Reference: Proverbs, The Book of
Fausets
mishlee, plural of maashaal, "comparison" or "likeness." The Christian fathers (Clement, Ep. Cor. 1:57; Hegesippus, Irenaeus in Eusebius H. E. 4:22) entitle it "Wisdom, the sum of all virtues" (Panareros sophia). Pithy sayings (compare David's quotation, 1Sa 24:13), like similes or with a figure. The comparison is either expressed or left for the hearer to supply. So Balaam's "parable" is prophecy in figurative language (Nu 23:7-10; 1Sa 10:12; Eze 12:22-23; 17:2-3; 18:2; 20:49; 24:3; Lu 4:23). In Job 27:1 "parable" (Job 29:1) means a figurative, sententious, weighty embodiment of wisdom, not in this case short, but containing Job's whole argument (Ps 49:4, maashaal).
In Pr 1:6 "dark sayings" (chidah) are another form of proverbs, the enigmatical obscurity being designed to stimulate reflection (Hab 2:6; Judges 14; 1Ki 10:1; 2Ch 9:1; Eze 17:2; Ps 78:2); the melitsah (Pr 1:6), "interpretation" (so Chald. and Vulgate versions), for which Gesenius translated "a saying that needs an interpreter," i.e. enigmatical (Hab 2:6). For instance (Pr 12:27), "the slothful man roasteth not that which he took in hunting" requires discernment to see the point of comparison and the application; the slothful man is too lazy to hunt, and therefore has nothing to roast (compare 2Th 3:10). "Proverb" is with Jesus' disciples equivalent to an obscure saying (Joh 16:29).
Canonicity. The Book of Proverbs is found in all Jewish lists among the ketubim, "writings" (hagiographa), the third division of Scripture. The Talmud (Baba Bathra, 14 b.) gives the order, Ruth, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Lamentations, Daniel, Esther, Ezra (including Nehemiah), Chronicles. The New Testament quotes and so canonizes (Pr 1:16; Ro 3:10,15. Pr 3:7; Ro 12:16. Pr 3:11-12; Heb 12:5-6; Re 3:19. Pr 3:34; Jas 4:6. Pr 10:12; 1Pe 4:8. Pr 11:31; 1Pe 4:17-18. Pr 17:13; Ro 12:17; 1Th 5:15; 1Pe 3:9. Pr 17:27; Jas 1:19. Pr 20:9; 1Jo 1:8. Pr 20:20; Mt 15:4. Pr 22:8; 2Co 9:6; Ga 6:7,9. Pr 25:21-22; Ro 12:20. Pr 26:11; 2Pe 2:22. Pr 27:1; Jas 4:13).
Divisions and authorship. The same heading, "the proverbs of Solomon the son of David king of Israel" (Pr 1:1; 10:1; 25:1), marks the three divisions. Solomon spoke 3,000 proverbs (1Ki 4:32) and "set in order" the present selection (Proverbs 1-24; Ec 12:9). "Hezekiah" directed his pious "men" (perhaps Isaiah, Micah, Shebna, and Joah: 2Ki 18:18) to supplement the collection with a series of proverbs of Solomon, not included in the collection by the royal author (Pr 25:1; compare Sir 47:14; Sir 47:17). The Holy Spirit did not appoint all Solomon's proverbs indiscriminately to be put into the canon for all ages, but a selection suited for the ends of revelation. The bringing forth of God's word from obscurity fitly accompanied the reformation by pious Hezekiah, as in the case of Josiah's reformation (2Ch 31:21,21). The Jews assign the composition of the Song of Solomon to Solomon's youth, Proverbs to his manhood, and Ecclesiastes to his old age.
(1) Proverbs 1-9 are one connected whole, in which wisdom is recommended to youths; an introduction states the aim.
(2) Proverbs 10-22 are single detached proverbs; from Proverbs 10:1 to Proverbs 22:16; Proverbs 22:17 to Proverbs 24:21, form a more connected whole on righteousness and prudence, with an introduction; Pr 24:23-34, "these also belong to the wise," are an appendix of unconnected maxims.
