Reference: Psalms
Easton
The psalms are the production of various authors. "Only a portion of the Book of Psalms claims David as its author. Other inspired poets in successive generations added now one now another contribution to the sacred collection, and thus in the wisdom of Providence it more completely reflects every phase of human emotion and circumstances than it otherwise could." But it is specially to David and his contemporaries that we owe this precious book. In the "titles" of the psalms, the genuineness of which there is no sufficient reason to doubt, 73 are ascribed to David. Peter and John (Ac 4:25) ascribe to him also the second psalm, which is one of the 48 that are anonymous. About two-thirds of the whole collection have been ascribed to David.
Psalms 39, 62, and 77 are addressed to Jeduthun, to be sung after his manner or in his choir. Psalms 50 and 73-83 are addressed to Asaph, as the master of his choir, to be sung in the worship of God. The "sons of Korah," who formed a leading part of the Kohathite singers (2Ch 20:19), were intrusted with the arranging and singing of PS 42, 44-49, 84, 85, 87, and 88.
In Lu 24:44 the word "psalms" means the Hagiographa, i.e., the holy writings, one of the sections into which the Jews divided the Old Testament. (See Bible.)
None of the psalms can be proved to have been of a later date than the time of Ezra and Nehemiah, hence the whole collection extends over a period of about 1,000 years. There are in the New Testament 116 direct quotations from the Psalter.
The Psalter is divided, after the analogy of the Pentateuch, into five books, each closing with a doxology or benediction:
(1.) The first book comprises the first 41 psalms, all of which are ascribed to David except 1, 2, 10, and 33, which, though anonymous, may also be ascribed to him.
(2.) Book second consists of the next 31 psalms (42-72), 18 of which are ascribed to David and 1 to Solomon (the 72nd). The rest are anonymous.
(3.) The third book contains 17 psalms (73-89), of which the 86th is ascribed to David, the 88th to Heman the Ezrahite, and the 89th to Ethan the Ezrahite.
(4.) The fourth book also contains 17 psalms (90-106), of which the 90th is ascribed to Moses, and the 101st and 103rd to David.
(5.) The fifth book contains the remaining psalms, 44 in number. Of these, 15 are ascribed to David, and the 127th to Solomon.
PS 136 is generally called "the great hallel." But the Talmud includes also PS 120-135. PS 113-118, inclusive, constitute the "hallel" recited at the three great feasts, at the new moon, and on the eight days of the feast of dedication.
It is presumed that these several collections were made at times of high religious life: the first, probably, near the close of David's life; the second in the days of Solomon; the third by the singers of Jehoshaphat (2Ch 20:19); the fourth by the men of Hezekiah (29, 30, 31); and the fifth in the days of Ezra.
The Mosaic ritual makes no provision for the service of song in the worship of God. David first taught the Church to sing the praises of the Lord. He first introduced into the ritual of the tabernacle music and song.
Divers names are given to the psalms. (1.) Some bear the Hebrew designation shir (Gr. ode, a song). Thirteen have this title. It means the flow of speech, as it were, in a straight line or in a regular strain. This title includes secular as well as sacred song.
(2.) Fifty-eight psalms bear the designation (Heb) mitsmor (Gr. psalmos, a psalm), a lyric ode, or a song set to music; a sacred song accompanied with a musical instrument.
(3.) PS 145, and many others, have the designation (Heb) tehillah (Gr. hymnos, a hymn), meaning a song of praise; a song the prominent thought of which is the praise of God.
(4.) Six psalms (16, 56-60) have the title (Heb) michtam (q.v.).
See Verses Found in Dictionary
Then the Levites, from the {Kohathites} and from the {Korahites} stood up to praise Yahweh the God of Israel with an exceedingly loud voice.
Then the Levites, from the {Kohathites} and from the {Korahites} stood up to praise Yahweh the God of Israel with an exceedingly loud voice.
And he said to them, "These [are] my words that I spoke to you [while I] was still with you, that everything that is written about me in the law of Moses and the prophets and psalms must be fulfilled."
the one who said by the Holy Spirit through the mouth of our father David, your servant, 'Why do the nations rage, and the peoples conspire in vain?
Fausets
(See DAVID; POETRY.) The Hebrew designation tehillim, "praises" or hymns," occurring only in the title of Psalm 145 and about 30 times in the body of the Psalms, applies only to some not to all the psalms. The glorification of God is the design of them all, even the penitentiary and precatory psalms; but tehilliym applies strictly to praise songs alone, tephillowt to the prayer songs; Psalm 17; Psalm 72 end, closing the second book of Psalms, Psalm 86; 90; 102 title. No one Hebrew title comprehends all.
The Greek Septuagint has given the title "Psalms" (from psalloo "to play an instrument") applied to the whole collection. The Hebrew mizmor designates 65 psalms; in the Syriac version it comprises the whole (from zaamar "to decorate"), psalms of artificial, adorned structure (Hengstenberg). "A rhythmical composition" (Lowth). "Psalms," the designation most applicable to the whole book, means songs accompanied by an instrument, especially the harp (1Ch 16:4-9; 2Ch 5:12-13). Shir, "a joyful thanksgiving song," is prefixed only to some. The various kinds are specified in Eph 5:19; "psalms (accompanied by an instrument), hymns (indirect praise of God), ... spiritual songs (joyous lyric pieces; contrast Am 8:10)."
TITLES. Their genuineness is confirmed by their antiquity (which is proved by their being unintelligible to the Septuagint translators of the Hebrew into Greek), and by their presence in the greatest number of manuscripts, and in fragments of Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion. Their obscurity and occasional want of connection with the psalm's contents (as title Psalm 34) are incompatible with their origination from forgers. The orientals, moreover, usually prefix titles to poems (Hab 3:1; Isa 38:9); so David (2Sa 23:1). The enigmatical titles, found only in the psalms of David and of David's singers, accord with Eastern taste. They are too "poetical, spirited, and profound for any later collector" (Hengstenberg). So David's "bow song" (2Sa 1:18), his enigmatical designation for "the song on him expert with the bow" (2Sa 1:22).
The historical hints in some titles give a clue to the dates. If the titles were added by later hands, how is it that they are wanting in those psalms where conjecture could most easily have had place, namely, the non-Davidic psalms of the fourth and fifth books, whereas they appear in the most regular and complete form in David's psalms, next in those of his singers? Now these are just the ones where conjecture is given no room for exercise; for the titles do not apparently illustrate these psalms, but are a memorial of the events which most deeply impressed David's own mind. In the last two books the historical occasions do not occur in the titles, because cycles of psalms mainly compose these books, and among such cycles psalms of an individual reference hardly have place.
