Reference: Proverbs, The Book of
Fausets
mishlee, plural of maashaal, "comparison" or "likeness." The Christian fathers (Clement, Ep. Cor. 1:57; Hegesippus, Irenaeus in Eusebius H. E. 4:22) entitle it "Wisdom, the sum of all virtues" (Panareros sophia). Pithy sayings (compare David's quotation, 1Sa 24:13), like similes or with a figure. The comparison is either expressed or left for the hearer to supply. So Balaam's "parable" is prophecy in figurative language (Nu 23:7-10; 1Sa 10:12; Eze 12:22-23; 17:2-3; 18:2; 20:49; 24:3; Lu 4:23). In Job 27:1 "parable" (Job 29:1) means a figurative, sententious, weighty embodiment of wisdom, not in this case short, but containing Job's whole argument (Ps 49:4, maashaal).
In Pr 1:6 "dark sayings" (chidah) are another form of proverbs, the enigmatical obscurity being designed to stimulate reflection (Hab 2:6; Judges 14; 1Ki 10:1; 2Ch 9:1; Eze 17:2; Ps 78:2); the melitsah (Pr 1:6), "interpretation" (so Chald. and Vulgate versions), for which Gesenius translated "a saying that needs an interpreter," i.e. enigmatical (Hab 2:6). For instance (Pr 12:27), "the slothful man roasteth not that which he took in hunting" requires discernment to see the point of comparison and the application; the slothful man is too lazy to hunt, and therefore has nothing to roast (compare 2Th 3:10). "Proverb" is with Jesus' disciples equivalent to an obscure saying (Joh 16:29).
Canonicity. The Book of Proverbs is found in all Jewish lists among the ketubim, "writings" (hagiographa), the third division of Scripture. The Talmud (Baba Bathra, 14 b.) gives the order, Ruth, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Lamentations, Daniel, Esther, Ezra (including Nehemiah), Chronicles. The New Testament quotes and so canonizes (Pr 1:16; Ro 3:10,15. Pr 3:7; Ro 12:16. Pr 3:11-12; Heb 12:5-6; Re 3:19. Pr 3:34; Jas 4:6. Pr 10:12; 1Pe 4:8. Pr 11:31; 1Pe 4:17-18. Pr 17:13; Ro 12:17; 1Th 5:15; 1Pe 3:9. Pr 17:27; Jas 1:19. Pr 20:9; 1Jo 1:8. Pr 20:20; Mt 15:4. Pr 22:8; 2Co 9:6; Ga 6:7,9. Pr 25:21-22; Ro 12:20. Pr 26:11; 2Pe 2:22. Pr 27:1; Jas 4:13).
Divisions and authorship. The same heading, "the proverbs of Solomon the son of David king of Israel" (Pr 1:1; 10:1; 25:1), marks the three divisions. Solomon spoke 3,000 proverbs (1Ki 4:32) and "set in order" the present selection (Proverbs 1-24; Ec 12:9). "Hezekiah" directed his pious "men" (perhaps Isaiah, Micah, Shebna, and Joah: 2Ki 18:18) to supplement the collection with a series of proverbs of Solomon, not included in the collection by the royal author (Pr 25:1; compare Sir 47:14; Sir 47:17). The Holy Spirit did not appoint all Solomon's proverbs indiscriminately to be put into the canon for all ages, but a selection suited for the ends of revelation. The bringing forth of God's word from obscurity fitly accompanied the reformation by pious Hezekiah, as in the case of Josiah's reformation (2Ch 31:21,21). The Jews assign the composition of the Song of Solomon to Solomon's youth, Proverbs to his manhood, and Ecclesiastes to his old age.
(1) Proverbs 1-9 are one connected whole, in which wisdom is recommended to youths; an introduction states the aim.