(3) Proverbs 25-29, consisting of single sentences, are the selection of Hezekiah's men..
(4) Proverbs 30 is Agur's proverbs and enigmatical sayings..
(5) Proverbs 31 consists of king Lemuel's words (Pr 31:1-6), and an alphabetical acrostic in praise of a virtuous woman.
The repetition of many proverbs in a similar form in the middle division is due, not to their emanating from different authors, but to their having been selected out of different collections oral or written, of the same author Solomon, in which the same proverb appeared in a different connection; just as Jesus' sayings repeated in different connections (Pr 14:12; 16:25; 21:2,9,19; 10:1; 15:20; 10:2; 11:4; 10:15; 18:11; 15:33; 18:12; 11:21; 16:5; 14:31; 17:5; 19:12; 20:2). The Proverbs apply the truths of religion to practical life in sentences weighty and easily remembered by their terse point. (See POETRY.)
Gnomic poetry is peculiarly Semitic. Instead of philosophical reasonings and argument, the results of observation are embodied in terse proverbial similitudes and maxims. A proverb is defined as" the wit of one, the wisdom of many." When the nation's experiences had become matured Solomon in a time of national peace embodied them in gnomic proverbs. Internal tranquillity favored the growth of a contemplative spirit which suits such a work. Favorite phrases characterize the middle division, the style of which is simple and antique. The Proverbs are in antithetic parallelism, the second clause standing in contrast to the first. Here are the phrases "fountain of life," "tree of life," "snares of death," "healing," "health;" "destruction" (mechittah), Pr 10:14-15,29, nowhere else in Proverbs; (ad argiah) "but for a moment"; (yad leyad) "hand to hand," Pr 11:21; (nirgan) "a whisperer," "talebearer" )Pr 18:18, etc.), are characteristic of the middle division. The third division, namely, of Hezekiah's men, is marked by the interrogation "seest thou?" (Pr 26:12; 29:20.)
Things are compared by being placed side by side, connected simply by "and" (Pr 25:3,20). The antithesis is not so marked. The verses are not of two equal members; one is often shorter than the other; sometimes there are even three members in the verse. A cautious and mournful tone is thought to mark the language as to rulers, instead of the joy and reverence of the middle and older division; the, state of the nation under Hezekiah at the close of the eighth century B.C. accords with his selection of these proverbs of Solomon. The first division, with the closing part of the middle (Pr 10:1-22:16 being the germ of the book), Proverbs 1-9; Proverbs 22:17 - Proverbs 25:1, is characterized by favorite words and constructions: as chokmot, "wisdoms"; zarah, "the strange woman"; nokriah, "the foreigner," the adulteress who seduces youth, the opposite of true wisdom, found once in the middle division (Pr 22:14). Shephathaim, dual feminine, is constructed with the verb masculine plural.
Warning against envy at the sinner's seeming prosperity appears (Pr 3:31; 23:17; 24:1,19) as in Job. The disciplinary design of chastisement ("instruction," musar, Greek paideia, correction by discipline), Pr 3:11-13; so Job (Job 33:17-30; 5:17); wisdom (Pr 2:4; 3:14,8; Job 28; Pr 3:23; Job 5:22; Pr 8:25; Job 15:7-8). The similarity is probably due to Solomon's having become imbued with the spirit of the book of Job, through study of it. The language of the first division rises from a general exhortation, and then a particular one to youth to follow wisdom, to the sublimest and most universal strain at the close (Pr 6:20-9:18). This first division is continuous description and elucidation of truth, instead of the single proverb which characterizes the middle collection; the poetic parallelism is synonymous, not antithetic or synthetic, as in the middle division.