DIVISIONS. Davidic basis of the whole. The Psalms form one "book"; so the Lord refers to them (Lu 20:42), so His apostles (Ac 1:20). The fathers, Ambrose (on Psalm 40) and Jerome to Cyprian (2:695), describe the Psalms as five books in one volume. Based on and corresponding to the historical Pentateuch, they form a poetical "Pentateuch" (Epiphanius, de Mens., c. 5), extending from Moses to the times of Malachi "the Hebrew history set to music an oratorio in five parts, with Messiah for its subject" (Wordsworth). The Psalms, like the Pentateuch, being used in divine worship, are the people's answer to God's address to them in the law, i.e. the expression of their pious feelings called forth by the word of God. The close of each of the five books is marked by a doxology. The "blessed be the Lord God of Israel" is taken up by Zacharias, as fulfilled in Christ (Le 1:17; Ps 106:48). Book I includes Psalm 1-41; Book II, Psalm 42-72; Book III, Psalm 73-89; Book IV, Psalm 90-106; Book V, Psalm 107-150.
Book I is according to the titles Davidic; accordingly there is no trace of any author hut David. The objection from the "temple" (Ps 5:7) being mentioned is groundless, for in 1Sa 1:9; 3:3, it is similarly used for the tabernacle long before Solomon's temple was built. The argument for a post-Babylonian date from the phrase "bring back the captivity" (Ps 14:7) is invalid; it is a Hebraism for reversing one's misfortunes (Job 42:10). Nor does the acrosticism in Psalm 25 prove a late date, for acrosticism appears in psalms acknowledged to be David's (Psalm 9). In Books II and III David's singers have borrowed from David (excepting "a song of the beloved" Psalm 45, and Psalm 46, "upon Alamoth") everything peculiar in his superscriptions; see Psalm 42; 43; 44; 84; 86. "Selah" is restricted to David and his singers; but "hallelujah" is never found in his or their psalms.
So also "to the chief musician," (committing the psalm to the music conductor to prepare for musical performance in the public service: 1Ch 15:21 Hebrew and margin, compare 1Ch 15:22,) is limited to David's and their psalms. The writer of 2 Samuel 22 evidently turned into prose David's poetical superscription (Psalm 18); so the writer of 1Sa 19:11; 21:13-14; 23:19, had before him the titles of Psalm 34; 54; 59. Hezekiah's "writing" (miktab) alludes probably to David's miktam (a "secret," or "song of deep import"), Psalm 56; 57 titles, for it was he who restored David's psalms to their liturgical use in the temple (2Ch 29:30). This imitation of David's title, and still more the correspondence of his prayer to David's psalms (Ps 102:24; 27:13; 49:1; 6:5; 30:9), is a presumption for the authenticity of David's and his singers' psalms and their titles.
Habakkuk similarly leans upon David's superscriptions, as also upon his psalms. Hab 3:1, "Shiggaion," compare title Ps 7:1, "Son of David"; Hab 3:19, "to the chief musician on my stringed instruments" is derived from the titles Psalm 4; 6. So the "Selah" (Ps 6:9-10) which occurs only in the psalms of David and his singers. The absence of the authors' names from most of the psalms in the fourth and fifth books implies that none of them have an individual and personal character, as the Davidic psalms have. In all such the psalmist represents the community. The later groups of psalms rest on the Davidic, and echo the poetry of David. Even in the psalms of David's singers, the authors, except Asaph (Psalm 1; 74) who was immediately associated with David, do not give their individual names.
PRINCIPLE OF SELECTION. Not all Israel's lyric poetry but only.
(1) such as is directly religious is included in the psalter, therefore not David's dirge over Saul and Jonathan (2Sa 1:17-27). Also
(2) only the psalms applicable to the whole church and therefore suited to the public services of the sanctuary. The individual psalmist represents the religious community whose mouthpiece he is. 2Sa 23:1; David sings in his typical and representative character; no other psalmist in the book has personal references. Hence Hezekiah's prayer (Isaiah 38) and Jonah's thanksgiving are excluded as too personal.
(3) Only such as were composed trader the Holy Spirit's inspiration. The very musicians who founded the sacred music were inspired (1Ch 25:1, "prophesy with harps"), much more the psalmists themselves. Asaph, the writer of some psalms, was a "seer" (2Ch 29:30).
David spoke "in the Spirit." Christ testifies (Mt 22:41-46), He classes" the Psalms," the chief book of the chetubim or hagiographa, with "the law and the prophets" (Lu 24:44). The Messianic prophetic element in David leans on Nathan's prophecy (2 Samuel 7). Subsequent prophets develop David's Messianic predictions. The Psalms draw out of the typical ceremonial of the law its tuner spirit, adapting it to the various requirements of the individual and the congregation. By their help the Israelite could enter into the living spirit of the law, and realizing his need of the promised Saviour look for Him of whom the Psalms testify. They are a treasury from which we can draw the inner experiences of Old Testament saints and express our corresponding feelings, under like circumstances, in their divinely sanctioned language of praise and prayer.
CLASSIFICATION.
(1) Psalms of joy and gratitude, shir, lethodah "for confession" or as
See Verses Found in Dictionary
Then he must tear it apart by its wings [but] must not sever [it]; then the priest will turn it into smoke on the altar. It [is] a burnt offering [by] fire [as] an appeasing fragrance for Yahweh.'"
Then Hannah got up after eating and drinking at Shiloh. (Now Eli the priest [was] sitting on his chair by the doorpost of the temple of Yahweh.)
and the lamp of God had not yet gone out, Samuel was lying in the temple of Yahweh where the ark of God [was].
Then Saul sent messengers to David's house to guard him and to kill him in the morning, but Michal his wife told David, saying, "If {you do not save your life} tonight, [then] tomorrow you [will be] killed!"
So he changed his behavior {before them} and pretended to be mad {in their presence}. He made scratches on the doors of the gate and let his saliva run down into his beard. Then Achish said to his servants, "Look, you see a madman! Why did you bring him to me?
Then [the] Ziphites went up to Saul at Gibeah, saying, "[Is] not David hiding among us in the strongholds at Horesh on the hill of Hakilah, which [is] south of Jeshimon
And {David was in a very precarious situation}, for the people spoke of stoning him, for the souls of all the people were bitter, each [one] over his sons and his daughters. But David strengthened himself in Yahweh his God.
