Reference: Proverbs, The Book of
Fausets
mishlee, plural of maashaal, "comparison" or "likeness." The Christian fathers (Clement, Ep. Cor. 1:57; Hegesippus, Irenaeus in Eusebius H. E. 4:22) entitle it "Wisdom, the sum of all virtues" (Panareros sophia). Pithy sayings (compare David's quotation, 1Sa 24:13), like similes or with a figure. The comparison is either expressed or left for the hearer to supply. So Balaam's "parable" is prophecy in figurative language (Nu 23:7-10; 1Sa 10:12; Eze 12:22-23; 17:2-3; 18:2; 20:49; 24:3; Lu 4:23). In Job 27:1 "parable" (Job 29:1) means a figurative, sententious, weighty embodiment of wisdom, not in this case short, but containing Job's whole argument (Ps 49:4, maashaal).
In Pr 1:6 "dark sayings" (chidah) are another form of proverbs, the enigmatical obscurity being designed to stimulate reflection (Hab 2:6; Judges 14; 1Ki 10:1; 2Ch 9:1; Eze 17:2; Ps 78:2); the melitsah (Pr 1:6), "interpretation" (so Chald. and Vulgate versions), for which Gesenius translated "a saying that needs an interpreter," i.e. enigmatical (Hab 2:6). For instance (Pr 12:27), "the slothful man roasteth not that which he took in hunting" requires discernment to see the point of comparison and the application; the slothful man is too lazy to hunt, and therefore has nothing to roast (compare 2Th 3:10). "Proverb" is with Jesus' disciples equivalent to an obscure saying (Joh 16:29).
Canonicity. The Book of Proverbs is found in all Jewish lists among the ketubim, "writings" (hagiographa), the third division of Scripture. The Talmud (Baba Bathra, 14 b.) gives the order, Ruth, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Lamentations, Daniel, Esther, Ezra (including Nehemiah), Chronicles. The New Testament quotes and so canonizes (Pr 1:16; Ro 3:10,15. Pr 3:7; Ro 12:16. Pr 3:11-12; Heb 12:5-6; Re 3:19. Pr 3:34; Jas 4:6. Pr 10:12; 1Pe 4:8. Pr 11:31; 1Pe 4:17-18. Pr 17:13; Ro 12:17; 1Th 5:15; 1Pe 3:9. Pr 17:27; Jas 1:19. Pr 20:9; 1Jo 1:8. Pr 20:20; Mt 15:4. Pr 22:8; 2Co 9:6; Ga 6:7,9. Pr 25:21-22; Ro 12:20. Pr 26:11; 2Pe 2:22. Pr 27:1; Jas 4:13).
Divisions and authorship. The same heading, "the proverbs of Solomon the son of David king of Israel" (Pr 1:1; 10:1; 25:1), marks the three divisions. Solomon spoke 3,000 proverbs (1Ki 4:32) and "set in order" the present selection (Proverbs 1-24; Ec 12:9). "Hezekiah" directed his pious "men" (perhaps Isaiah, Micah, Shebna, and Joah: 2Ki 18:18) to supplement the collection with a series of proverbs of Solomon, not included in the collection by the royal author (Pr 25:1; compare Sir 47:14; Sir 47:17). The Holy Spirit did not appoint all Solomon's proverbs indiscriminately to be put into the canon for all ages, but a selection suited for the ends of revelation. The bringing forth of God's word from obscurity fitly accompanied the reformation by pious Hezekiah, as in the case of Josiah's reformation (2Ch 31:21,21). The Jews assign the composition of the Song of Solomon to Solomon's youth, Proverbs to his manhood, and Ecclesiastes to his old age.
(1) Proverbs 1-9 are one connected whole, in which wisdom is recommended to youths; an introduction states the aim.
(2) Proverbs 10-22 are single detached proverbs; from Proverbs 10:1 to Proverbs 22:16; Proverbs 22:17 to Proverbs 24:21, form a more connected whole on righteousness and prudence, with an introduction; Pr 24:23-34, "these also belong to the wise," are an appendix of unconnected maxims.
