Reference: Man
Easton
(1.) Heb 'Adam, used as the proper name of the first man. The name is derived from a word meaning "to be red," and thus the first man was called Adam because he was formed from the red earth. It is also the generic name of the human race (Ge 1:26-27; 5:2; 8:21; De 8:3). Its equivalents are the Latin homo and the Greek anthropos (Mt 5:13,16). It denotes also man in opposition to woman (Ge 3:12; Mt 19:10).
(2.) Heb 'ish, like the Latin vir and Greek aner, denotes properly a man in opposition to a woman (1Sa 17:33; Mt 14:21); a husband (Ge 3:16; Ho 2:16); man with reference to excellent mental qualities.
(3.) Heb 'enosh, man as mortal, transient, perishable (2Ch 14:11; Isa 8:1; Job 15:14; Ps 8:4; 9:19-20; 103:15). It is applied to women (Jos 8:25).
(4.) Heb geber, man with reference to his strength, as distinguished from women (De 22:5) and from children (Ex 12:37); a husband (Pr 6:34).
(5.) Heb methim, men as mortal (Isa 41:14), and as opposed to women and children (De 3:6; Job 11:3; Isa 3:25).
Man was created by the immediate hand of God, and is generically different from all other creatures (Ge 1:26-27; 2:7). His complex nature is composed of two elements, two distinct substances, viz., body and soul (Ge 2:7; Ec 12:7; 2Co 5:1-8).
The words translated "spirit" and "soul," in 1Th 5:23; Heb 4:12, are habitually used interchangeably (Mt 10:28; 16:26; 1Pe 1:22). The "spirit" (Gr. pneuma) is the soul as rational; the "soul" (Gr. psuche) is the same, considered as the animating and vital principle of the body.
Man was created in the likeness of God as to the perfection of his nature, in knowledge (Col 3:10), righteousness, and holiness (Eph 4:24), and as having dominion over all the inferior creatures (Ge 1:28). He had in his original state God's law written on his heart, and had power to obey it, and yet was capable of disobeying, being left to the freedom of his own will. He was created with holy dispositions, prompting him to holy actions; but he was fallible, and did fall from his integrity (Ge 3:1-6). (See Fall of man.)
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And God saith, 'Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness, and let them rule over fish of the sea, and over fowl of the heavens, and over cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that is creeping on the earth.'
And God saith, 'Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness, and let them rule over fish of the sea, and over fowl of the heavens, and over cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that is creeping on the earth.' And God prepareth the man in His image; in the image of God He prepared him, a male and a female He prepared them.
And God prepareth the man in His image; in the image of God He prepared him, a male and a female He prepared them. And God blesseth them, and God saith to them, 'Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the earth, and subdue it, and rule over fish of the sea, and over fowl of the heavens, and over every living thing that is creeping upon the earth.'
And Jehovah God formeth the man -- dust from the ground, and breatheth into his nostrils breath of life, and the man becometh a living creature.
And Jehovah God formeth the man -- dust from the ground, and breatheth into his nostrils breath of life, and the man becometh a living creature.
And the serpent hath been subtile above every beast of the field which Jehovah God hath made, and he saith unto the woman, 'Is it true that God hath said, Ye do not eat of every tree of the garden?' And the woman saith unto the serpent, 'Of the fruit of the trees of the garden we do eat, read more. and of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden God hath said, Ye do not eat of it, nor touch it, lest ye die.' And the serpent saith unto the woman, 'Dying, ye do not die, for God doth know that in the day of your eating of it -- your eyes have been opened, and ye have been as God, knowing good and evil.' And the woman seeth that the tree is good for food, and that it is pleasant to the eyes, and the tree is desirable to make one wise, and she taketh of its fruit and eateth, and giveth also to her husband with her, and he doth eat;
and the man saith, 'The woman whom Thou didst place with me -- she hath given to me of the tree -- and I do eat.'