Keil truly says, after all these distinctions of parts, "one historical background is shown throughout, the contents corresponding only to the relations, culture, and experiences of life acquired by the political development of Israel under Solomon." The first part forms a connected mashal or parabolic commendation of wisdom. It is the porch, leading into the interior, the Proverbs proper, loosely connected. The ornamental, flowing style suits the young, to whom the first division is addressed. The second, addressed to men, is in brief, business like style, compressing much in brief compass for the right conduct of life.
The two sentences in each distich mutually complement each other, and the ellipsis in one is to be supplied from the antithesis in the other, e.g. (Pr 12:3), "a man shall not be established by wickedness (but shall be rooted out); but the root of the righteous shall (be established and) not be moved"; Pr 11:12, "he that is void of
See Verses Found in Dictionary
And he taketh up his simile, and saith: 'From Aram he doth lead me -- Balak king of Moab; From mountains of the east: Come -- curse for me Jacob, And come -- be indignant with Israel. What -- do I pierce? -- God hath not pierced! And what -- am I indignant? -- Jehovah hath not been indignant! read more. For from the top of rocks I see it, And from heights I behold it; Lo a people! alone it doth tabernacle, And among nations doth not reckon itself. Who hath counted the dust of Jacob, And the number of the fourth of Israel? Let me die the death of upright ones, And let my last end be like his!'
the book of this law doth not depart out of thy mouth, and thou hast meditated in it by day and by night, so that thou dost observe to do according to all that is written in it, for then thou dost cause thy way to prosper, and then thou dost act wisely.
as saith the simile of the ancients, From the wicked goeth out wickedness, and my hand is not on thee.
And he speaketh three thousand similes, and his songs are five, and the chief one;
And the queen of Sheba is hearing of the fame of Solomon concerning the name of Jehovah, and cometh to try him with enigmas,
And they call unto the king, and go out unto them doth Eliakim son of Hilkiah, who is over the house, and Shebna the scribe, and Joah son of Asaph the remembrancer.
and in every work that he hath begun for the service of the house of God, and for the law, and for the command, to seek to his God, with all his heart he hath wrought and prospered.
and in every work that he hath begun for the service of the house of God, and for the law, and for the command, to seek to his God, with all his heart he hath wrought and prospered.
Lo, the happiness of mortal man, God doth reprove him: And the chastisement of the Mighty despise not,
At destruction and at hunger thou mockest, And of the beast of the earth, Thou art not afraid.
The first man art thou born? And before the heights wast thou formed? Of the secret counsel of God dost thou hear? And withdrawest thou unto thee wisdom?
To turn aside man from doing, And pride from man He concealeth. He keepeth back his soul from corruption, And his life from passing away by a dart. read more. And he hath been reproved With pain on his bed, And the strife of his bones is enduring. And his life hath nauseated bread, And his soul desirable food. His flesh is consumed from being seen, And high are his bones, they were not seen! And draw near to the pit doth his soul, And his life to those causing death. If there is by him a messenger, An interpreter -- one of a thousand, To declare for man his uprightness: Then He doth favour him and saith, 'Ransom him from going down to the pit, I have found an atonement.' Fresher is his flesh than a child's, He returneth to the days of his youth. He maketh supplication unto God, And He accepteth him. And he seeth His face with shouting, And He returneth to man His righteousness. He looketh on men, and saith, 'I sinned, And uprightness I have perverted, And it hath not been profitable to me. He hath ransomed my soul From going over into the pit, And my life on the light looketh.' Lo, all these doth God work, Twice -- thrice with man, To bring back his soul from the pit, To be enlightened with the light of the living.
I incline to a simile mine ear, I open with a harp my riddle:
I open with a simile my mouth, I bring forth hidden things of old,
Proverbs of Solomon, son of David, king of Israel:
For understanding a proverb and its sweetness, Words of the wise and their acute sayings.
For understanding a proverb and its sweetness, Words of the wise and their acute sayings.
For their feet to evil do run, And they haste to shed blood.
If thou dost seek her as silver, And as hid treasures searchest for her,
Be not wise in thine own eyes, Fear Jehovah, and turn aside from evil. Healing it is to thy navel, And moistening to thy bones.