(2) Proverbs 10-22 are single detached proverbs; from Proverbs 10:1 to Proverbs 22:16; Proverbs 22:17 to Proverbs 24:21, form a more connected whole on righteousness and prudence, with an introduction; Pr 24:23-34, "these also belong to the wise," are an appendix of unconnected maxims.
(3) Proverbs 25-29, consisting of single sentences, are the selection of Hezekiah's men..
(4) Proverbs 30 is Agur's proverbs and enigmatical sayings..
(5) Proverbs 31 consists of king Lemuel's words (Pr 31:1-6), and an alphabetical acrostic in praise of a virtuous woman.
The repetition of many proverbs in a similar form in the middle division is due, not to their emanating from different authors, but to their having been selected out of different collections oral or written, of the same author Solomon, in which the same proverb appeared in a different connection; just as Jesus' sayings repeated in different connections (Pr 14:12; 16:25; 21:2,9,19; 10:1; 15:20; 10:2; 11:4; 10:15; 18:11; 15:33; 18:12; 11:21; 16:5; 14:31; 17:5; 19:12; 20:2). The Proverbs apply the truths of religion to practical life in sentences weighty and easily remembered by their terse point. (See POETRY.)
Gnomic poetry is peculiarly Semitic. Instead of philosophical reasonings and argument, the results of observation are embodied in terse proverbial similitudes and maxims. A proverb is defined as" the wit of one, the wisdom of many." When the nation's experiences had become matured Solomon in a time of national peace embodied them in gnomic proverbs. Internal tranquillity favored the growth of a contemplative spirit which suits such a work. Favorite phrases characterize the middle division, the style of which is simple and antique. The Proverbs are in antithetic parallelism, the second clause standing in contrast to the first. Here are the phrases "fountain of life," "tree of life," "snares of death," "healing," "health;" "destruction" (mechittah), Pr 10:14-15,29, nowhere else in Proverbs; (ad argiah) "but for a moment"; (yad leyad) "hand to hand," Pr 11:21; (nirgan) "a whisperer," "talebearer" )Pr 18:18, etc.), are characteristic of the middle division. The third division, namely, of Hezekiah's men, is marked by the interrogation "seest thou?" (Pr 26:12; 29:20.)
Things are compared by being placed side by side, connected simply by "and" (Pr 25:3,20). The antithesis is not so marked. The verses are not of two equal members; one is often shorter than the other; sometimes there are even three members in the verse. A cautious and mournful tone is thought to mark the language as to rulers, instead of the joy and reverence of the middle and older division; the, state of the nation under Hezekiah at the close of the eighth century B.C. accords with his selection of these proverbs of Solomon. The first division, with the closing part of the middle (Pr 10:1-22:16 being the germ of the book), Proverbs 1-9; Proverbs 22:17 - Proverbs 25:1, is characterized by favorite words and constructions: as chokmot, "wisdoms"; zarah, "the strange woman"; nokriah, "the foreigner," the adulteress who seduces youth, the opposite of true wisdom, found once in the middle division (Pr 22:14). Shephathaim, dual feminine, is constructed with the verb masculine plural.
Warning against envy at the sinner's seeming prosperity appears (Pr 3:31; 23:17; 24:1,19) as in Job. The disciplinary design of chastisement ("instruction," musar, Greek paideia, correction by discipline), Pr 3:11-13; so Job (Job 33:17-30; 5:17); wisdom (Pr 2:4; 3:14,8; Job 28; Pr 3:23; Job 5:22; Pr 8:25; Job 15:7-8). The similarity is probably due to Solomon's having become imbued with the spirit of the book of Job, through study of it. The language of the first division rises from a general exhortation, and then a particular one to youth to follow wisdom, to the sublimest and most universal strain at the close (Pr 6:20-9:18). This first division is continuous description and elucidation of truth, instead of the single proverb which characterizes the middle collection; the poetic parallelism is synonymous, not antithetic or synthetic, as in the middle division.