Unto the woman He said, 'Multiplying I multiply thy sorrow and thy conception, in sorrow dost thou bear children, and toward thy husband is thy desire, and he doth rule over thee.'
a male and a female He hath prepared them, and He blesseth them, and calleth their name Man, in the day of their being prepared.
and Jehovah smelleth the sweet fragrance, and Jehovah saith unto His heart, 'I continue not to disesteem any more the ground because of man, though the imagination of the heart of man is evil from his youth; and I continue not to smite any more all living, as I have done;
And the sons of Israel journey from Rameses to Succoth, about six hundred thousand men on foot, apart from infants;
and we devote them, as we have done to Sihon king of Heshbon, devoting every city, men, the women, and the infants;
'And He doth humble thee, and cause thee to hunger and doth cause thee to eat the manna (which thou hast not known, even thy fathers have not known), in order to cause thee to know that not by bread alone doth man live, but by every produce of the mouth of Jehovah man doth live.
The habiliments of a man are not on a woman, nor doth a man put on the garment of a woman, for the abomination of Jehovah thy God is any one doing these.
and all who fall during the day, of men and of women, are twelve thousand -- all men of Ai.
And Saul saith unto David, 'Thou art not able to go unto this Philistine, to fight with him, for a youth thou art, and he a man of war from his youth.'
And Asa calleth unto Jehovah his God, and saith, 'Jehovah! it is nothing with Thee to help, between the mighty and those who have no power; help us, O Jehovah, our God, for on Thee we have leant, and in Thy name we have come against this multitude; O Jehovah, our God thou art; let him not prevail with Thee -- mortal man!
What is man that he is pure, And that he is righteous, one born of woman?
What is man that Thou rememberest him? The son of man that Thou inspectest him?
Rise, O Jehovah, let not man be strong, Let nations be judged before Thy face. Appoint, O Jehovah, a director to them, Let nations know they are men! Selah.
Mortal man! as grass are his days, As a flower of the field so he flourisheth;
For jealousy is the fury of a man, And he doth not spare in a day of vengeance.
And the dust returneth to the earth as it was, And the spirit returneth to God who gave it.
And Jehovah saith unto me, 'Take to thee a great tablet, and write upon it with a graving tool of man, To haste spoil, enjoy prey.'
Fear not, O worm Jacob, ye men of Israel, I helped thee, an affirmation of Jehovah, Even thy redeemer, the Holy One of Israel.
And it hath come to pass, in that day, An affirmation of Jehovah, Thou dost call Me -- My husband, And dost not call Me any more -- My lord.
'Ye are the salt of the land, but if the salt may lose savour, in what shall it be salted? for nothing is it good henceforth, except to be cast without, and to be trodden down by men.
so let your light shine before men, that they may see your good works, and may glorify your Father who is in the heavens.
'And be not afraid of those killing the body, and are not able to kill the soul, but fear rather Him who is able both soul and body to destroy in gehenna.
for what is a man profited if he may gain the whole world, but of his life suffer loss? or what shall a man give as an exchange for his life?
His disciples say to him, 'If the case of the man with the woman is so, it is not good to marry.'
and to put on the new man, which, according to God, was created in righteousness and kindness of the truth.
and having put on the new, which is renewed in regard to knowledge, after the image of Him who did create him;
and the God of the peace Himself sanctify you wholly, and may your whole spirit, and soul, and body, be preserved unblameably in the presence of our Lord Jesus Christ;
for the reckoning of God is living, and working, and sharp above every two-edged sword, and piercing unto the dividing asunder both of soul and spirit, of joints also and marrow, and a discerner of thoughts and intents of the heart;
Fausets
(See ADAM; CIVILIZATION; CREATION .) Hebrew "Aadam," from a root "ruddy" or fair, a genetic term. "iysh," "man noble and brave". "Geber," "a mighty man, war-like hero", from gabar, "to be strong". "nowsh" (from 'aanash, "sick, diseased"), "wretched man": "what is "wretched man" (nowsh) that Thou shouldest be mindful of him?" (Ps 8:4; Job 15:14.) "methim," "mortal men"; Isa 41:14, "fear not ... ye men (mortals few and feeble though ye be, methey) of Israel." In addition to the proofs given in the above articles that man's civilization came from God at the first, is the fact that no creature is so helpless as man in his infancy.
