Reference: Proverbs, The Book of
Fausets
mishlee, plural of maashaal, "comparison" or "likeness." The Christian fathers (Clement, Ep. Cor. 1:57; Hegesippus, Irenaeus in Eusebius H. E. 4:22) entitle it "Wisdom, the sum of all virtues" (Panareros sophia). Pithy sayings (compare David's quotation, 1Sa 24:13), like similes or with a figure. The comparison is either expressed or left for the hearer to supply. So Balaam's "parable" is prophecy in figurative language (Nu 23:7-10; 1Sa 10:12; Eze 12:22-23; 17:2-3; 18:2; 20:49; 24:3; Lu 4:23). In Job 27:1 "parable" (Job 29:1) means a figurative, sententious, weighty embodiment of wisdom, not in this case short, but containing Job's whole argument (Ps 49:4, maashaal).
In Pr 1:6 "dark sayings" (chidah) are another form of proverbs, the enigmatical obscurity being designed to stimulate reflection (Hab 2:6; Judges 14; 1Ki 10:1; 2Ch 9:1; Eze 17:2; Ps 78:2); the melitsah (Pr 1:6), "interpretation" (so Chald. and Vulgate versions), for which Gesenius translated "a saying that needs an interpreter," i.e. enigmatical (Hab 2:6). For instance (Pr 12:27), "the slothful man roasteth not that which he took in hunting" requires discernment to see the point of comparison and the application; the slothful man is too lazy to hunt, and therefore has nothing to roast (compare 2Th 3:10). "Proverb" is with Jesus' disciples equivalent to an obscure saying (Joh 16:29).
Canonicity. The Book of Proverbs is found in all Jewish lists among the ketubim, "writings" (hagiographa), the third division of Scripture. The Talmud (Baba Bathra, 14 b.) gives the order, Ruth, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Lamentations, Daniel, Esther, Ezra (including Nehemiah), Chronicles. The New Testament quotes and so canonizes (Pr 1:16; Ro 3:10,15. Pr 3:7; Ro 12:16. Pr 3:11-12; Heb 12:5-6; Re 3:19. Pr 3:34; Jas 4:6. Pr 10:12; 1Pe 4:8. Pr 11:31; 1Pe 4:17-18. Pr 17:13; Ro 12:17; 1Th 5:15; 1Pe 3:9. Pr 17:27; Jas 1:19. Pr 20:9; 1Jo 1:8. Pr 20:20; Mt 15:4. Pr 22:8; 2Co 9:6; Ga 6:7,9. Pr 25:21-22; Ro 12:20. Pr 26:11; 2Pe 2:22. Pr 27:1; Jas 4:13).
Divisions and authorship. The same heading, "the proverbs of Solomon the son of David king of Israel" (Pr 1:1; 10:1; 25:1), marks the three divisions. Solomon spoke 3,000 proverbs (1Ki 4:32) and "set in order" the present selection (Proverbs 1-24; Ec 12:9). "Hezekiah" directed his pious "men" (perhaps Isaiah, Micah, Shebna, and Joah: 2Ki 18:18) to supplement the collection with a series of proverbs of Solomon, not included in the collection by the royal author (Pr 25:1; compare Sir 47:14; Sir 47:17). The Holy Spirit did not appoint all Solomon's proverbs indiscriminately to be put into the canon for all ages, but a selection suited for the ends of revelation. The bringing forth of God's word from obscurity fitly accompanied the reformation by pious Hezekiah, as in the case of Josiah's reformation (2Ch 31:21,21). The Jews assign the composition of the Song of Solomon to Solomon's youth, Proverbs to his manhood, and Ecclesiastes to his old age.
(1) Proverbs 1-9 are one connected whole, in which wisdom is recommended to youths; an introduction states the aim.
(2) Proverbs 10-22 are single detached proverbs; from Proverbs 10:1 to Proverbs 22:16; Proverbs 22:17 to Proverbs 24:21, form a more connected whole on righteousness and prudence, with an introduction; Pr 24:23-34, "these also belong to the wise," are an appendix of unconnected maxims.
(3) Proverbs 25-29, consisting of single sentences, are the selection of Hezekiah's men..
(4) Proverbs 30 is Agur's proverbs and enigmatical sayings..
(5) Proverbs 31 consists of king Lemuel's words (Pr 31:1-6), and an alphabetical acrostic in praise of a virtuous woman.
The repetition of many proverbs in a similar form in the middle division is due, not to their emanating from different authors, but to their having been selected out of different collections oral or written, of the same author Solomon, in which the same proverb appeared in a different connection; just as Jesus' sayings repeated in different connections (Pr 14:12; 16:25; 21:2,9,19; 10:1; 15:20; 10:2; 11:4; 10:15; 18:11; 15:33; 18:12; 11:21; 16:5; 14:31; 17:5; 19:12; 20:2). The Proverbs apply the truths of religion to practical life in sentences weighty and easily remembered by their terse point. (See POETRY.)