(3) Proverbs 25-29, consisting of single sentences, are the selection of Hezekiah's men..
(4) Proverbs 30 is Agur's proverbs and enigmatical sayings..
(5) Proverbs 31 consists of king Lemuel's words (Pr 31:1-6), and an alphabetical acrostic in praise of a virtuous woman.
The repetition of many proverbs in a similar form in the middle division is due, not to their emanating from different authors, but to their having been selected out of different collections oral or written, of the same author Solomon, in which the same proverb appeared in a different connection; just as Jesus' sayings repeated in different connections (Pr 14:12; 16:25; 21:2,9,19; 10:1; 15:20; 10:2; 11:4; 10:15; 18:11; 15:33; 18:12; 11:21; 16:5; 14:31; 17:5; 19:12; 20:2). The Proverbs apply the truths of religion to practical life in sentences weighty and easily remembered by their terse point. (See POETRY.)
Gnomic poetry is peculiarly Semitic. Instead of philosophical reasonings and argument, the results of observation are embodied in terse proverbial similitudes and maxims. A proverb is defined as" the wit of one, the wisdom of many." When the nation's experiences had become matured Solomon in a time of national peace embodied them in gnomic proverbs. Internal tranquillity favored the growth of a contemplative spirit which suits such a work. Favorite phrases characterize the middle division, the style of which is simple and antique. The Proverbs are in antithetic parallelism, the second clause standing in contrast to the first. Here are the phrases "fountain of life," "tree of life," "snares of death," "healing," "health;" "destruction" (mechittah), Pr 10:14-15,29, nowhere else in Proverbs; (ad argiah) "but for a moment"; (yad leyad) "hand to hand," Pr 11:21; (nirgan) "a whisperer," "talebearer" )Pr 18:18, etc.), are characteristic of the middle division. The third division, namely, of Hezekiah's men, is marked by the interrogation "seest thou?" (Pr 26:12; 29:20.)
Things are compared by being placed side by side, connected simply by "and" (Pr 25:3,20). The antithesis is not so marked. The verses are not of two equal members; one is often shorter than the other; sometimes there are even three members in the verse. A cautious and mournful tone is thought to mark the language as to rulers, instead of the joy and reverence of the middle and older division; the, state of the nation under Hezekiah at the close of the eighth century B.C. accords with his selection of these proverbs of Solomon. The first division, with the closing part of the middle (Pr 10:1-22:16 being the germ of the book), Proverbs 1-9; Proverbs 22:17 - Proverbs 25:1, is characterized by favorite words and constructions: as chokmot, "wisdoms"; zarah, "the strange woman"; nokriah, "the foreigner," the adulteress who seduces youth, the opposite of true wisdom, found once in the middle division (Pr 22:14). Shephathaim, dual feminine, is constructed with the verb masculine plural.
Warning against envy at the sinner's seeming prosperity appears (Pr 3:31; 23:17; 24:1,19) as in Job. The disciplinary design of chastisement ("instruction," musar, Greek paideia, correction by discipline), Pr 3:11-13; so Job (Job 33:17-30; 5:17); wisdom (Pr 2:4; 3:14,8; Job 28; Pr 3:23; Job 5:22; Pr 8:25; Job 15:7-8). The similarity is probably due to Solomon's having become imbued with the spirit of the book of Job, through study of it. The language of the first division rises from a general exhortation, and then a particular one to youth to follow wisdom, to the sublimest and most universal strain at the close (Pr 6:20-9:18). This first division is continuous description and elucidation of truth, instead of the single proverb which characterizes the middle collection; the poetic parallelism is synonymous, not antithetic or synthetic, as in the middle division.
Keil truly says, after all these distinctions of parts, "one historical background is shown throughout, the contents corresponding only to the relations, culture, and experiences of life acquired by the political development of Israel under Solomon." The first part forms a connected mashal or parabolic commendation of wisdom. It is the porch, leading into the interior, the Proverbs proper, loosely connected. The ornamental, flowing style suits the young, to whom the first division is addressed. The second, addressed to men, is in brief, business like style, compressing much in brief compass for the right conduct of life.