The instincts of lower animals are perfect at first, the newborn lamb turns at once from the mother's breast to the grass; but by man alone are the wants of the infant, bodily and mental, supplied until he is old enough to provide for himself. Therefore, if Adam had come into the world as a child he could not have lived in it. Not by the natural law of evolution, but by the Creator's special interposition, man came into the world, the priest of nature, to interpret her inarticulate language and offer conscious adoration before God. As Adam's incarnation was the crowning miracle of nature, so Christ's incarnation is the crowning miracle of grace; He represents man before God, as man represents nature, not by ordinary descent but by the extraordinary operation of the Holy Spirit. Not a full grown man as Adam; but, in order to identify Himself with our weakness, a helpless infant.
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What is man that he is pure, And that he is righteous, one born of woman?
What is man that Thou rememberest him? The son of man that Thou inspectest him?
Fear not, O worm Jacob, ye men of Israel, I helped thee, an affirmation of Jehovah, Even thy redeemer, the Holy One of Israel.
Hastings
The Bible is concerned with man only from the religious standpoint, with his relation to God. This article will deal only with the religious estimate of man, as other matters which might have been included will be found in other articles (Creation, Eschatology, Fall, Sin, Psychology). Man's dignity, as made by special resolve and distinct act of God in God's image and likeness (synonymous terms), with dominion over the other creatures, and for communion with God, as asserted in the double account of his Creation in Ge 1; 2, and man's degradation by his own choice of evil, as presented figuratively in the story of his Fall in Ge 3, are the two aspects of man that are everywhere met with. The first is explicitly affirmed in Ps 8, an echo of Ge 1; the second, without any explicit reference to the story in Ge 3, is taken for granted in the OT (see esp. Ps 51), and is still more emphasized in the NT, with distinct allusion to the Fall and its consequences (see esp. Ro 5:12-21; 7:7-25). While the OT recognizes man's relation to the world around him, his materiality and frailty as 'flesh' (wh. see), and describes him as 'dust and ashes' in comparison with God (Ge 2:7; 3:19; 18:27), yet as made in God's image it endows him with reason, conscience, affection, free will. Adam is capable of recognizing the qualities of, and so of naming, the living creatures (Ge 2:19), cannot find a help meet among them (Ge 2:20), is innocent (Ge 2:25), and capable of moral obedience (Ge 2:16-17) and religious communion (Ge 3:9-10). The Spirit of God is in man not only as life, but also as wisdom and understanding, counsel and might, skill and courage (see Inspiration). The Divine immanence in man as the Divine providence for man is affirmed (Pr 20:27).
In the NT man's dignity is represented as Divine sonship. In St. Luke's Gospel Adam is described as 'son of God' (Lu 3:38). St. Paul speaks of man as 'the image and glory of God' (1Co 11:7), approves the poet's words, 'we also are his offspring,' asserts the unity of the race, and God's guidance in its history (Ac 17:26-28). In his argument in Romans regarding universal sinfulness, he assumes that even the Gentiles have the law of God written in their hearts, and thus can exercise moral judgment on themselves and others (Ro 2:15). Jesus' testimony to the Fatherhood of God, including the care and bounty in Providence as well as the grace in Redemption, has as its counterpart His estimate of the absolute worth of the human soul (see Mt 10:30; 16:26; Lu 10:20,15). While God's care and bounty are unlimited, yet Jesus does seem to limit the title 'child or son of God' to those who have religious fellowship and seek moral kinship with God (see Mt 5:9,45; cf. Joh 1:12). St. Paul's doctrine of man's adoption by faith in God's grace does not contradict the teaching of Jesus. The writer of Hebrews sees the promise of man's dominion in Ps 8 fulfilled only in Christ (Heb 2:8-9). Man's history, according to the Fourth Evangelist, is consummated in the Incarnation (Joh 1:14).
The Bible estimate of man's value is shown in its anticipation of his destiny
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And Jehovah God formeth the man -- dust from the ground, and breatheth into his nostrils breath of life, and the man becometh a living creature.
And Jehovah God layeth a charge on the man, saying, 'Of every tree of the garden eating thou dost eat; and of the tree of knowledge of good and evil, thou dost not eat of it, for in the day of thine eating of it -- dying thou dost die.'