Chastisement of Jehovah, my son, despise not, And be not vexed with His reproof,
Chastisement of Jehovah, my son, despise not, And be not vexed with His reproof, For whom Jehovah loveth He reproveth, Even as a father the son He is pleased with.
For whom Jehovah loveth He reproveth, Even as a father the son He is pleased with. O the happiness of a man who hath found wisdom, And of a man who bringeth forth understanding. read more. For better is her merchandise Than the merchandise of silver, And than gold -- her increase.
Then thou goest thy way confidently, And thy foot doth not stumble.
Be not envious of a man of violence, Nor fix thou on any of his ways.
If the scorners He doth scorn, Yet to the humble He doth give grace.
Proverbs of Solomon. A wise son causeth a father to rejoice, And a foolish son is an affliction to his mother.
Proverbs of Solomon. A wise son causeth a father to rejoice, And a foolish son is an affliction to his mother.
Proverbs of Solomon. A wise son causeth a father to rejoice, And a foolish son is an affliction to his mother. Treasures of wickedness profit not, And righteousness delivereth from death.
Treasures of wickedness profit not, And righteousness delivereth from death. Jehovah causeth not the soul of the righteous to hunger, And the desire of the wicked He thrusteth away. read more. Poor is he who is working -- a slothful hand, And the hand of the diligent maketh rich. Whoso is gathering in summer is a wise son, Whoso is sleeping in harvest is a son causing shame. Blessings are for the head of the righteous, And the mouth of the wicked cover doth violence. The remembrance of the righteous is for a blessing, And the name of the wicked doth rot. The wise in heart accepteth commands, And a talkative fool kicketh. Whoso is walking in integrity walketh confidently, And whoso is perverting his ways is known. Whoso is winking the eye giveth grief, And a talkative fool kicketh. A fountain of life is the mouth of the righteous, And the mouth of the wicked cover doth violence. Hatred awaketh contentions, And over all transgressions love covereth.
Hatred awaketh contentions, And over all transgressions love covereth. In the lips of the intelligent is wisdom found, And a rod is for the back of him who is lacking understanding. read more. The wise lay up knowledge, and the mouth of a fool is near ruin.
The wise lay up knowledge, and the mouth of a fool is near ruin. The wealth of the rich is his strong city, The ruin of the poor is their poverty.
The wealth of the rich is his strong city, The ruin of the poor is their poverty.
The wealth of the rich is his strong city, The ruin of the poor is their poverty. The wage of the righteous is for life, The increase of the wicked for sin. read more. A traveller to life is he who is keeping instruction, And whoso is forsaking rebuke is erring. Whoso is covering hatred with lying lips, And whoso is bringing out an evil report is a fool. In the abundance of words transgression ceaseth not, And whoso is restraining his lips is wise. The tongue of the righteous is chosen silver, The heart of the wicked -- as a little thing. The lips of the righteous delight many, And fools for lack of heart die. The blessing of Jehovah -- it maketh rich, And He addeth no grief with it.
The way of Jehovah is strength to the perfect, And ruin to workers of iniquity.
Wealth profiteth not in a day of wrath, And righteousness delivereth from death.
Whoso is despising his neighbour lacketh heart, And a man of understanding keepeth silence.
Hand to hand, the wicked is not acquitted, And the seed of the righteous hath escaped.
Hand to hand, the wicked is not acquitted, And the seed of the righteous hath escaped.
Lo, the righteous in the earth is recompensed, Surely also the wicked and the sinner!
A man is not established by wickedness, And the root of the righteous is not moved.
The slothful roasteth not his hunting, And the wealth of a diligent man is precious.
There is a way -- right before a man, And its latter end are ways of death.
An oppressor of the poor reproacheth his Maker, And whoso is honouring Him Is favouring the needy.
A wise son rejoiceth a father. And a foolish man is despising his mother.
The fear of Jehovah is the instruction of wisdom, And before honour is humility!