Then David sang this funeral song over Saul and over Jonathan his son. And he ordered "The Bow" to be taught to the children of Judah. Look, it [is] written on the scroll of Jashar.
And he ordered "The Bow" to be taught to the children of Judah. Look, it [is] written on the scroll of Jashar. "The glory of Israel [is] on your high places; how [the] mighty have fallen! read more. Do not tell it in Gath; do not proclaim it in the streets of Ashkelon, lest the daughters of [the] Philistines rejoice, lest the daughters of the uncircumcised exult. O mountains of Gilboa, [let there be] no dew or rain upon you or on the fields of [grain for] offerings, for there the small shield of [the] mighty [was] defiled, the small shield of Saul [was] not anointed with oil. From the blood of [the] slain, from the fat of [the] mighty, the bow of Jonathan did not turn back, and the sword of Saul did not return {without effect}.
From the blood of [the] slain, from the fat of [the] mighty, the bow of Jonathan did not turn back, and the sword of Saul did not return {without effect}. Saul and Jonathan [were] beloved and pleasant in their lives and [were] not separated in their death. They [were] swifter than eagles, stronger than lions. read more. O daughters of Israel, weep over Saul, the one who clothed you with crimson, the one who {adorned your clothing with golden ornaments}. How [the] mighty have fallen in the midst of the battle; Jonathan [lies] slain on your high places. {I am distressed} over you, my brother Jonathan. you [were] very dear to me; your love [was] more wonderful to me than the love of women. How [the] mighty have fallen and the weapons of warfare perished."
So David made a name for himself when he returned from defeating Aram in the Valley of Salt, eighteen thousand.
These [are] the last words of David, the declaration of David the son of Jesse, and the declaration of the man exalted [by] the Most High, the anointed one of the God of Jacob and the darling of the songs of Israel.
These [are] the last words of David, the declaration of David the son of Jesse, and the declaration of the man exalted [by] the Most High, the anointed one of the God of Jacob and the darling of the songs of Israel.
and Mattithiah, Eliphelehu, Mikneiah, Obed-Edom, Jeiel, and Azaziah [were to play] lyres, directing according to the Sheminith. And Kenaniah, chief of the Levites in singing, [was to be] an instructor in singing because he understood.
Then he appointed some of the Levites as ministers before the ark of Yahweh, to invoke, thank, and praise Yahweh the God of Israel. Asaph [was] chief, and his second [was] Zechariah; Jeiel, Shemiramoth, Jehiel, Mattithiah, Eliab, Benaiah, Obed-Edom, and Jeiel [were] on harps and lyres. And Asaph played on the cymbals. read more. And Benaiah and Jahaziel the priests [blew] on the trumpets continually before the ark of the covenant of God. Then on that day David first appointed to give thanks to Yahweh by the hand of Asaph and his brothers. Give thanks to Yahweh; call upon his name; make known his deeds among the nations! Sing to him; sing praises to him; tell of his wondrous works!
And David and the commanders of the army set apart for the service the sons of Asaph, [of] Heman, and [of] Jeduthun, who prophesied with stringed instruments, with harps, and with cymbals. And their inventory of the men of the work [and] for their duty was:
Then David said to Solomon his son, "Be strong and courageous, and do [this]! Do not be afraid and do not be dismayed, for Yahweh God, my God, [is] with you. He will not fail you and will not forsake you until all the work of the service of the house of Yahweh is finished.
Then David the king said to all the assembly, "God has chosen Solomon my son alone, a young man and inexperienced, and the work [is] great, for the citadel [is] not for humankind, but for Yahweh God.
Then the Levites, from the {Kohathites} and from the {Korahites} stood up to praise Yahweh the God of Israel with an exceedingly loud voice.
And on the fourth day, they assembled in the Valley of Berakah, for there they blessed Yahweh. Therefore the name of that place is called the Valley of Berakah up to this day. And all the men of Judah and Jerusalem returned, and Jehoshaphat [was] at their head in returning to Jerusalem with joy, for Yahweh caused them to rejoice over their enemies. read more. And they came to Jerusalem with harps, stringed instruments, and trumpets to the house of Yahweh. And the fear of God came upon all the kingdoms of the earth when they heard that Yahweh had fought against the enemies of Israel.
Then King Hezekiah and the princes commanded the Levites to praise Yahweh with the words of David and Asaph the seer. So they offered praise with joy, and they bowed down and worshiped.
Then King Hezekiah and the princes commanded the Levites to praise Yahweh with the words of David and Asaph the seer. So they offered praise with joy, and they bowed down and worshiped.
After all of this that Josiah had prepared [for] the temple, Neco the king of Egypt went up to make war at Carchemish on the Euphrates, and Josiah went up to meet him. And he sent messengers to him, saying, "{What is there between us}, O king of Judah? [I am] not against you yourself this day, but against the house making war against me. And God has commanded me to make haste. Stop [opposing] God, who [is] with me that he will not destroy you." read more. But Josiah did not turn his face from him, but he disguised himself to fight with him. He did not listen to the words of Neco from the mouth of God, and he went out to fight in the plain of Megiddo. And the archers shot King Josiah, and the king said to his servants, "Take me away, for I am badly wounded." So his servants took him out of the chariot and transported him in his second chariot and brought him to Jerusalem. And he died and was buried in the burial sites of his ancestors. And all Judah and Jerusalem mourned over Josiah. And Jeremiah uttered a lament for Josiah, and all the male and female singers have spoken in their laments about Josiah to this day. And they made them a requirement in Israel, and behold, they are written in the laments.
And the people of the land took Jehoahaz the son of Josiah and made him king in place of his father in Jerusalem. Jehoahaz [was] twenty-three years old when he began to reign, and he reigned three months in Jerusalem. read more. Then the king of Egypt deposed him in Jerusalem and laid a tribute upon the land [of] one hundred talents of silver and one talent of gold. And the king of Egypt made Eliakim his brother king over Judah and Jerusalem, and he changed his name to Jehoiakim. But Neco took Jehoahaz his brother and brought him to Egypt.
this Ezra went up from Babylonia. He was a scribe skilled in the law of Moses, which Yahweh the God of Israel gave. The king granted him all his requests, for the hand of Yahweh was upon him.
Nehemiah the governor, Ezra the priest and scribe, and the Levites who taught the people said to all of the people, "This day is holy to Yahweh your God. Do not mourn nor weep." For all of the people wept when they heard the words of the law.
let thorns grow in place of wheat and noxious weeds in place of barley." The words of Job are ended.