And Jehovah God formeth from the ground every beast of the field, and every fowl of the heavens, and bringeth in unto the man, to see what he doth call it; and whatever the man calleth a living creature, that is its name. And the man calleth names to all the cattle, and to fowl of the heavens, and to every beast of the field; and to man hath not been found an helper -- as his counterpart.
And they are both of them naked, the man and his wife, and they are not ashamed of themselves.
And Jehovah God calleth unto the man, and saith to him, 'Where art thou?' and he saith, 'Thy sound I have heard in the garden, and I am afraid, for I am naked, and I hide myself.'
by the sweat of thy face thou dost eat bread till thy return unto the ground, for out of it hast thou been taken, for dust thou art, and unto dust thou turnest back.'
And Abraham answereth and saith, 'Lo, I pray thee, I have willed to speak unto the Lord, and I -- dust and ashes;
The breath of man is a lamp of Jehovah, Searching all the inner parts of the heart.
Happy the peacemakers -- because they shall be called Sons of God.
that ye may be sons of your Father in the heavens, because His sun He doth cause to rise on evil and good, and He doth send rain on righteous and unrighteous.
for what is a man profited if he may gain the whole world, but of his life suffer loss? or what shall a man give as an exchange for his life?
the son of Cainan, the son of Enos, the son of Seth, the son of Adam, the son of God.
'And thou, Capernaum, which unto the heaven wast exalted, unto hades thou shalt be brought down.
but, in this rejoice not, that the spirits are subjected to you, but rejoice rather that your names were written in the heavens.'
but as many as did receive him to them he gave authority to become sons of God -- to those believing in his name,
And the Word became flesh, and did tabernacle among us, and we beheld his glory, glory as of an only begotten of a father, full of grace and truth.
He made also of one blood every nation of men, to dwell upon all the face of the earth -- having ordained times before appointed, and the bounds of their dwellings -- to seek the Lord, if perhaps they did feel after Him and find, -- though, indeed, He is not far from each one of us, read more. for in Him we live, and move, and are; as also certain of your poets have said: For of Him also we are offspring.
who do shew the work of the law written in their hearts, their conscience also witnessing with them, and between one another the thoughts accusing or else defending,
because of this, even as through one man the sin did enter into the world, and through the sin the death; and thus to all men the death did pass through, for that all did sin; for till law sin was in the world: and sin is not reckoned when there is not law; read more. but the death did reign from Adam till Moses, even upon those not having sinned in the likeness of Adam's transgression, who is a type of him who is coming. But, not as the offence so also is the free gift; for if by the offence of the one the many did die, much more did the grace of God, and the free gift in grace of the one man Jesus Christ, abound to the many; and not as through one who did sin is the free gift, for the judgment indeed is of one to condemnation, but the gift is of many offences to a declaration of 'Righteous,' for if by the offence of the one the death did reign through the one, much more those, who the abundance of the grace and of the free gift of the righteousness are receiving, in life shall reign through the one -- Jesus Christ. So, then, as through one offence to all men it is to condemnation, so also through one declaration of 'Righteous' it is to all men to justification of life; for as through the disobedience of the one man, the many were constituted sinners: so also through the obedience of the one, shall the many be constituted righteous. And law came in, that the offence might abound, and where the sin did abound, the grace did overabound, that even as the sin did reign in the death, so also the grace may reign, through righteousness, to life age-during, through Jesus Christ our Lord.
What, then, shall we say? the law is sin? let it not be! but the sin I did not know except through law, for also the covetousness I had not known if the law had not said: Thou shalt not covet;' and the sin having received an opportunity, through the command, did work in me all covetousness -- for apart from law sin is dead. read more. And I was alive apart from law once, and the command having come, the sin revived, and I died; and the command that is for life, this was found by me for death; for the sin, having received an opportunity, through the command, did deceive me, and through it did slay me; so that the law, indeed, is holy, and the command holy, and righteous, and good. That which is good then, to me hath it become death? let it not be! but the sin, that it might appear sin, through the good, working death to me, that the sin might become exceeding sinful through the command, for we have known that the law is spiritual, and I am fleshly, sold by the sin; for that which I work, I do not acknowledge; for not what I will, this I practise, but what I hate, this I do. And if what I do not will, this I do, I consent to the law that it is good, and now it is no longer I that work it, but the sin dwelling in me, for I have known that there doth not dwell in me, that is, in my flesh, good: for to will is present with me, and to work that which is right I do not find, for the good that I will, I do not; but the evil that I do not will, this I practise. And if what I do not will, this I do, it is no longer I that work it, but the sin that is dwelling in me. I find, then, the law, that when I desire to do what is right, with me the evil is present, for I delight in the law of God according to the inward man, and I behold another law in my members, warring against the law of my mind, and bringing me into captivity to the law of the sin that is in my members. A wretched man I am! who shall deliver me out of the body of this death? I thank God -- through Jesus Christ our Lord; so then, I myself indeed with the mind do serve the law of God, and with the flesh, the law of sin.