An abomination to Jehovah is every proud one of heart, Hand to hand he is not acquitted.
There is a way right before a man, And its latter end -- ways of death.
Whoso is mocking at the poor Hath reproached his Maker, Whoso is rejoicing at calamity is not acquitted.
Whoso is returning evil for good, Evil moveth not from his house.
One acquainted with knowledge is sparing his words, And the cool of temper is a man of understanding.
The wealth of the rich is the city of his strength, And as a wall set on high in his own imagination. Before destruction the heart of man is high, And before honour is humility.
The lot causeth contentions to cease, And between the mighty it separateth.
The wrath of a king is a growl as of a young lion, And as dew on the herb his good-will.
The fear of a king is a growl as of a young lion, He who is causing him to be wroth is wronging his soul.
Who saith, 'I have purified my heart, I have been cleansed from my sin?'
Whoso is vilifying his father and his mother, Extinguished is his lamp in blackness of darkness.
Every way of a man is right in his own eyes, And Jehovah is pondering hearts.
Better to sit on a corner of the roof, Than with a woman of contentions and a house of company.
Better to dwell in a wilderness land, Than with a woman of contentions and anger.
Whoso is sowing perverseness reapeth sorrow, And the rod of his anger weareth out.
A deep pit is the mouth of strange women, The abhorred of Jehovah falleth there.
Incline thine ear, and hear words of the wise, And thy heart set to my knowledge,
Let not thy heart be envious at sinners, But -- in the fear of Jehovah all the day.
Be not envious of evil men, And desire not to be with them.
For seven times doth the righteous fall and rise, And the wicked stumble in evil.
Fret not thyself at evil doers, Be not envious at the wicked,
These also are for the wise: -- To discern faces in judgment is not good.
These also are for the wise: -- To discern faces in judgment is not good. Whoso is saying to the wicked, 'Thou art righteous,' Peoples execrate him -- nations abhor him.
Whoso is saying to the wicked, 'Thou art righteous,' Peoples execrate him -- nations abhor him. And to those reproving it is pleasant, And on them cometh a good blessing.
And to those reproving it is pleasant, And on them cometh a good blessing. Lips he kisseth who is returning straightforward words.
Lips he kisseth who is returning straightforward words. Prepare in an out-place thy work, And make it ready in the field -- go afterwards, Then thou hast built thy house.
Prepare in an out-place thy work, And make it ready in the field -- go afterwards, Then thou hast built thy house. Be not a witness for nought against thy neighbour, Or thou hast enticed with thy lips.
Be not a witness for nought against thy neighbour, Or thou hast enticed with thy lips. Say not, 'As he did to me, so I do to him, I render to each according to his work.'
Say not, 'As he did to me, so I do to him, I render to each according to his work.' Near the field of a slothful man I passed by, And near the vineyard of a man lacking heart.
Near the field of a slothful man I passed by, And near the vineyard of a man lacking heart. And lo, it hath gone up -- all of it -- thorns! Covered its face have nettles, And its stone wall hath been broken down.
And lo, it hath gone up -- all of it -- thorns! Covered its face have nettles, And its stone wall hath been broken down. And I see -- I -- I do set my heart, I have seen -- I have received instruction,
And I see -- I -- I do set my heart, I have seen -- I have received instruction, A little sleep -- a little slumber -- A little folding of the hands to lie down.
A little sleep -- a little slumber -- A little folding of the hands to lie down. And thy poverty hath come as a traveller, And thy want as an armed man!
And thy poverty hath come as a traveller, And thy want as an armed man!
Also these are Proverbs of Solomon, that men of Hezekiah king of Judah transcribed: --
Also these are Proverbs of Solomon, that men of Hezekiah king of Judah transcribed: --
The heavens for height, and the earth for depth, And the heart of kings -- are unsearchable.
Whoso is taking away a garment in a cold day, Is as vinegar on nitre, And a singer of songs on a sad heart. If he who is hating thee doth hunger, cause him to eat bread, And if he thirst, cause him to drink water. read more. For coals thou art putting on his head, And Jehovah giveth recompense to thee.
