereby he might be known to be righteous?
What is man, that thou art mindful of him? And what is the son of man that thou visitest him?
Be not afraid, thou little worm Jacob, and thou despised Israel: for I will help thee, sayeth the LORD, and the holy one of Israel thine avenger.
Hastings
The Bible is concerned with man only from the religious standpoint, with his relation to God. This article will deal only with the religious estimate of man, as other matters which might have been included will be found in other articles (Creation, Eschatology, Fall, Sin, Psychology). Man's dignity, as made by special resolve and distinct act of God in God's image and likeness (synonymous terms), with dominion over the other creatures, and for communion with God, as asserted in the double account of his Creation in Ge 1; 2, and man's degradation by his own choice of evil, as presented figuratively in the story of his Fall in Ge 3, are the two aspects of man that are everywhere met with. The first is explicitly affirmed in Ps 8, an echo of Ge 1; the second, without any explicit reference to the story in Ge 3, is taken for granted in the OT (see esp. Ps 51), and is still more emphasized in the NT, with distinct allusion to the Fall and its consequences (see esp. Ro 5:12-21; 7:7-25). While the OT recognizes man's relation to the world around him, his materiality and frailty as 'flesh' (wh. see), and describes him as 'dust and ashes' in comparison with God (Ge 2:7; 3:19; 18:27), yet as made in God's image it endows him with reason, conscience, affection, free will. Adam is capable of recognizing the qualities of, and so of naming, the living creatures (Ge 2:19), cannot find a help meet among them (Ge 2:20), is innocent (Ge 2:25), and capable of moral obedience (Ge 2:16-17) and religious communion (Ge 3:9-10). The Spirit of God is in man not only as life, but also as wisdom and understanding, counsel and might, skill and courage (see Inspiration). The Divine immanence in man as the Divine providence for man is affirmed (Pr 20:27).
In the NT man's dignity is represented as Divine sonship. In St. Luke's Gospel Adam is described as 'son of God' (Lu 3:38). St. Paul speaks of man as 'the image and glory of God' (1Co 11:7), approves the poet's words, 'we also are his offspring,' asserts the unity of the race, and God's guidance in its history (Ac 17:26-28). In his argument in Romans regarding universal sinfulness, he assumes that even the Gentiles have the law of God written in their hearts, and thus can exercise moral judgment on themselves and others (Ro 2:15). Jesus' testimony to the Fatherhood of God, including the care and bounty in Providence as well as the grace in Redemption, has as its counterpart His estimate of the absolute worth of the human soul (see Mt 10:30; 16:26; Lu 10:20,15). While God's care and bounty are unlimited, yet Jesus does seem to limit the title 'child or son of God' to those who have religious fellowship and seek moral kinship with God (see Mt 5:9,45; cf. Joh 1:12). St. Paul's doctrine of man's adoption by faith in God's grace does not contradict the teaching of Jesus. The writer of Hebrews sees the promise of man's dominion in Ps 8 fulfilled only in Christ (Heb 2:8-9). Man's history, according to the Fourth Evangelist, is consummated in the Incarnation (Joh 1:14).
The Bible estimate of man's value is shown in its anticipation of his destiny
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Then the LORD God shope man, even of the mold of the earth, and breathed into his face the breath of life. So man was made a living soul.
And the LORD God commanded Adam, saying, "Of all the trees of the garden see thou eat: But of the tree of knowledge of good and bad see that thou eat not: For even the same day thou eatest of it, thou shalt surely die.
And after that the LORD God had made of the earth all manner beasts of the field, and all manner fowls of the air, he brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them. And as Adam called all manner living beasts: even so are their names. And Adam gave names unto all manner cattle, and unto the fowls of the air, and unto all manner beasts of the field. But there was no help found unto Adam to bear him company.
And they were either of them naked, both Adam and his wife, and were not ashamed.
And the LORD God called Adam and said unto him, "Where art thou?" And he answered, "Thy voice I heard in the garden, but I was afraid because I was naked, and therefore hid myself."