Then Yahweh returned Job's fortune when he prayed to him on behalf of his friends. Thus Yahweh increased {all that Job had twice as much as before}.
Instead, in the law of Yahweh [is] his delight, and on his law he meditates day and night.
Why are nations in tumult, and countries plotting in vain?
{But as for me}, through the abundance of your steadfast love I will enter your house. I will bow down toward {your holy temple} in awe [of] you.
For there is no remembrance of you in death. In Sheol, who will give thanks to you?
Yahweh has heard my plea; Yahweh has accepted my prayer. All my enemies shall be ashamed and shall be very terrified. They shall turn back; they shall suddenly be ashamed.
O Yahweh, my God, in you I have taken refuge. Save me from all [who] pursue me, and deliver me.
{Oh that from Zion} [would come] salvation [for] Israel! When Yahweh returns the fortunes of his people, Jacob will rejoice; Israel will be happy.
For who [is] God apart from Yahweh, and who [is] a rock except our God?
Surely I believe [that I will] see the goodness of Yahweh in [the] land of [the] living.
"What gain [is there] in my {death}, in my going down into [the] pit? Will [the] dust praise you? Will it tell of your faithfulness?
He chooses for us our inheritance, the pride of Jacob whom he loves. God has gone up with a shout, Yahweh with [the] sound of a trumpet.
God has gone up with a shout, Yahweh with [the] sound of a trumpet.
God reigns over nations; God sits on his holy throne. [The] princes of [the] peoples are gathered together [with] the people of Abraham's God. For [the] shields of [the] earth belong to God. He is very exalted.
[The] princes of [the] peoples are gathered together [with] the people of Abraham's God. For [the] shields of [the] earth belong to God. He is very exalted.
With an east wind you shatter the ships of Tarshish.
Hear this, all [you] peoples; give ear, all [you] inhabitants of [the] world,
Blessed be Yahweh God, the God of Israel, [who] alone does wonderful things.
They have said in their heart, "We will completely oppress them." They burned all the meeting places of God in the land.
O God, [the] nations have entered your inheritance; they have defiled your holy temple; they have reduced Jerusalem to ruins.
Pour out your anger on the nations that do not know you, and on [the] kingdoms that do not call on your name,
You have also turned back the edge of his sword and have not helped him stand [his ground] in the battle.
You have cut short the days of his youth; you have covered him with shame. Selah
I say, "My God, do not carry me off from my life in the middle of my days." Your years [continue] throughout all generations.
Blessed [is] Yahweh, the God of Israel, from everlasting and to everlasting. And let all the people say, "Amen!" Praise Yah.
Rescue me, O Yahweh, from evil men. Preserve me from violent men,
A writing of Hezekiah, king of Judah, when he was sick and had recovered from his sickness:
For you shall not go out in haste, and you shall not go in flight, for Yahweh [is] going before you, and your rear guard [is] the God of Israel. Look, my servant shall achieve success; he shall be exalted, and he shall be lifted up, and he shall be very high.
Look, my servant shall achieve success; he shall be exalted, and he shall be lifted up, and he shall be very high. Just as many were appalled at you-- such [was] his appearance beyond human disfigurement, and his form beyond the sons of mankind--
Just as many were appalled at you-- such [was] his appearance beyond human disfigurement, and his form beyond the sons of mankind-- so he shall sprinkle many nations; because of him, kings shall shut their mouths. For they shall see what has not been told them, and they shall consider with full attention what they have not heard.
so he shall sprinkle many nations; because of him, kings shall shut their mouths. For they shall see what has not been told them, and they shall consider with full attention what they have not heard.
Who has believed our message, and to whom has the arm of Yahweh been revealed? For he went up like shoot before him, and like root from dry ground. He had no form and no majesty that we should see him, and no appearance that we should take pleasure in him. read more. [He was] despised and rejected [by] men, a man of suffering, and acquainted with sickness, and like {one from whom others hide their faces}, [he was] despised, and we did not hold him in high regard. However, he was the one who lifted up our sicknesses, and he carried our pain, yet we ourselves assumed him stricken, struck down [by] God and afflicted. But he [was] pierced because of our transgressions, crushed because of our iniquities; the chastisement for our peace [was] upon him, and by his wounds {we were healed}. All of us have wandered about like sheep; we each have turned to his own way; and Yahweh let fall on him the iniquity of us all. He was oppressed and afflicted, yet he did not open his mouth; he was brought like lamb to [the] slaughter, and like a sheep is dumb before its shearers, so he did not open his mouth. He was taken by restraint of justice, and who concerned himself with his generation? For he was cut off from the land of [the] living; he [received a] blow because of the transgression of my people. He made his grave with [the] wicked, and with [the] rich in his death, although he had done no violence, and [there was] no deceit in his mouth. Yet Yahweh was pleased to crush him; he {made him sick}. If she places his life a guilt offering, he will see offspring. He will prolong days, and the will of Yahweh will succeed in his hand. From the trouble of his life he will see; he will be satisfied. In his knowledge, [the] righteous [one], my servant, shall declare many righteous, and he is the one who will bear their iniquities. Therefore, I will divide to him [a portion] among the many, and with [the] strong ones he will divide bounty, {because} he poured his life out to death and was counted with [the] transgressors; and he was the one who bore the sin of many and will intercede for the transgressors.
Pour out your wrath on the nations that do not know you, and on [the] peoples that do not call on your name, for they have devoured Jacob, they have devoured and consumed him, and they have caused his settlement to be desolate.
And he burned the {temple} of Yahweh, and the palace of the king, and all the houses of Jerusalem, even every great house he burned with fire.
And [the] Chaldeans broke the pillars of bronze that [were] in the {temple} of Yahweh, and the kettle stands and the sea of bronze that [were] in the {temple} of Yahweh, and they carried all their bronze [to] Babylon.
And I will turn your feasts into mourning and all of your songs into lament, and I will put sackcloth on all loins and baldness on every head. And I will make it like the mourning for an only child, and its end like a bitter day.
A prayer of Habakkuk the prophet, according to Shigionoth.
A prayer of Habakkuk the prophet, according to Shigionoth.
Yahweh, my Lord, [is] my strength; he makes my feet like the deer; he causes me to walk on my high places. To the choirmaster with stringed instruments.
"Blessed [are] the poor in spirit, because theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
Now [while] the Pharisees were assembled, Jesus asked them, saying, "What do you think about the Christ? Whose son is he?" They said to him, "David's." read more. He said to them, "How then does David, by the Spirit, call him 'Lord,' saying, 'The Lord said to my Lord, "Sit at my right hand until I put your enemies under your feet" '? If then David calls him 'Lord,' how is he his son?" And no one was able to answer him a word, nor did anyone dare from that day [on] to ask him any more [questions].