The two sentences in each distich mutually complement each other, and the ellipsis in one is to be supplied from the antithesis in the other, e.g. (Pr 12:3), "a man shall not be established by wickedness (but shall be rooted out); but the root of the righteous shall (be established and) not be moved"; Pr 11:12, "he that is void of
See Verses Found in Dictionary
And he began his parable, and said, "Balak the king of Moab hath fetched me from Mesopotamia out of the mountains of the east saying, 'Come and curse me Jacob, come and defy me Israel.' How shall I curse whom God curseth not? And how shall I defy whom the LORD defieth not? read more. From the top of the rocks I see him, and from the hills I behold him: Lo, the people shall dwell by himself and shall not be reckoned among other nations. Who can tell the dust of Jacob, and the number of the fourth part of Israel? I pray God that my soul may die the death of the righteous, and that my last end may be like his!"
Let not the book of this law depart out of thy mouth: but record therein day and night that thou mayest be circumspect to do according to all that is written therein. For then shalt thou make thy way prosperous, and then thou shalt have understanding.
According to the old proverb, wickedness shall proceed out of the wicked: But mine hand be not upon thee.
And Solomon wrote three thousand proverbs. And his songs were a thousand and five.
And the queen of Sheba heard of the wisdom of Solomon concerning the name of the LORD, and came to prove him with riddles.
and called to the king. And there came out to them, Eliakim the son of Hilkiah steward of household, and Shebnah the scribe, and Joah the son of Asaph, the recorder.
And in all the works that he began in the service of the house of God, to seek his God after the law and commandment, that did he with all his heart, and prospered.
And in all the works that he began in the service of the house of God, to seek his God after the law and commandment, that did he with all his heart, and prospered.
"Behold, happy is the man whom God punisheth: therefore, despise not thou the chastening of the Almighty.
In destruction and dearth thou shalt be merry, and shalt not be afraid for the beasts of the earth:
Art thou the first man that ever was born? Or, wast thou made before the hills? Hast thou heard the secret counsel of God, that all wisdom is too little for thee?
that it is he, which withdraweth man from evil, delivereth him from pride, keepeth his soul from destruction, and his life from the sword. read more. "He chasteneth him with sickness, and bringeth him to his bed: he layeth sore punishment upon his bones, so that his life may away with no bread, and his soul abhorreth to eat any dainty meat: Insomuch that his body is clean consumed away, and his bones appear no more. His soul draweth on to destruction, and his life to death. Now if there be a messenger, one among a thousand sent for to speak unto man, and to show him the right way; then the LORD is merciful unto him, and sayeth, 'He shall be delivered, that he fall not down to destruction, for I am sufficiently reconciled.' Then his flesh, which hath been in misery and trouble, shall be as it was in his youth. For if he submit himself unto God, he is gracious, and showeth him his countenance joyfully, and rewardeth man for his righteousness. Such a respect hath he unto men. Therefore let a man confess, and say, 'I offended, but he hath chastened and reformed me: I did unrighteously nevertheless he hath not recompensed me thereafter. Yea, he hath delivered my soul from destruction, and my life, that it seeth the light.' "Lo, thus worketh God always with man, that he keepeth his soul from perishing, and letteth him enjoy the light of the living.
I will incline mine ear to the parable, and show my dark speech upon the harp.
I will open my mouth in similitudes, and will speak forth things which have been kept secret from the beginning of the world;
The proverbs of Solomon, the son of David king of Israel:
and he that is endued with understanding shall obtain wit to perceive a parable, and the interpretation thereof; the words of the wise, and the dark speeches of the same.
and he that is endued with understanding shall obtain wit to perceive a parable, and the interpretation thereof; the words of the wise, and the dark speeches of the same.
For their feet run to evil, and are hasty to shed blood.
If thou seekest after her as after money, and diggest for her as for treasures;
Be not wise in thine own conceit, but fear the LORD, and depart from evil: so shall thy navel be whole, and thy bones strong.