Gnomic poetry is peculiarly Semitic. Instead of philosophical reasonings and argument, the results of observation are embodied in terse proverbial similitudes and maxims. A proverb is defined as" the wit of one, the wisdom of many." When the nation's experiences had become matured Solomon in a time of national peace embodied them in gnomic proverbs. Internal tranquillity favored the growth of a contemplative spirit which suits such a work. Favorite phrases characterize the middle division, the style of which is simple and antique. The Proverbs are in antithetic parallelism, the second clause standing in contrast to the first. Here are the phrases "fountain of life," "tree of life," "snares of death," "healing," "health;" "destruction" (mechittah), Pr 10:14-15,29, nowhere else in Proverbs; (ad argiah) "but for a moment"; (yad leyad) "hand to hand," Pr 11:21; (nirgan) "a whisperer," "talebearer" )Pr 18:18, etc.), are characteristic of the middle division. The third division, namely, of Hezekiah's men, is marked by the interrogation "seest thou?" (Pr 26:12; 29:20.)
Things are compared by being placed side by side, connected simply by "and" (Pr 25:3,20). The antithesis is not so marked. The verses are not of two equal members; one is often shorter than the other; sometimes there are even three members in the verse. A cautious and mournful tone is thought to mark the language as to rulers, instead of the joy and reverence of the middle and older division; the, state of the nation under Hezekiah at the close of the eighth century B.C. accords with his selection of these proverbs of Solomon. The first division, with the closing part of the middle (Pr 10:1-22:16 being the germ of the book), Proverbs 1-9; Proverbs 22:17 - Proverbs 25:1, is characterized by favorite words and constructions: as chokmot, "wisdoms"; zarah, "the strange woman"; nokriah, "the foreigner," the adulteress who seduces youth, the opposite of true wisdom, found once in the middle division (Pr 22:14). Shephathaim, dual feminine, is constructed with the verb masculine plural.
Warning against envy at the sinner's seeming prosperity appears (Pr 3:31; 23:17; 24:1,19) as in Job. The disciplinary design of chastisement ("instruction," musar, Greek paideia, correction by discipline), Pr 3:11-13; so Job (Job 33:17-30; 5:17); wisdom (Pr 2:4; 3:14,8; Job 28; Pr 3:23; Job 5:22; Pr 8:25; Job 15:7-8). The similarity is probably due to Solomon's having become imbued with the spirit of the book of Job, through study of it. The language of the first division rises from a general exhortation, and then a particular one to youth to follow wisdom, to the sublimest and most universal strain at the close (Pr 6:20-9:18). This first division is continuous description and elucidation of truth, instead of the single proverb which characterizes the middle collection; the poetic parallelism is synonymous, not antithetic or synthetic, as in the middle division.
Keil truly says, after all these distinctions of parts, "one historical background is shown throughout, the contents corresponding only to the relations, culture, and experiences of life acquired by the political development of Israel under Solomon." The first part forms a connected mashal or parabolic commendation of wisdom. It is the porch, leading into the interior, the Proverbs proper, loosely connected. The ornamental, flowing style suits the young, to whom the first division is addressed. The second, addressed to men, is in brief, business like style, compressing much in brief compass for the right conduct of life.
The two sentences in each distich mutually complement each other, and the ellipsis in one is to be supplied from the antithesis in the other, e.g. (Pr 12:3), "a man shall not be established by wickedness (but shall be rooted out); but the root of the righteous shall (be established and) not be moved"; Pr 11:12, "he that is void of
See Verses Found in Dictionary
So he took up his parable and said, - From Aram, doth Balak conduct me, The king of Moab, from the mountains of the East, Come thou! curse me Jacob, Yea, come thou! rage on Israel. How can I revile one whom GOD hath not reviled? Yea, how can I rage on one on whom Yahweh hath not raged. read more. Surely from the head of the rocks, do I see him, Yea, from the hills, do I observe him, - Lo! a people, who alone doth dwell, And among the nations, he doth not reckon himself. Who hath counted the dust of Jacob? Or who hath numbered the fourth part of Israel? Let me die the death of the upright, And let my hereafter be like his!
This scroll of the law must not cease out of thy mouth, but thou must talk to thyself therein, day and night, that thou mayest take heed to do according to all that is written therein, - for, then, shalt thou make thy way prosperous, and, then, shalt thou have good success.
As saith the proverb of the ancients, From the lawless, proceedeth lawlessness, - mine own hand, therefore shall not be upon thee.
And he spake three thousand proverbs, - and it came to pass that, his songs, were a thousand and five.
And, when, the queen of Sheba, heard the report of Solomon, as pertaining to the Name of Yahweh, she came to prove him, with abstruse questions.