For David himself says in the book of Psalms, 'The Lord said to my Lord, "Sit at my right hand,
And he said to them, "O foolish and slow in heart to believe in all that the prophets have spoken!
And beginning from Moses and from all the prophets, he interpreted to them the things concerning himself in all the scriptures.
And he said to them, "These [are] my words that I spoke to you [while I] was still with you, that everything that is written about me in the law of Moses and the prophets and psalms must be fulfilled." Then he opened their minds to understand the scriptures, read more. and said to them, "Thus it is written [that] the Christ would suffer and would rise from the dead on the third day,
"For it is written in the book of Psalms, 'Let his residence become deserted, and let there be no one to live in it,' and, 'Let another person take his position.'
For David says with reference to him, 'I saw the Lord before me {continually}, for he is at my right hand so that I will not be shaken. For this [reason] my heart was glad and my tongue rejoiced greatly, furthermore also my flesh will live in hope, read more. because you will not abandon my soul in Hades, nor will you permit your Holy One to experience decay.
Now [when they] heard [this], they were pierced to the heart and said to Peter and the other apostles, "What should we do, men [and] brothers?"
speaking to one another in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing and singing praise in your heart to the Lord,
Concerning this salvation, the prophets who prophesied about the grace meant for you sought and made careful inquiry, investigating for what [person] or which time the Spirit of Christ in them was indicating [when he] testified beforehand to the sufferings with reference to Christ and the glories after these [things], read more. to whom it was revealed that they were serving not themselves but you with reference to the same [things] which now have been announced to you through those who proclaimed the gospel to you by the Holy Spirit sent from heaven, {things into which} angels desire to look.
Hastings
PSALMS
1. Title and place in Canon.
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You will not make alongside me gods of silver, and gods of gold you will not make for yourselves.
the priest will grasp her memorial offering from the grain offering, and he will turn [it] into smoke [on] the altar, and afterward he will make the woman drink the waters.
Then Hannah prayed and said, "My heart exults in Yahweh, my strength [is] exalted in Yahweh; {I grin} over my enemies, for I rejoice over your salvation. There is no one holy like Yahweh, for there is no one besides you, and there is no rock like our God. read more. Do not increase speaking {very proud} words! Let no arrogance go forth from your mouth, for Yahweh is a God of knowledge [whose] deeds are not weighed. The bows of mighty warriors [are] shattered, but those who stumble gird [themselves with] strength. Those who were full must hire themselves out for bread, but those who are hungry will become fat. As for the infertile, she will bear seven, but [she who has] many sons withers away. Yahweh kills and restores alive, he brings down [to] Sheol and raises up. Yahweh makes poor and makes rich; he brings low and also exalts. He raises up the poor from [the] dust. From [the] ash heap he lifts up the needy, to cause them to sit with noble people and to cause them to inherit a seat of honor. For the pillars of the earth belong to Yahweh and he has set the inhabited world on them. He will guard the feet of his faithful ones, but the wicked will be destroyed in the darkness, because a man will not prevail by [his] might. Yahweh will shatter his adversaries; he will thunder against them in the heavens. Yahweh will judge the ends of the earth. He will give strength to his king and will exalt the might of his anointed one.
Now the singers, Heman, Asaph, and Ethan, [were] to sound bronze cymbals; Zechariah, Aziel, Shemiramoth, Jehiel, Unni, Eliab, Maaseiah, and Benaiah [were to play] on harps according to Alamoth; read more. and Mattithiah, Eliphelehu, Mikneiah, Obed-Edom, Jeiel, and Azaziah [were to play] lyres, directing according to the Sheminith.
Then the Levites, from the {Kohathites} and from the {Korahites} stood up to praise Yahweh the God of Israel with an exceedingly loud voice.
the descendants of Bebai, six hundred and twenty-three;
For on the first day of the first month he began the journey from Babylonia; and on the first day of the fifth month he came to Jerusalem, for the good hand of his God [was] on him.
Yahweh, how many are my enemies; many [are] rising against me.
Yahweh has made himself known; he has executed judgment. The wicked is snared by the work of his hands. Higgaion Selah
Yahweh has made himself known; he has executed judgment. The wicked is snared by the work of his hands. Higgaion Selah
The heavens [are] telling the glory of God, and the firmament proclaims the work of his hands. {Every day} [they] pour forth speech, and {every night} [they] tell knowledge. read more. There is no speech and there are no words; their sound is inaudible. [Yet] in all [the] world their line goes out, and their words to [the] end of [the] world. In them he has pitched a tent for the sun, and it [is] like a bridegroom who comes out of his bridal chamber. It is glad like a strong man to run [its] course. Its rising [is] from [one] end of the heavens and its circuit to the [other] end of them; and nothing [is] hidden from its heat. The law of Yahweh [is] perfect, reviving life. The testimony of Yahweh [is] firm, making wise [the] simple. The precepts of Yahweh [are] right, making [the] heart rejoice. The command of Yahweh [is] pure, enlightening [the] eyes. The fear of Yahweh [is] pure, enduring forever. The ordinances of Yahweh [are] true; they are righteous altogether, more desirable than gold, even much fine gold; and sweeter than honey, even honey [in the] comb. Moreover, your servant [is] warned by them; in keeping them [is] great reward. Who can perceive [his] errors? Acquit me from hidden [faults]. Also, keep back your servant from arrogant [sins]; let them not rule over me. Then I shall be blameless, and I shall be innocent of great transgression. Let the words of my mouth and the meditation of my heart be acceptable in your presence, O Yahweh, my rock and my redeemer.
Let the words of my mouth and the meditation of my heart be acceptable in your presence, O Yahweh, my rock and my redeemer.