As a dog hath returned to its vomit, A fool is repeating his folly. Thou hast seen a man wise in his own eyes, More hope of a fool than of him!
Boast not thyself of to-morrow, For thou knowest not what a day bringeth forth.
Thou hast seen a man hasty in his words! More hope of a fool than of him.
Words of Lemuel a king, a declaration that his mother taught him: 'What, my son? and what, son of my womb? And what, son of my vows? read more. Give not to women thy strength, And thy ways to wiping away of kings. Not for kings, O Lemuel, Not for kings, to drink wine, And for princes a desire of strong drink. Lest he drink, and forget the decree, And change the judgment of any of the sons of affliction. Give strong drink to the perishing, And wine to the bitter in soul,
And further, because the preacher was wise, he still taught the people knowledge, and gave ear, and sought out -- he made right many similes.
Son of man, what is this simile to you, concerning the land of Israel, saying, Prolonged are the days, and perished hath every vision? therefore say unto them: Thus said the Lord Jehovah: I have caused this simile to cease, And they use it not as a simile again in Israel, But speak to them: Drawn near have the days, And spoken hath every vision.
'Son of man, put forth a riddle, and use a simile unto the house of Israel, and thou hast said: Thus said the Lord Jehovah: The great eagle, great-winged, long-pinioned, Full of feathers, that hath diverse colours, Hath come in unto Lebanon, And it taketh the foliage of the cedar,
What -- to you, ye -- using this simile Concerning the ground of Israel, saying: Fathers do eat unripe fruit, And the sons' teeth are blunted?
And I say, 'Ah, Lord Jehovah, They are saying of me, Is he not using similes?
and use unto the rebellious house a simile, and thou hast said unto them: Thus said the Lord Jehovah: To set on the pot, to set it on, and also to pour into it water,
Do not these -- all of them -- against him a simile taken up, And a moral of acute sayings for him, And say, Woe to him who is multiplying what is not his? Till when also is he multiplying to himself heavy pledges?
Do not these -- all of them -- against him a simile taken up, And a moral of acute sayings for him, And say, Woe to him who is multiplying what is not his? Till when also is he multiplying to himself heavy pledges?
for God did command, saying, Honour thy father and mother; and, He who is speaking evil of father or mother -- let him die the death;
And he said unto them, 'Certainly ye will say to me this simile, Physician, heal thyself; as great things as we heard done in Capernaum, do also here in thy country;'
His disciples say to him, 'Lo, now freely thou dost speak, and no similitude speakest thou;
according as it hath been written -- 'There is none righteous, not even one;
Swift are their feet to shed blood.
of the same mind one toward another, not minding the high things, but with the lowly going along; become not wise in your own conceit; giving back to no one evil for evil; providing right things before all men.
I will recompense again, saith the Lord;' if, then, thine enemy doth hunger, feed him; if he doth thirst, give him drink; for this doing, coals of fire thou shalt heap upon his head;
Be not led astray; God is not mocked; for what a man may sow -- that also he shall reap,
and in the doing good we may not be faint-hearted, for at the proper time we shall reap -- not desponding;
for even when we were with you, this we did command you, that if any one is not willing to work, neither let him eat,
and ye have forgotten the exhortation that doth speak fully with you as with sons, 'My son, be not despising chastening of the Lord, nor be faint, being reproved by Him, for whom the Lord doth love He doth chasten, and He scourgeth every son whom He receiveth;'
So then, my brethren beloved, let every man be swift to hear, slow to speak, slow to anger,
and greater grace he doth give, wherefore he saith, 'God against proud ones doth set Himself up, and to lowly ones He doth give grace?'
Go, now, ye who are saying, 'To-day and to-morrow we will go on to such a city, and will pass there one year, and traffic, and make gain;'
'As many as I love, I do convict and chasten; be zealous, then, and reform;