My son, despise not the chastening of the LORD, neither faint when thou are rebuked of him.
My son, despise not the chastening of the LORD, neither faint when thou are rebuked of him. For whom the LORD loveth, him he chasteneth: and yet delighteth in him even as a father in his own son.
For whom the LORD loveth, him he chasteneth: and yet delighteth in him even as a father in his own son. Well is him that findeth wisdom, and obtaineth understanding, read more. for the getting of it is better than any merchandise of silver, and the profit of it is better than gold.
Then shalt thou walk safely in thy way, and thy foot shall not stumble.
Follow not a wicked man, and choose none of his ways:
As for the scornful, he shall laugh them to scorn, but he shall give grace unto the lowly.
Before the foundations of the mountains were laid, yea before all hills was I born.
Proverbs of Solomon. A wise son maketh a glad father; but an indiscreet son is a heaviness unto his mother.
Proverbs of Solomon. A wise son maketh a glad father; but an indiscreet son is a heaviness unto his mother.
Proverbs of Solomon. A wise son maketh a glad father; but an indiscreet son is a heaviness unto his mother. Treasures that are wickedly gotten, profit nothing; but righteousness delivereth from death.
Treasures that are wickedly gotten, profit nothing; but righteousness delivereth from death. The LORD will not let the soul of the righteous suffer hunger; but he putteth the ungodly from his desire. read more. An idle hand maketh poor; but a quick laboring hand maketh rich. Whoso gathereth in summer is wise; but he that is sluggish in harvest, bringeth himself to confusion. Loving and favorable is the face of the righteous; but the forehead of the ungodly is past shame, and presumptuous. The memorial of the just shall have a good report; but the name of the ungodly shall stink. A wise man will receive warning; but a fool will sooner be smitten in the face. He that leadeth an innocent life, walketh surely; but whoso goeth a wrong way, shall be known. He that winketh with his eye, will do some harm; but he that hath a foolish mouth shall be beaten. The mouth of a righteous man is a well of life; but the mouth of the ungodly is past shame, and presumptuous. Evil will stirreth up strife; but love covereth the multitude of sins.
Evil will stirreth up strife; but love covereth the multitude of sins. In the lips of him that hath understanding a man shall find wisdom; but the rod belongeth to the back of the foolish. read more. Wise men lay up knowledge; but the mouth of the foolish is nigh destruction.
Wise men lay up knowledge; but the mouth of the foolish is nigh destruction. The rich man's goods are his stronghold; but poverty oppresseth the poor.
The rich man's goods are his stronghold; but poverty oppresseth the poor.
The rich man's goods are his stronghold; but poverty oppresseth the poor. The righteous laboureth to do good; but the ungodly useth his increase unto sin. read more. To take heed unto the chastening of nurture, is the way of life; but he that refuseth to be reformed, deceiveth himself. He that hideth hatred with lying lips, and he that speaketh slander, is a fool. Where much babbling is, there must needs be offense; he that refraineth his lips is wisest of all. An innocent tongue is a noble treasure; but the heart of the ungodly is nothing worth. The lips of the righteous feed a whole multitude; but fools shall die in their own folly. The blessing of the LORD, maketh rich men; as for careful travail, it doth nothing thereto.
The way of the LORD giveth a courage unto the godly; but it is a fear for wicked doers.
Riches help not in the day of vengeance; but righteousness delivereth from death.
A fool bringeth up a slander of his neighbour; but a wise man will keep it secret.
It shall not help the wicked, though they lay all their hands together; but the seed of the righteous shall be preserved.
It shall not help the wicked, though they lay all their hands together; but the seed of the righteous shall be preserved.
If the righteous be recompensed upon earth, how much more then the ungodly and the sinner?
A man cannot endure in ungodliness; but the root of the righteous shall not be moved.
A deceitful man shall find no vantage; but he that is content with that he hath, is more worth than gold.
There is a way which some men think to be right; but the end thereof leadeth unto death.
He that doth a poor man wrong, blasphemeth his maker; but whoso hath pity of the poor, doth honour unto God.