The earth is Yahweh's, with its fullness, [the] world and those who live in it, because he has founded it on [the] seas, and has established it on [the] rivers. read more. Who may ascend [the] mountain of Yahweh? And who may stand in his holy place? He who is innocent of hands and pure of heart, who does not lift up his soul to falseness, and does not swear deceitfully. He will receive blessing from Yahweh, and justice from the God of his salvation. Such [is the] sort of those who seek him, those who seek your face, even Jacob. Selah Lift up your heads, O gates, and rise up, O ancient doorways, that the king of glory may enter. Who [is] the king of glory? Yahweh, strong and mighty; Yahweh, mighty in war! Lift up your heads, O gates, and lift up, O ancient doorways, that the king of glory may enter. Who is the king of glory? Yahweh of hosts, He [is] the king of glory! Selah
Yahweh [is] my light and my salvation; whom shall I fear? Yahweh [is] the refuge of my life; of whom shall I be afraid? When evildoers drew near against me to eat my flesh-- my adversaries and my enemies [who drew near] to me-- they themselves stumbled and fell. read more. Though an army encamp against me, my heart will not fear. Though war arise against me, [even] in this I [will] remain confident. One [thing] I have asked from Yahweh; it I will seek: [that] I may dwell in the house of Yahweh all the days of my life, to behold the beauty of Yahweh, and to consider his temple. Because he will hide me in his shelter in [the] day of trouble. He will conceal me in the hiding place of his tent. He will set me high upon a rock. And now my head will be high over my enemies round about me. And I will offer in his tent sacrifices with shouts of joy. I will sing, yes, I will sing praises to Yahweh. Hear, O Yahweh, my voice [when] I call, and be gracious to me and answer me. On your behalf my heart says, "Seek my face." Your face, O Yahweh, I do seek. Do not hide your face from me; do not turn your servant away in anger. You have been my help; do not abandon nor forsake me, O God of my salvation. If my father or my mother forsake me, then Yahweh will receive me. Teach me, O Yahweh, your way, and lead me on a level path because of my enemies. Do not give me over to the desire of my enemies, because false witnesses have arisen against me, and [each] breathing out violence. Surely I believe [that I will] see the goodness of Yahweh in [the] land of [the] living. Wait for Yahweh. Be strong and let your heart show strength, and wait for Yahweh.
An oracle: the wicked has rebellion in the midst of his heart. There is no fear of God before his eyes. For he flatters himself in his eyes, hating to detect his iniquity. read more. The words of his mouth [are] wickedness and deceit. He has ceased to have insight [and] to do good. He plans sin on his bed. He puts himself on a way [that is] not good. He does not reject evil. O Yahweh, your loyal love [extends] into [the] heavens, your faithfulness unto [the] clouds. Your righteousness [is] {like the mighty mountains}, your judgments [like the] great deep. You save man and beast, O Yahweh. How precious [is] your loyal love, O God, and the children of humankind take refuge in the shadow of your wings. They are refreshed with the {fullness} of your house, and you give them drink [from] the river of your delights. For with you is [the] fountain of life; in your light we see light. Prolong your loyal love to those who know you, and your righteousness to [the] upright of heart. Do not let a foot of pride come against me, nor let a wicked hand make me to wander homeless. There doers of evil have fallen; they are thrust down and not able to rise.
Be pleased, O Yahweh, to deliver me. O Yahweh, hurry to help me. Let them be shamed and abashed altogether who seek to take away my life. Let them be repulsed and humiliated [who] desire my harm. read more. Let them be appalled because of their shame, those who say to me, "Aha! Aha!" Let them rejoice and be glad in you, all those who seek you. Let them say continually, "Yahweh is great!" --those who love your salvation. But I [am] poor and needy. Let my Lord consider me. You [are] my help and my deliverer. O my God, do not delay.
Blessed [be] Yahweh, the God of Israel, from everlasting to everlasting. Amen and Amen.
Why are you {in despair}, O my soul, and disturbed within me? Hope in God, because I will again praise him, [for] the salvation of his presence.
Why are you {in despair}, O my soul? And why are you disturbed within me? Hope in God, because I shall again praise him, {my salvation} and my God.
Why are you {in despair}, O my soul? And why are you disturbed within me? Hope in God, because I will again praise him, {my salvation} and my God.
Do good in your favor toward Zion. Build the walls of Jerusalem.
My heart [is] steadfast, O God; My heart [is] steadfast. I will sing and give praise.
My heart [is] steadfast, O God; My heart [is] steadfast. I will sing and give praise. Awake, my glory; Awake, harp and lyre. I will awake [the] dawn.
Awake, my glory; Awake, harp and lyre. I will awake [the] dawn. I will give you thanks among the peoples, O Lord; I will give you praise among [the] nations.
I will give you thanks among the peoples, O Lord; I will give you praise among [the] nations. Because your loyal love [is] high to [the] heavens, and your faithfulness to [the] clouds.
Because your loyal love [is] high to [the] heavens, and your faithfulness to [the] clouds. Be exalted above [the] heavens, O God. [Let] your glory [be] above all the earth.
Be exalted above [the] heavens, O God. [Let] your glory [be] above all the earth.
so that your beloved ones may be rescued. Save by your right hand and answer us.
so that your beloved ones may be rescued. Save by your right hand and answer us. God has spoken in his holiness, "I will rejoice; I will divide up Shechem, and portion out the valley of Succoth.
God has spoken in his holiness, "I will rejoice; I will divide up Shechem, and portion out the valley of Succoth. Gilead [is] mine, and Manasseh [is] mine, and Ephraim [is] the {helmet for} my head; Judah [is] my scepter.
Gilead [is] mine, and Manasseh [is] mine, and Ephraim [is] the {helmet for} my head; Judah [is] my scepter. Moab [is] my washing pot; over Edom, I will cast my sandal. On account of me, O Philistia, raise a shout."
Moab [is] my washing pot; over Edom, I will cast my sandal. On account of me, O Philistia, raise a shout." Who will bring me to [the] fortified city? Who will lead me to Edom?
Who will bring me to [the] fortified city? Who will lead me to Edom? Have not you yourself rejected us, O God, and not gone out with our armies, O God?
Have not you yourself rejected us, O God, and not gone out with our armies, O God? Give us help against [the] adversary, for the help of humankind [is] futile.
Give us help against [the] adversary, for the help of humankind [is] futile. Through God we will do {valiantly}, and [it is] he [who] will tread down our enemies.
Through God we will do {valiantly}, and [it is] he [who] will tread down our enemies.
Blessed be Yahweh God, the God of Israel, [who] alone does wonderful things. And blessed be his glorious name forever, and may the whole earth be filled with his glory. Amen and Amen.
You have made his splendor to cease, and cast his throne to the ground. You have cut short the days of his youth; you have covered him with shame. Selah read more. How long, O Yahweh? Will you hide yourself forever? Will your wrath burn like fire [forever]? Remember what my lifespan [is]. [Remember] for what vanity you have created all [the] children of humankind. What man can live [on] and not see death? Can he deliver his life from the {power} of Sheol? Selah Where [are] your former acts of loyal love, O Lord, [that] you swore to David by your faithfulness? Remember, O Lord the taunting of your servants, [how] I bear in my bosom [the taunts of] all [the] many peoples, [by] which your enemies taunt, O Yahweh, [by] which they taunt the steps of your anointed one. Blessed be Yahweh forever. Amen and Amen.
on [the] ten [string], and on [the] harp, with a melody on [the] lyre.