Keil truly says, after all these distinctions of parts, "one historical background is shown throughout, the contents corresponding only to the relations, culture, and experiences of life acquired by the political development of Israel under Solomon." The first part forms a connected mashal or parabolic commendation of wisdom. It is the porch, leading into the interior, the Proverbs proper, loosely connected. The ornamental, flowing style suits the young, to whom the first division is addressed. The second, addressed to men, is in brief, business like style, compressing much in brief compass for the right conduct of life.
The two sentences in each distich mutually complement each other, and the ellipsis in one is to be supplied from the antithesis in the other, e.g. (Pr 12:3), "a man shall not be established by wickedness (but shall be rooted out); but the root of the righteous shall (be established and) not be moved"; Pr 11:12, "he that is void of
See Verses Found in Dictionary
And he took up his parable, and said, Balak the king of Moab hath brought me from Aram, from the mountains of the east: Come, curse me Jacob, and come, denounce Israel! How shall I curse whom God hath not cursed? or how shall I denounce whom Jehovah doth not denounce? read more. For from the top of the rocks I see him, and from the hills I behold him: Lo, it is a people that shall dwell alone and shall not be reckoned among the nations. Who can count the dust of Jacob, and the number of the fourth part of Israel? Let my soul die the death of the righteous, and let my end be like his!
This book of the law shall not depart from thy mouth; and thou shalt meditate upon it day and night, that thou mayest take heed to do according to all that is written therein; for then shalt thou have good success in thy ways, and then shalt thou prosper.
As saith the proverb of the ancients, Wickedness proceedeth from the wicked; but my hand shall not be upon thee.
And he spoke three thousand proverbs; and his songs were a thousand and five.
And the queen of Sheba heard of the fame of Solomon in connection with the name of Jehovah, and came to prove him with enigmas.
And they called to the king. Then came forth to them Eliakim the son of Hilkijah, who was over the household, and Shebnah the scribe, and Joah the son of Asaph, the chronicler.
And in every work that he undertook in the service of the house of God, and in the law, and in the commandments, to seek his God, he did it with all his heart and prospered.
And in every work that he undertook in the service of the house of God, and in the law, and in the commandments, to seek his God, he did it with all his heart and prospered.
Behold, happy is the man whom +God correcteth; therefore despise not the chastening of the Almighty.
At destruction and famine thou shalt laugh, and of the beasts of the earth thou shalt not be afraid.
Art thou the first man that was born? and wast thou brought forth before the hills? Hast thou listened in the secret council of +God? And hast thou absorbed wisdom for thyself?
That he may withdraw man from his work, and hide pride from man. He keepeth back his soul from the pit, and his life from passing away by the sword. read more. He is chastened also with pain upon his bed, and with constant strife in his bones; And his life abhorreth bread, and his soul dainty food; His flesh is consumed away from view, and his bones that were not seen stick out; And his soul draweth near to the pit, and his life to the destroyers. If there be a messenger with him, an interpreter, one among a thousand, to shew unto man his duty; Then he will be gracious unto him, and say, Deliver him from going down to the pit: I have found a ransom. His flesh shall be fresher than in childhood; he shall return to the days of his youth. He shall pray unto +God, and he will receive him with favour; and he shall see his face with shoutings, and he will render unto man his righteousness. He will sing before men, and say, I have sinned, and perverted what was right, and it hath not been requited to me; He hath delivered my soul from going into the pit, and my life shall see the light. Lo, all these things worketh God twice, thrice, with man, To bring back his soul from the pit, that he may be enlightened with the light of the living.
I will incline mine ear to a parable, I will open my riddle upon the harp.
I will open my mouth in a parable; I will utter riddles from of old,
Proverbs of Solomon, son of David, king of Israel:
to understand a proverb and an allegory, the words of the wise and their enigmas.
to understand a proverb and an allegory, the words of the wise and their enigmas.
for their feet run to evil, and they make haste to shed blood.
if thou seekest her as silver and searchest for her as for hidden treasures:
Be not wise in thine own eyes; fear Jehovah, and depart from evil: it shall be health for thy navel, and moisture for thy bones.