In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, until thou return unto the earth whence thou wast taken: for earth thou art, and unto earth shalt thou return."
And Abraham answered and said, "Behold, I have taken upon me to speak unto the LORD, and yet am but dust and ashes.
The lantern of the LORD is the breath of man; and goeth through all the inward parts of the body.
Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called the children of God.
that ye may be the children of your father that is in heaven: for he maketh his sun to arise on the evil and on the good, and sendeth his rain on the just and unjust.
And now are all the hairs of your heads numbered.
What shall it profit a man, though he should win all the whole world, if he lose his own soul? Or else, what shall a man give to redeem his soul again withal?
which was the son of Enos: which was the son of Seth: which was the son of Adam: which was the son of God.
And thou Capernaum which art exalted to heaven, shalt be thrust down to hell;
Nevertheless, in this rejoice not, that the spirits are under your power: But rejoice because your names are written in heaven."
But as many as received him, to them gave he power to be the sons of God: in that they believed on his name:
And the word was made flesh, and dwelt among us, and we saw the glory of it, as the glory of the only begotten son of the father, which word was full of grace, and verity.
and hath made of one blood all nations of men, for to dwell on all the face of the earth; and hath assigned before: how long time, and also the ends of their inhabitation. That they should seek God, if they might feel and find him: though he be not far from every one of us. read more. For in him we live, move, and have our being, as certain of your own poets said. For we are also his generation.
which show the deed of the law written in their hearts: While their conscience beareth witness unto them, and also their thoughts, accusing one another, or excusing,
Wherefore, as by one man sin entered into the world, and death by the means of sin; And so death went over all men, insomuch that all men sinned. For even unto the time of the law was sin in the world: but sin was not regarded, as long as there was no law: read more. Nevertheless, death reigned from Adam to Moses, even over them also that sinned not, with like transgression as did Adam: which is the similitude of him that is to come. But the gift is not like as the sin. For if, through the sin of one, many be dead: much more plenteous, upon many, was the grace of God and gift by grace: which grace was given by one man, Jesus Christ. And the gift is not over one sin, as death came through one sin of one that sinned. For damnation came of one sin unto condemnation: But the gift came to justify from many sins. For if by the sin of one, death reigned by the means of one, much more shall they which receive abundance of grace and of the gift of righteousness reign in life by the means of one; that is to say, Jesus Christ. Likewise, then, as by the sin of one, condemnation came on all men: even so, by the justifying of one cometh the righteousness that bringeth life, upon all men. For as by one man's disobedience many became sinners: so by the obedience of one shall many be made righteous. But the law, in the meantime, entered in that sin should increase. Neverthelater, where abundance of sin was, there was more plenteousness of grace. That as sin had reigned unto death, even so might grace reign through righteousness unto eternal life, by the help of Jesus Christ.
What shall we say then? Is the law sin? God forbid: but I knew not what sin meant but by the law. For I had not known what lust had meant, except the law had said, "Thou shalt not lust." But sin took an occasion by the means of the commandment, and wrought in me all manner of concupiscence. For verily, without the law sin was dead. read more. I once lived without law: but when the commandment came, sin revived, and I was dead. And the very same commandment which was ordained unto life, was found to be unto me an occasion of death. For sin took occasion by the means of the commandment and so deceived me, and by the selfsame commandment, slew me. Wherefore the law is holy: and the commandment holy, just, and good. Was that, then, which is good made death unto me? God forbid. Nay, sin was death unto me, that it might appear: how that sin by the means of that which is good, had wrought death in me: that sin which is under the commandment, might be out of measure sinful. For we know that the law is spiritual: but I am carnal, sold under sin: because I know not what I do. For what I would, that do I not: but what I hate, that do I. If I do now that which I would not, I grant to the law that it is good. So then, now it is not I that do it, but sin that dwelleth in me. For I know that in me, that is to say, in my flesh, dwelleth no good thing. To will is present with me: but I find no means to perform that which is good. For I do not that good thing which I would: but that evil do I, which I would not. Finally, if I do that I would not, then is it not I that do it, but sin that dwelleth in me doeth it. I find then, by the law, that when I would do good, evil is present with me. I delight in the law of God, as concerning the inner man. But I see another law in my members rebelling against the law of my mind, and subduing me unto the law of sin, which is in my members. O wretched man that I am: who shall deliver me from this body of death? I thank God through Jesus Christ our Lord: So then I myself in my mind serve the law of God, and in my flesh the law of sin.