A wise son maketh a glad father; but an indiscreet body shameth his mother.
The fear of the LORD is the right science of wisdom; and lowliness goeth before honour.
The LORD abhorreth all presumptuous and proud hearts; there may neither strength nor power escape.
There is a way that men think to be right; but the end thereof leadeth unto death.
Whoso laugheth the poor to scorn, blasphemeth his maker; and he that is glad of another man's hurt, shall not be unpunished.
Whoso rewardeth evil for good, the plague shall not depart from his house.
He is wise and discreet that tempereth his words; and he is a man of understanding, that maketh much of his spirit.
But the rich man's goods are his stronghold, yea he taketh them for a high wall round about him. After pride cometh destruction; and honour after lowliness.
The lot pacifieth the variance, and parteth the mighty asunder.
The king's disfavor is like the roaring of a Lion, but his friendship is like the dew upon the grass.
The king ought to be feared as the roaring of a lion; whoso provoketh him unto anger, offendeth against his own soul.
Who can say, "My heart is clean, I am innocent from sin"?
Whoso curseth his father and mother, his light shall be put out in the midst of darkness.
Every man thinketh his own way to be right; but the LORD judgeth the hearts.
It is better to dwell in a corner under the housetop; than with a brawling woman in a wide house.
It is better to dwell in a wilderness, than with a chiding and an angry woman.
He that soweth wickedness shall reap sorrow; and the rod of his plague shall destroy him.
The mouth of a harlot is a deep pit; wherein he falleth that the LORD is angry withal.
My son, bow down thine ear, and hearken unto the words of wisdom, apply thy mind unto my doctrine -
Let not thine heart be jealous to follow sinners; but keep thee still in the fear of the LORD all the day long:
Be not thou jealous over wicked men, and desire not thou to be among them.
For a just man falleth seven times, and riseth up again; but the ungodly fall into wickedness.
Let not thy wrath and jealousy move thee, to follow the wicked and ungodly.
These are also the sayings of the wise. It is not good to have respect of any person in judgment.
These are also the sayings of the wise. It is not good to have respect of any person in judgment. He that sayeth unto the ungodly, "Thou art righteous," him shall the people curse; yea, the commonality shall abhor him.
He that sayeth unto the ungodly, "Thou art righteous," him shall the people curse; yea, the commonality shall abhor him. But they that rebuke the ungodly shall be commended, and a rich blessing shall come upon them.
But they that rebuke the ungodly shall be commended, and a rich blessing shall come upon them. He maketh himself to be well loved, that giveth a good answer.
He maketh himself to be well loved, that giveth a good answer. First, make up thy work that is without, and look well unto that which thou hast in the field, and then build thine house.
First, make up thy work that is without, and look well unto that which thou hast in the field, and then build thine house. Be no false witness against thy neighbour, and hurt him not with thy lips.
Be no false witness against thy neighbour, and hurt him not with thy lips. Say not, "I will handle him, even as he hath dealt with me, and will reward every man according to his deeds."
Say not, "I will handle him, even as he hath dealt with me, and will reward every man according to his deeds." I went by the field of the slothful, and by the vineyards of the foolish man.
I went by the field of the slothful, and by the vineyards of the foolish man. And lo, it was all covered with nettles, and stood full of thistles, and the stone wall was broken down.
And lo, it was all covered with nettles, and stood full of thistles, and the stone wall was broken down. This I saw, and considered it well: I looked upon it, and took it for a warning.
This I saw, and considered it well: I looked upon it, and took it for a warning. Yea, sleep on still a little, slumber a little, fold thine hands together yet a little;
Yea, sleep on still a little, slumber a little, fold thine hands together yet a little; so shall poverty come unto thee as one that travaileth by the way, and necessity like a weaponed man.
so shall poverty come unto thee as one that travaileth by the way, and necessity like a weaponed man.
These also are the proverbs of Solomon, which the men of Hezekiah king of Judah gathered together.
These also are the proverbs of Solomon, which the men of Hezekiah king of Judah gathered together.