My son, despise not the instruction of Jehovah, neither be weary of his chastisement;
My son, despise not the instruction of Jehovah, neither be weary of his chastisement; for whom Jehovah loveth he chasteneth, even as a father the son in whom he delighteth.
for whom Jehovah loveth he chasteneth, even as a father the son in whom he delighteth. Blessed is the man that findeth wisdom, and the man that getteth understanding. read more. For the gain thereof is better than the gain of silver, and her revenue than fine gold.
Then shalt thou walk in thy way securely, and thy foot shall not stumble;
Envy not the man of violence, and choose none of his ways.
He indeed scorneth the scorners; but he giveth grace unto the lowly.
The Proverbs of Solomon. A wise son maketh a glad father; but a foolish son is the grief of his mother.
The Proverbs of Solomon. A wise son maketh a glad father; but a foolish son is the grief of his mother.
The Proverbs of Solomon. A wise son maketh a glad father; but a foolish son is the grief of his mother. Treasures of wickedness profit nothing; but righteousness delivereth from death.
Treasures of wickedness profit nothing; but righteousness delivereth from death. Jehovah suffereth not the soul of the righteous man to famish; but he repelleth the craving of the wicked. read more. He cometh to want that dealeth with a slack hand; but the hand of the diligent maketh rich. He that gathereth in summer is a wise son; he that sleepeth in harvest is a son that causeth shame. Blessings are upon the head of a righteous man; but the mouth of the wicked covereth violence. The memory of the righteous man shall be blessed; but the name of the wicked shall rot. The wise in heart receiveth commandments; but a prating fool shall fall. He that walketh in integrity walketh securely; but he that perverteth his ways shall be known. He that winketh with the eye causeth grief, and a prating fool shall fall. The mouth of a righteous man is a fountain of life; but the mouth of the wicked covereth violence. Hatred stirreth up strifes; but love covereth all transgressions.
Hatred stirreth up strifes; but love covereth all transgressions. In the lips of an intelligent man wisdom is found; but a rod is for the back of him that is void of understanding. read more. The wise lay up knowledge; but the mouth of the fool is near destruction.
The wise lay up knowledge; but the mouth of the fool is near destruction. The rich man's wealth is his strong city; the destruction of the poor is their poverty.
The rich man's wealth is his strong city; the destruction of the poor is their poverty.
The rich man's wealth is his strong city; the destruction of the poor is their poverty. The labour of a righteous man tendeth to life; the revenue of a wicked man, to sin. read more. Keeping instruction is the path to life; but he that forsaketh reproof goeth astray. He that covereth hatred hath lying lips, and he that sendeth forth a slander is a fool. In the multitude of words there wanteth not transgression; but he that restraineth his lips doeth wisely. The tongue of the righteous man is as choice silver; the heart of the wicked is little worth. The lips of a righteous man feed many; but fools die for want of understanding. The blessing of Jehovah, it maketh rich, and he addeth no sorrow to it.
The way of Jehovah is strength to the perfect man, but destruction to the workers of iniquity.
Wealth profiteth not in the day of wrath; but righteousness delivereth from death.
He that despiseth his neighbour is void of heart; but a man of understanding holdeth his peace.
Hand for hand! an evil man shall not be held innocent; but the seed of the righteous shall be delivered.
Hand for hand! an evil man shall not be held innocent; but the seed of the righteous shall be delivered.
Behold, the righteous shall be requited on the earth: how much more the wicked and the sinner.
A man shall not be established by wickedness; but the root of the righteous shall not be moved.
The slothful roasteth not what he took in hunting; but man's precious substance is to the diligent.
There is a way that seemeth right unto a man, but the end thereof is the ways of death.