for a man, indeed, ought not to cover the head, being the image and glory of God, and a woman is the glory of a man,
all things Thou didst put in subjection under his feet,' for in the subjecting to him the all things, nothing did He leave to him unsubjected, and now not yet do we see the all things subjected to him, and him who was made some little less than messengers we see -- Jesus -- because of the suffering of the death, with glory and honour having been crowned, that by the grace of God for every one he might taste of death.
Morish
Various Hebrew words are frequently translated 'man.'
1. Adam, 'man,' a generic term for man, mankind. Ge 1:26-27.
2. ish, ' man,' implying 'strength and vigour' of mind and body, 1Sa 4:2; 26:15; also signifying 'husband' in contra-distinction to 'wife.' Ge 2:23; 3:6.
3. enosh, 'subject to corruption, mortal;' not used for man till after the fall. Ge 6:4; 12:20; Ps 103:15.
4. ben, 'son,' with words conjoined, 'son of valour,' or valiant man; 'son of strength,' or strong man. 2Ki 2:16, etc.
5. baal, 'master, lord.' Ge 20:3; Ex 24:14.
6. geber, 'mighty, war-like.' Ex 10:11; 12:37.
In some passages these different Hebrew words are used in contrast: as in Ge 6:4, "The sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, 1 and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men (gibbor) which were of old, men 3 of renown." In Ps 8:4; "What is man, 3 that thou art mindful of him? and the son of man, 1 that thou visitest him?" "God is not a man 2 that he should lie." Nu 23:19.
Man was God's crowning work of creation (see ADAM), and He set him in dominion over the sphere in which he was placed. It is impossible that man could by evolution have arisen from any of the lower forms of created life. God breathed into Adam's nostrils the breath of life, and man is responsible to Him as his Creator; and for this reason he will be called to account, which is not the case with any of the animals. "It is appointed unto men once to die, but after this the judgement." Heb 9:27. All have descended from Adam and Eve: God "hath made of one blood all nations of men for to dwell on all the face of the earth, and hath determined the times before appointed, and the bounds of their habitation; that they should seek the Lord or God." Ac 17:26-27.
The soul of man being immortal, he still exists after death, and it is revealed in scripture that his body will be raised, and he will either be in eternity away from God in punishment for the sins he has committed; or, by the grace of God, be in an eternity of happiness with the Lord Jesus through His atoning work on the cross.
In the N.T. the principal words are
1. nqrwpo" -->????????, man in the sense of 'humanity,' irrespective of sex. "Man shall not live by bread alone." Mt 4:4. In a few places it is used in a stricter sense in contrast to a woman: as "Is it lawful for a man to put away his wife?" Mt 19:3.
2. ????, man as distinguished from a woman. "The head of the woman is the man." 1Co 11:3. It is thus the common word used for 'husband:' a woman's man is her husband. "Joseph the husband of Mary." Mt 1:16,19. The words ???, ??????, ??????, are often translated 'man,' 'no man,' 'any man,' which would be more correctly translated 'one,' 'no one,' 'any one.' In 'men and brethren,' Ac 1:16; 2:29, etc., there are not two classes alluded to, but 'men who are brethren,' or, in our idiom, simply 'brethren.' So in Ac 7:2; 22:1, not three classes, but two: 'men who are brethren, and fathers.' See NEW MAN and OLD MAN.