You rise up and take pity on Zion, because [it is] time to favor it, for [the] appointed time has come.
For Yahweh will rebuild Zion; he will appear in his glory.
Save us, O Yahweh our God, and gather us from the nations, so that [we may] give thanks to your holy name [and] boast in your praise. Blessed [is] Yahweh, the God of Israel, from everlasting and to everlasting. And let all the people say, "Amen!" Praise Yah.
and gathered from [the] lands, from east and from west, from north and from south.
When Yahweh restored the fortunes of Zion, we were like dreamers.
By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat, yes, we wept, when we remembered Zion.
Yahweh [is] building Jerusalem; he gathers [the] scattered ones of Israel.
A writing of Hezekiah, king of Judah, when he was sick and had recovered from his sickness:
A writing of Hezekiah, king of Judah, when he was sick and had recovered from his sickness: I was the one who said, "I must go in the quiet of my days; I am summoned through the gates of Sheol [for] the rest of my years." read more. I said, "I shall not see Yah! Yah in the land of the living! I shall no more look at humankind among [the] inhabitants of [the] world. My dwelling place is pulled up and removed from me like the tent of my shepherd; I have rolled up my life like weaver. He cuts me off from [the] thrum; from day to night you bring me to an end. I lie down until morning; like lion, so he breaks all my bones; from day to night you bring me to an end. Like a horse or a crane, so I chirp; I moan like dove. My eyes are weak toward the height. Lord, I have oppression; lend me support! What can I say? For he has spoken to me, and he himself has done [it]. I will walk slowly all my years because of the bitterness of my soul. Lord, they live by them, and the life of my spirit belongs to all among them. And restore me to health and keep me alive! Look! Bitterness was bitter to me for peace. And you were the one who loved my life from [the] pit of destruction, for you have cast all my sins behind your back. For Sheol cannot praise you; death [cannot] praise you. Those who go down [to the] pit cannot hope for your faithfulness. [The] living, [the] living one praises you like me today; a father will make your faithfulness known to children. Yahweh, save me, and we will play my music [on] stringed instruments all the days of our lives at the temple of Yahweh."
Thus says Yahweh: "Just as the new wine is found in the cluster, and they say 'You must not destroy it, for [there is] a blessing in it,' so I will do for the sake of my servants {by} not destroying {everyone}.
A prayer of Habakkuk the prophet, according to Shigionoth.
Yahweh, my Lord, [is] my strength; he makes my feet like the deer; he causes me to walk on my high places. To the choirmaster with stringed instruments.
And Mary said, "My soul exalts the Lord, and my spirit has rejoiced greatly in God my Savior, read more. because he has looked upon the humble state of his female slave, for behold, from now on all generations will consider me blessed, because the Mighty [One] has done great [things] for me, and holy [is] his name. And his mercy [is] for generation after generation to those who fear him. He has done a mighty deed with his arm; he has dispersed the proud in the thoughts of their hearts. He has brought down rulers from [their] thrones, and has exalted the lowly. He has filled those who are hungry with good [things], and those who are rich he has sent away empty-handed. He has helped Israel his servant, remembering [his] mercy, just as he spoke to our fathers, to Abraham and to his descendants {forever}."
"Blessed [be] the Lord, the God of Israel, because he has visited to help and {has redeemed} his people, and has raised up a horn of salvation for us in the house of his servant David, read more. just as he spoke through the mouth of his holy prophets from earliest times-- salvation from our enemies and from the hand of all those who hate us, to show mercy to our fathers and to remember his holy covenant, the oath that he swore to Abraham our father, to grant us [that] we, being rescued from the hand of [our] enemies, could serve him without fear in holiness and righteousness before him all our days. And so you, child, will be called the prophet of the Most High, for you will go on before the Lord to prepare his ways, to give knowledge of salvation to his people by the forgiveness of their sins, because of the merciful compassion of our God by which the dawn will visit to help us from on high, to give light to those who sit in darkness and in the shadow of death, to direct our feet into the way of peace."
For David himself says in the book of Psalms, 'The Lord said to my Lord, "Sit at my right hand,
And he said to them, "These [are] my words that I spoke to you [while I] was still with you, that everything that is written about me in the law of Moses and the prophets and psalms must be fulfilled."
Then the feast of the Dedication took place in Jerusalem. It was winter,
"For it is written in the book of Psalms, 'Let his residence become deserted, and let there be no one to live in it,' and, 'Let another person take his position.'
Morish
This word occurs in the O.T. only in connection with the Psalms of David and those in the Book of Psalms. David is called "the sweet psalmist of Israel." 2Sa 23:1. There can be no doubt that in connection with the 'singers,' and the praising God with instruments, the Psalms were used. We read "sing psalms unto him," "Make a joyful noise unto him with psalms," etc. In N.T. days, for a time at least, the Psalms of David may have been sung by believers, but there were also hymns and spiritual songs, and it is to be remarked that in the singing at the institution of the Lord's supper a hymn (?????) is spoken of, not a psalm (??????). See PASSOVER. The latter Greek word (besides the occurrences which refer to the Book of Psalms) is found in 1Co 14:26; Eph 5:19; Col 3:16.
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These [are] the last words of David, the declaration of David the son of Jesse, and the declaration of the man exalted [by] the Most High, the anointed one of the God of Jacob and the darling of the songs of Israel.