He that oppresseth the poor reproacheth his Maker; but he that honoureth Him is gracious to the needy.
A wise son maketh a glad father; but a foolish man despiseth his mother.
The fear of Jehovah is the discipline of wisdom, and before honour goeth humility.
Every proud heart is an abomination to Jehovah: hand for hand, he shall not be held innocent.
There is a way that seemeth right unto a man, but the end thereof is the ways of death.
Whoso mocketh a poor man reproacheth his Maker; he that is glad at calamity shall not be held innocent.
Whoso rewardeth evil for good, evil shall not depart from his house.
He that hath knowledge spareth his words; and a man of understanding is of a cool spirit.
The rich man's wealth is his strong city, and as a high wall in his own imagination. Before destruction the heart of man is haughty; and before honour goeth humility.
The lot causeth contentions to cease, and parteth between the mighty.
The king's displeasure is as the roaring of a lion; but his favour is as dew upon the grass.
The terror of a king is as the roaring of a lion: he that provoketh him to anger sinneth against his own soul.
Who can say, I have made my heart clean, I am pure from my sin?
Whoso curseth his father or his mother, his lamp shall be put out in the blackest darkness.
Every way of a man is right in his own eyes; but Jehovah weigheth the hearts.
It is better to dwell in a corner of the housetop, than with a contentious woman, and a house in common.
It is better to dwell in a desert land. than with a contentious and irritable woman.
He that soweth unrighteousness shall reap iniquity, and the rod of his wrath shall have an end.
The mouth of strange women is a deep ditch: he with whom Jehovah is displeased shall fall therein.
Incline thine ear, and hear the words of the wise, and apply thy heart unto my knowledge.
Let not thy heart envy sinners, but be thou in the fear of Jehovah all the day;
Be not thou envious of evil men, neither desire to be with them;
For the righteous falleth seven times, and riseth up again; but the wicked stumble into disaster.
Fret not thyself because of evil-doers, and be not envious of the wicked:
These things also come from the wise. It is not good to have respect of persons in judgment.
These things also come from the wise. It is not good to have respect of persons in judgment. He that saith unto the wicked, Thou art righteous, peoples shall curse him, nations shall abhor him;
He that saith unto the wicked, Thou art righteous, peoples shall curse him, nations shall abhor him; but to them that rebuke him shall be delight, and a good blessing cometh upon them.
but to them that rebuke him shall be delight, and a good blessing cometh upon them. He kisseth the lips who giveth a right answer.
He kisseth the lips who giveth a right answer. Prepare thy work without, and put thy field in order, and afterwards build thy house.
Prepare thy work without, and put thy field in order, and afterwards build thy house. Be not a witness against thy neighbour without cause; and wouldest thou deceive with thy lips?
Be not a witness against thy neighbour without cause; and wouldest thou deceive with thy lips? Say not, I will do so to him as he hath done to me, I will render to the man according to his work.
Say not, I will do so to him as he hath done to me, I will render to the man according to his work. I went by the field of a sluggard, and by the vineyard of a man void of understanding;
I went by the field of a sluggard, and by the vineyard of a man void of understanding; and lo, it was all grown over with thistles, and nettles had covered the face thereof, and its stone wall was broken down.
and lo, it was all grown over with thistles, and nettles had covered the face thereof, and its stone wall was broken down. Then I looked, I took it to heart; I saw, I received instruction:
Then I looked, I took it to heart; I saw, I received instruction: A little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to rest!
A little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to rest! So shall thy poverty come as a roving plunderer, and thy penury as an armed man.
So shall thy poverty come as a roving plunderer, and thy penury as an armed man.
These are also proverbs of Solomon, which the men of Hezekiah king of Judah transcribed.
These are also proverbs of Solomon, which the men of Hezekiah king of Judah transcribed.
The heavens for height, and the earth for depth, and the heart of kings is unsearchable.