A man ought not to cover his head, forasmuch as he is the image and glory of God. The woman is the glory of the man.
Thou hast put all things in subjection under his feet." In that he put all things under him, he left nothing that is not put under him. Nevertheless, we yet see not all things subdued unto him. But him that was made less than the angels, we see that it was Iesus: which is crowned with glory and honour for the suffering of death; that he, by the grace of God, should taste of death for all men.
Morish
Various Hebrew words are frequently translated 'man.'
1. Adam, 'man,' a generic term for man, mankind. Ge 1:26-27.
2. ish, ' man,' implying 'strength and vigour' of mind and body, 1Sa 4:2; 26:15; also signifying 'husband' in contra-distinction to 'wife.' Ge 2:23; 3:6.
3. enosh, 'subject to corruption, mortal;' not used for man till after the fall. Ge 6:4; 12:20; Ps 103:15.
4. ben, 'son,' with words conjoined, 'son of valour,' or valiant man; 'son of strength,' or strong man. 2Ki 2:16, etc.
5. baal, 'master, lord.' Ge 20:3; Ex 24:14.
6. geber, 'mighty, war-like.' Ex 10:11; 12:37.
In some passages these different Hebrew words are used in contrast: as in Ge 6:4, "The sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, 1 and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men (gibbor) which were of old, men 3 of renown." In Ps 8:4; "What is man, 3 that thou art mindful of him? and the son of man, 1 that thou visitest him?" "God is not a man 2 that he should lie." Nu 23:19.
Man was God's crowning work of creation (see ADAM), and He set him in dominion over the sphere in which he was placed. It is impossible that man could by evolution have arisen from any of the lower forms of created life. God breathed into Adam's nostrils the breath of life, and man is responsible to Him as his Creator; and for this reason he will be called to account, which is not the case with any of the animals. "It is appointed unto men once to die, but after this the judgement." Heb 9:27. All have descended from Adam and Eve: God "hath made of one blood all nations of men for to dwell on all the face of the earth, and hath determined the times before appointed, and the bounds of their habitation; that they should seek the Lord or God." Ac 17:26-27.
The soul of man being immortal, he still exists after death, and it is revealed in scripture that his body will be raised, and he will either be in eternity away from God in punishment for the sins he has committed; or, by the grace of God, be in an eternity of happiness with the Lord Jesus through His atoning work on the cross.
In the N.T. the principal words are
1. nqrwpo" -->????????, man in the sense of 'humanity,' irrespective of sex. "Man shall not live by bread alone." Mt 4:4. In a few places it is used in a stricter sense in contrast to a woman: as "Is it lawful for a man to put away his wife?" Mt 19:3.
2. ????, man as distinguished from a woman. "The head of the woman is the man." 1Co 11:3. It is thus the common word used for 'husband:' a woman's man is her husband. "Joseph the husband of Mary." Mt 1:16,19. The words ???, ??????, ??????, are often translated 'man,' 'no man,' 'any man,' which would be more correctly translated 'one,' 'no one,' 'any one.' In 'men and brethren,' Ac 1:16; 2:29, etc., there are not two classes alluded to, but 'men who are brethren,' or, in our idiom, simply 'brethren.' So in Ac 7:2; 22:1, not three classes, but two: 'men who are brethren, and fathers.' See NEW MAN and OLD MAN.