{Therefore what should you do}, brothers? Whenever you come together, each one of you has a psalm, has a teaching, has a revelation, has a tongue, has an interpretation. All [things] must be [done] for edification.
speaking to one another in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing and singing praise in your heart to the Lord,
Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly, teaching and admonishing one another with all wisdom, with psalms, hymns, [and] spiritual songs, singing with thankfulness in your hearts to God,
Watsons
PSALMS. The book of Psalms is a collection of hymns, or sacred songs, in praise of God, and consists of poems of various kinds. They are the productions of different persons, but are generally called the Psalms of David, because a great part of them was composed by him, and David himself is distinguished by the name of the Psalmist. We cannot now ascertain all the Psalms written by David, but their number probably exceeds seventy; and much less are we able to discover the authors of the other Psalms, or the occasions upon which they were composed. A few of them were written after the return from the Babylonian captivity. The titles prefixed to them are of very questionable authority; and in many cases they are not intended to denote the writer but refer only to the person who was appointed to set them to music. David first introduced the practice of singing sacred hymns in the public service of God; and it was restored by Ezra. The authority of the Psalms is established not only by their rank among the sacred writings, and by the unvaried testimony of ages, but likewise by many intrinsic proofs of inspiration. Not only do they breathe through every part a divine spirit of eloquence, but they contain numberless illustrious prophecies that were remarkably accomplished, and are frequently appealed to by the evangelical writers. The sacred character of the whole book is established by the testimony of our Saviour and his Apostles, who, in various parts of the New Testament, appropriate the predictions of the Psalms as obviously apposite to the circumstances of their lives, and as intentionally composed to describe them. The veneration for the Psalms has in all ages of the church been considerable. The fathers assure us, that in the earlier times the whole book of Psalms was generally learned by heart; and that the ministers of every gradation were expected to be able to repeat them from memory. These invaluable Scriptures are daily repeated without weariness, though their beauties are often overlooked in familiar and habitual perusal. As hymns immediately addressed to the Deity, they reduce righteousness to practice; and while we acquire the sentiments, we perform the offices of piety; while we supplicate for blessings, we celebrate the memorial of former mercies; and while in the exercise of devotion, faith is enlivened by the display of prophecy. Josephus asserts, and most of the ancient writers maintain, that the Psalms were composed in metre. They have undoubtedly a peculiar conformation of sentences, and a measured distribution of parts. Many of them are elegiac, and most of David's are of the lyric kind. There is no sufficient reason however to believe, as some writers have imagined, that they were written in rhyme, or in any of the Grecian measures. Some of them are acrostic; and though the regulations of the Hebrew measure are now lost, there can be no doubt, from their harmonious modulation, that they were written with some kind of metrical order; and they must have been composed in accommodation to the measure to which they were set. (See Poetry of the Hebrews.) The Hebrew copies and the Septuagint version of this book contain the same number of Psalms; only the Septuagint translators have, for some reason which does not appear, thrown the ninth and tenth into one, as also the one hundred and fourteenth and one hundred and fifteenth, and have divided the one hundred and sixteenth and one hundred and forty-seventh each into two.
It is very justly observed by Dr. Allix, that, "although the sense of near fifty Psalms be fixed and settled by divine authors, yet Christ and his Apostles did not undertake to quote all the Psalms they could, but only to give a key to their hearers, by which they might apply to the same subjects the Psalms of the same composure and expression." With regard to the Jews, Bishop Chandler very pertinently remarks, that "they must have understood David, their prince, to have been a figure of Messiah. They would not otherwise have made his Psalms part of their daily worship; nor would David have delivered them to the church to be so employed, were it not to instruct and support them in the knowledge and belief of this fundamental article. Were the Messiah not concerned in the Psalms, it would have been absurd to celebrate twice a day, in their public devotions, the events of one man's life, who was deceased so long ago, as to have no relation now to the Jews and the circumstances of their affairs; or to transcribe whole passages from them into their prayers for the coming of the Messiah." Upon the same principle it is easily seen that the objections, which may seem to lie against the use of Jewish services in Christian congregations, may cease at once. Thus it may be said, Are we concerned with the affairs of David and of Israel? Have we any thing to do with the ark and the temple? They are no more. Are we to go up to Jerusalem, and to worship on Sion? They are desolated, and trodden under foot by the Turks. Are we to sacrifice young bullocks according to the law? The law is abolished, never to be observed again. Do we pray for victory over Moab, Edom, and Philistia; or for deliverance from Babylon? There are no such nations, no such places in the world. What then do we mean, when, taking such expressions into our mouths, we utter them in our own persons, as parts of our devotions, before God? Assuredly we must mean a spiritual Jerusalem and Sion; a spiritual ark and temple; a spiritual law; spiritual sacrifices; and spiritual victories over spiritual enemies; all described under the old names, which are still retained, though "old things are passed away, and all things are become new," 2Co 5:17. By substituting Messiah for David, the Gospel for the law, the church Christian for that of Israel, and the enemies of the one for those of the other, the Psalms are made our own. Nay, they are with more fulness and propriety applied now to the substance, than they were of old to the "shadow of good things then to come," Heb 10:1. For let it not pass unobserved, that when, upon the first publication of the Gospel, the Apostles had occasion to utter their transports of joy, on their being counted worthy to suffer for the name of their Lord and Master, which was then opposed by Jew and Gentile, they brake forth into an application of the second Psalm to the transactions then before their eyes, Ac 4:25. The Psalms, thus applied, have advantages which no fresh compositions, however finely executed, can possibly have; since, beside their incomparable fitness to express our sentiments, they are at the same time memorials of, and appeals to, former mercies and deliverances; they are acknowledgments of prophecies accomplished; they point out the connection between the old and new dispensations, thereby teaching us to admire and adore the wisdom of God displayed in both, and furnishing while we read or sing them, an inexhaustible variety of the noblest matter that can engage the contemplations of man.
Very few of the Psalms, comparatively, appear to be simply prophetical, and to belong only to Messiah, without the intervention of any other person. Most of them, it is apprehended, have a double sense, which stands upon this ground and foundation, that the ancient patriarchs, prophets, priests, and kings, were typical characters, in their several offices, and in the more remarkable passages of their lives, their extraordinary depressions and miraculous exaltations foreshowing him who was to arise as the head of the holy family, the great prophet, the true priest, the everlasting king. The Israelitish polity, and the law of Moses, were purposely framed after the example and shadow of things spiritual and heavenly; and the events which happened to the ancient people of God were designed to shadow out parallel occurrences, which should afterward take place in the accomplishment of man's redemption, and the rise and progress of the Christian church, (See Prophecy.) For this reason, the Psalms composed for the use of Israel, and by them accordingly used at the time, do admit of an application to us, who are now "the Israel of God," Ga 6:16, and to our Redeemer
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the one who said by the Holy Spirit through the mouth of our father David, your servant, 'Why do the nations rage, and the peoples conspire in vain?
Therefore if anyone [is] in Christ, [he is] a new creation; the old [things] have passed away; behold, new [things] have come.
And all those who follow this rule, peace and mercy [be] on them and on the Israel of God.
For the law, possessing a shadow of the good [things] that are about to come, not the form of things itself, [is] never able {year by year} by means of the same sacrifices which they offer without interruption to make perfect those who draw near.