As he that taketh off a garment in cold weather, and as vinegar upon nitre, so is he that singeth songs to a sad heart. If thine enemy be hungry, give him bread to eat; and if he be thirsty, give him water to drink: read more. for thou shalt heap coals of fire upon his head, and Jehovah shall reward thee.
As a dog turneth back to its vomit, so a fool repeateth his folly. Hast thou seen a man wise in his own eyes? There is more hope of a fool than of him.
Boast not thyself of to-morrow, for thou knowest not what a day will bring forth.
Hast thou seen a man hasty in his words? there is more hope of a fool than of him.
The words of king Lemuel, the prophecy that his mother taught him: What, my son? and what, O son of my womb? and what, O son of my vows? read more. Give not thy strength unto women, nor thy ways to them that destroy kings. It is not for kings, Lemuel, it is not for kings to drink wine, nor for rulers to say, Where is the strong drink? lest they drink And forget the law, And pervert the judgment of any of the children of affliction. Give strong drink unto him that is ready to perish, and wine unto the bitter of soul:
And moreover, because the Preacher was wise, he still taught the people knowledge; and he pondered, and sought out, and set in order many proverbs.
Son of man, what is that proverb which ye have in the land of Israel, saying, The days shall be prolonged, and every vision faileth? Tell them therefore, Thus saith the Lord Jehovah: I will make this proverb to cease, and they shall no more use it as a proverb in Israel; but say unto them, The days are at hand, and the accomplishment of every vision.
Son of man, put forth a riddle, and speak a parable unto the house of Israel, and say, Thus saith the Lord Jehovah: A great eagle with great wings, long-pinioned, full of feathers, which was of divers colours, came unto Lebanon, and took the highest branch of the cedar.
What mean ye, ye who use this proverb of the land of Israel, saying, The fathers eat sour grapes, and the children's teeth are set on edge?
And I said, Ah, Lord Jehovah! they say of me, Doth he not speak parables?
And propose a parable unto the rebellious house, and say unto them, Thus saith the Lord Jehovah: Set on the pot, set it on, and also pour water into it.
Shall not all these take up a proverb about him, and a taunting riddle against him, and say, Woe to him that increaseth that which is not his! how long? and to him that loadeth himself with pledges!
Shall not all these take up a proverb about him, and a taunting riddle against him, and say, Woe to him that increaseth that which is not his! how long? and to him that loadeth himself with pledges!
For God commanded saying, Honour father and mother; and, He that speaks ill of father or mother, let him die the death.
And he said to them, Ye will surely say to me this parable, Physician, heal thyself; whatsoever we have heard has taken place in Capernaum do here also in thine own country.
His disciples say to him, Lo, now thou speakest openly and utterest no allegory.
according as it is written, There is not a righteous man, not even one;
swift their feet to shed blood;
Have the same respect one for another, not minding high things, but going along with the lowly: be not wise in your own eyes: recompensing to no one evil for evil: providing things honest before all men:
If therefore thine enemy should hunger, feed him; if he should thirst, give him drink; for, so doing, thou shalt heap coals of fire upon his head.
Be not deceived: God is not mocked; for whatever a man shall sow, that also shall he reap.
but let us not lose heart in doing good; for in due time, if we do not faint, we shall reap.
For also when we were with you we enjoined you this, that if any man does not like to work, neither let him eat.
And ye have quite forgotten the exhortation which speaks to you as to sons: My son, despise not the chastening of the Lord, nor faint when reproved by him; for whom the Lord loves he chastens, and scourges every son whom he receives.
So that, my beloved brethren, let every man be swift to hear, slow to speak, slow to wrath;
But he gives more grace. Wherefore he says, God sets himself against the proud, but gives grace to the lowly.
Go to now, ye who say, To-day or to-morrow will we go into such a city and spend a year there, and traffic and make gain,
I rebuke and discipline as many as I love; be zealous therefore and repent.