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And God said, "Let us make man in our similitude and after our likeness: that he may have rule over the fish of the sea, and over the fowls of the air, and over cattle, and over all the earth, and over all worms that creep on the earth." And God created man after his likeness, after the likeness of God created he him; male and female created he them.
Then said Adam, "This is once bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh. This shall be called woman: because she was taken of the man."
And the woman saw that it was a good tree to eat of, and lusty unto the eyes, and a pleasant tree for to make wise. And took of the fruit of it and ate, and gave unto her husband also with her, and he ate.
There were tyrants in the world in those days. For after that the children of God had gone in unto the daughters of men and had begotten them children, the same children were the mightiest of the world and men of renown.
There were tyrants in the world in those days. For after that the children of God had gone in unto the daughters of men and had begotten them children, the same children were the mightiest of the world and men of renown.
Pharaoh also gave a charge unto his men over Abram, to lead him out, with his wife and all that he had.
And God came to Abimelech by night in a dream and said to him, "See, thou art but a dead man for the woman's sake which thou hast taken away, for she is a man's wife."
Nay, not so: but go ye that are men and serve the LORD, for that was your desire." And they thrust them out of Pharaoh's presence.
Thus took the children of Israel their journey from Rameses to Succoth; six hundred thousand men of foot, beside children.
and said unto the elders, "Tarry ye here until we come again unto you: And behold here is Aaron and Hur with you. If any man have any matters to do, let him come to them."
The Lord God is not a man, that he can lie; neither the son of a man, that he can repent! Should he say, and not do? Or should he speak, and not make it good?
and put themselves in array against Israel. And in the end of the battle Israel was put to the worse before the Philistines. And the Philistines slew in array along by the fields, about a four thousand men.
And David said to Abner, "Art not thou a man? And who is like thee in Israel? But wherefore hast thou not kept thy lord the king? For there came one of the folk to destroy the king thy lord.
And they said unto him, "See, there be among thy servants fifty lusty men; let them go and seek thy master: haply the spirit of the LORD hath taken him up and cast him upon some mountain or in some valley." And he said, "Send not."
What is man, that thou art mindful of him? And what is the son of man that thou visitest him?
that a man in his time is but as grass, and flourisheth as a flower of the field.
Jacob begat Joseph the husband of Mary, of whom was born that Jesus, that is called Christ.
Then Joseph her husband, being a perfect man, and loath to make an example of her, was minded to put her away secretly.
He answered and said, "It is written, 'Man shall not live by bread only, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of God.'"
Then came unto him the Pharisees to tempt him, and said to him, "Is it lawful for a man to put away his wife for all manner of causes?"
"Ye men and brethren, this scripture must have needs been fulfilled which the holy ghost, through the mouth of David, spake before of Judas, which was guide to them that took Jesus:
"Men and brethren, let me freely speak unto you of the patriarch David: For he is both dead and buried, and his sepulchre remaineth with us unto his day.
And he said, "Ye men, brethren, and fathers, hearken to. The God of glory appeared unto our father Abraham while he was yet in Mesopotamia, before he dwelt in Haran,
and hath made of one blood all nations of men, for to dwell on all the face of the earth; and hath assigned before: how long time, and also the ends of their inhabitation. That they should seek God, if they might feel and find him: though he be not far from every one of us.
"Ye men, brethren, and fathers, hear mine answer which I make unto you."
I would ye knew that Christ is the head of every man; and the man is the woman's head; and God is Christ's head.
And as it is appointed unto men that they shall once die, and then cometh the judgment,
Smith
Man.
Four Hebrew terms are rendered "man" in the Authorized Version:
1. Adam, the name of the man created in the image of God. It appears to be derived from adam, "he or it was red or ruddy," like Edom. This was the generic term for the human race.
2. Ish, "man," as distinguished from woman, husband.
3. Geber, "a man," from gabar, "to be strong," generally with reference to his strength.
4. Methim, "men," always masculine. Perhaps it may be derived from the root muth, "he died."