The heaven is high, the earth is deep, and the kings' heart is unsearchable.
Whoso singeth a song to a heavy heart, clotheth him with rags in the cold, and poureth vinegar upon chalk. If thine enemy hunger, feed him; if he thirst, give him drink; read more. For so shalt thou heap coals of fire upon his head, and the LORD shall reward thee.
Like as the dog turneth again to his vomit, even so a fool beginneth his foolishness again afresh. If thou seest a man that is wise in his own conceit, there is more hope in a fool than in him.
Make not thy boast of tomorrow, for thou knowest not what may happen today.
If thou seest a man that is hasty to speak unadvised; thou mayest trust a fool more than him.
These are the words of king Lemuel, and the Prophecy that his mother taught him. My son, thou son of my body: O my dear beloved son, read more. give not over thy substance and mind unto women, which are the destruction even of kings. O Lemuel, give kings no wine, give kings and princes no strong drink; Lest they being drunken forget the law, and regard not the cause of the poor, and of all such as be in adversity. Give strong drink unto such as are condemned to death, and wine unto those that mourn:
The same preacher was not wise alone, but taught the people knowledge also: he gave good heed, sought out the ground and set forth many parables.
"Thou son of man, what manner of byword is that, which ye use in the land of Israel? Saying, 'Tush, seeing that the days are so slack in coming, all the visions are of none effect.' Tell them therefore, 'Thus sayeth the LORD God: I will make that byword to cease, so that it shall no more be commonly used in Israel.' But say this unto them, 'The days are at hand, that everything which hath been prophesied, shall be fulfilled.
"Thou son of man, put forth a dark speaking and a parable unto the house of Israel, and say, 'Thus sayeth the LORD God: There came a great Eagle with great wings; yea, with mighty long wings, full of feathers of divers colours; upon the mount of Lebanon, and took a branch from a Cedar tree,
"What mean ye by this common proverb, that ye use in the land of Israel, saying, 'The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children's teeth are set on edge'?
Then said I, "O LORD, they will say of me, 'Tush, they are but fables that he telleth.'"
Show that obstinate household a parable, and speak unto them, 'Thus sayeth the LORD God: Get thee a pot, set it on, and pour water into it:
But shall not all these take up a proverb against him, and mock him with a byword, and say, "Woe unto him that heapeth up other men's goods: How long will he lade himself with thick clay?"
But shall not all these take up a proverb against him, and mock him with a byword, and say, "Woe unto him that heapeth up other men's goods: How long will he lade himself with thick clay?"
For God commanded, saying, 'Honour thy father and mother,' and, 'He that curseth father or mother, shall suffer death.'
And he said unto them, "Ye may very well say unto me this proverb. 'Physician, heal thyself. Whatsoever we have heard done in Capernaum, do the same here likewise in thine own country.'"
His disciples said unto him, "Lo, now speakest thou plainly, and thou usest no proverb.
as it is written, "There is none righteous, no not one:
"Their feet are swift to shed blood.
Be of like affection one towards another. Be not high minded, but make yourselves equal to them of the lower sort. Be not wise in your own opinions. Recompense to no man evil for evil. Provide aforehand things honest in the sight of all men.
Therefore, if thine enemy hunger, feed him: if he thirst, give him drink. For in so doing thou shalt heap coals of fire on his head.
Be not deceived, God is not mocked. For whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he reap.
Let us not be weary of well doing. For when the time is come we shall reap without weariness.
For when we were with you, this we warned you of, that if there were any which would not work, that the same should not eat.
And ye have forgotten the consolation which speaketh unto you, as unto children, "My son despise not the chastening of the Lord, neither faint when thou art rebuked of him: For whom the Lord loveth, him he chasteneth: yea, and he scourgeth every son that he receiveth."
Wherefore, dear brethren, let every man be swift to hear, slow to speak, and slow to wrath.
but giveth more grace?
Go to now, ye that say, "Today and tomorrow let us go into such a city and continue there a year and buy, and sell, and win,"
As many as I love, I rebuke and chasten. Be fervent therefore and repent.