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And God saith, 'Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness, and let them rule over fish of the sea, and over fowl of the heavens, and over cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that is creeping on the earth.' And God prepareth the man in His image; in the image of God He prepared him, a male and a female He prepared them.
and the man saith, 'This is the proper step! bone of my bone, and flesh of my flesh!' for this it is called Woman, for from a man hath this been taken;
And the woman seeth that the tree is good for food, and that it is pleasant to the eyes, and the tree is desirable to make one wise, and she taketh of its fruit and eateth, and giveth also to her husband with her, and he doth eat;
The fallen ones were in the earth in those days, and even afterwards when sons of God come in unto daughters of men, and they have borne to them -- they are the heroes, who, from of old, are the men of name.
The fallen ones were in the earth in those days, and even afterwards when sons of God come in unto daughters of men, and they have borne to them -- they are the heroes, who, from of old, are the men of name.
And Pharaoh chargeth men concerning him, and they send him away, and his wife, an all that he hath.
And God cometh in unto Abimelech in a dream of the night, and saith to him, 'Lo, thou art a dead man, because of the woman whom thou hast taken -- and she married to a husband.'
not so! go now, ye who are men, and serve Jehovah, for that ye are seeking;' and one casteth them out from the presence of Pharaoh.
And the sons of Israel journey from Rameses to Succoth, about six hundred thousand men on foot, apart from infants;
and unto the elders he hath said, 'Abide ye for us in this place, until that we turn back unto you, and lo, Aaron and Hur are with you -- he who hath matters doth come nigh unto them.'
God is not a man -- and lieth, And a son of man -- and repenteth! Hath He said -- and doth He not do it? And spoken -- and doth He not confirm it?
and the Philistines set themselves in array to meet Israel, and the battle spreadeth itself, and Israel is smitten before the Philistines, and they smite among the ranks in the field about four thousand men.
And David saith unto Abner, 'Art not thou a man? and who is like thee in Israel? but why hast thou not watched over thy lord the king? for one of the people had come in to destroy the king, thy lord.
and say unto him, 'Lo, we pray thee, there are with thy servants fifty men, sons of valour: let them go, we pray thee, and they seek thy lord, lest the Spirit of Jehovah hath taken him up, and doth cast him on one of the hills, or into one of the valleys;' and he saith, 'Ye do not send.'
What is man that Thou rememberest him? The son of man that Thou inspectest him?
Mortal man! as grass are his days, As a flower of the field so he flourisheth;
and Jacob begat Joseph, the husband of Mary, of whom was begotten Jesus, who is named Christ.
and Joseph her husband being righteous, and not willing to make her an example, did wish privately to send her away.
But he answering said, 'It hath been written, Not upon bread alone doth man live, but upon every word coming forth from the mouth of God.'
And the Pharisees came near to him, tempting him, and saying to him, 'Is it lawful for a man to put away his wife for every cause?'
'Men, brethren, it behoved this Writing that it be fulfilled that beforehand the Holy Spirit spake through the mouth of David, concerning Judas, who became guide to those who took Jesus,
'Men, brethren! it is permitted to speak with freedom unto you concerning the patriarch David, that he both died and was buried, and his tomb is among us unto this day;
and he said, 'Men, brethren, and fathers, hearken: The God of the glory did appear to our father Abraham, being in Mesopotamia, before his dwelling in Haran,
He made also of one blood every nation of men, to dwell upon all the face of the earth -- having ordained times before appointed, and the bounds of their dwellings -- to seek the Lord, if perhaps they did feel after Him and find, -- though, indeed, He is not far from each one of us,
and I wish you to know that of every man the head is the Christ, and the head of a woman is the husband, and the head of Christ is God.
and as it is laid up to men once to die, and after this -- judgment,
Smith
Man.
Four Hebrew terms are rendered "man" in the Authorized Version:
1. Adam, the name of the man created in the image of God. It appears to be derived from adam, "he or it was red or ruddy," like Edom. This was the generic term for the human race.
2. Ish, "man," as distinguished from woman, husband.
3. Geber, "a man," from gabar, "to be strong," generally with reference to his strength.
4. Methim, "men," always masculine. Perhaps it may be derived from the root muth, "he died."