Then called they for the king, and there went out unto them Eliakim son of Hilkiah, who was over the household, - and Shebnah, the scribe, and Joah son of Asaph, the recorder.
And, in all the work which he began in the service of the house of God - and in the law - and in the commandment, to seek unto his God, with all his heart, he wrought, and prospered.
And, in all the work which he began in the service of the house of God - and in the law - and in the commandment, to seek unto his God, with all his heart, he wrought, and prospered.
Lo! how happy is the man whom God correcteth! Therefore, the chastening of the Almighty, do not thou refuse;
At destruction and at hunger, shalt thou laugh, and, of the wild beast of the earth, be not thou afraid;
The first of mankind, wast thou born? Or, before the hills, wast thou brought forth? In the secret council of GOD, hast thou been wont to hearken? Or canst thou attain for thyself unto wisdom?
To turn a son of earth from his deed, while yet, pride, from man he concealeth: He keepeth back his said from the pit, and his life from passing away by a weapon. read more. Or he is chastised with pain, upon his bed, and, the strife of his bones, is unceasing! So that his life maketh loathsome his food, and his soul, dainty meat; His flesh wasteth away out of sight, and bared are the bones once unseen; So doth his soul draw near to the pit, and his life to the inflicters of death: If there hath been near him a messenger who could interpret - one of a thousand, to declare to the son of earth His uprightness, Then hath he shewed him favour, and said, Set him free from going down to the pit, I have found a price of redemption! His flesh hath been made fresher than a child's, he hath returned to the days of his youth; He made supplication unto GOD, who hath accepted him, and he hath beheld his face with a shout of triumph, Thus hath he given back to man his righteousness. He sang before men, and said, I sinned, and, uprightness, I perverted, yet he requited me not; He hath ransomed my soul from passing away into the pit, - and, my life, in the light, shall have vision. Lo! a these things, doth GOD work, two ways, three, with a man; To bring back his soul from the pit, to enlighten with the light of the living.
I will bend, to a by-word, mine ear, I will open, on the lyre, mine enigma.
I will open, in a parable, my mouth, I will pour forth enigmas out of antiquity; -
The proverbs of Solomon, son of David, King of Israel:
By gaining discernment of proverb, and satire, the words of the wise, and their dark sayings.
By gaining discernment of proverb, and satire, the words of the wise, and their dark sayings.
For, their feet, to mischief, do run, and haste to the shedding of blood.
If thou seek her as silver, and, like hid treasure, thou search for her,
Do not become wise in thine own eyes, revere Yahweh, and avoid evil: Healing, shall it be to thy body, and refreshing, to thy bones.
The, chastening of Yahweh, my son, do not reject, nor loathe his rebuke;
The, chastening of Yahweh, my son, do not reject, nor loathe his rebuke; For, whom Yahweh loveth, he correcteth, he causeth pain to the son in whom he delighteth.
For, whom Yahweh loveth, he correcteth, he causeth pain to the son in whom he delighteth. How happy the man who hath found wisdom, and the man who draweth forth understanding, read more. For better is her merchandise, than the merchandise of silver, yea, than gold, her increase;
Then, shalt thou walk securely in thy way, and, thy foot, shall not stumble;
Do not thou envy the man of violence, neither choose thou any of his ways;
Though at scoffers he scoffeth, yet, to the humbled, he granteth favour.
Ere yet the mountains had been settled, before the hills, had I been brought forth;
The Proverbs of Solomon: A wise son, maketh a glad father, but, a foolish son, is the grief of his mother.
The Proverbs of Solomon: A wise son, maketh a glad father, but, a foolish son, is the grief of his mother.
The Proverbs of Solomon: A wise son, maketh a glad father, but, a foolish son, is the grief of his mother. The treasures of lawlessness, do not profit, but, righteousness, delivereth from death.
The treasures of lawlessness, do not profit, but, righteousness, delivereth from death. Yahweh, suffereth not to famish, the soul of the righteous, but, the desire of the lawless, he thrusteth away. read more. He becometh poor, who dealeth with a slack hand, but, the hand of the diligent, maketh rich. He that gathereth in summer, is a prudent son, he that sleepeth long in harvest, is a son causing shame. Blessings, are for the head of the righteous man, but, the mouth of the lawless, covereth up wrong. The memory of the righteous, yieldeth blessing, but, the name of the lawless, dieth out. The wise in heart, will accept commandments, but, he that is foolish with his lips, shall be thrust away. He that walketh uprightly, may walk securely, but, he that maketh crooked his ways, shall be found out. He that winketh with the eye, causeth sorrow, and, he that is foolish with his lips, shall be thrust aside. A well-spring of life, is the mouth of the righteous, but, the mouth of the lawless, covereth wrong. Hatred, stirreth up strifes, but, over all transgressions, love throweth a covering.
Hatred, stirreth up strifes, but, over all transgressions, love throweth a covering. In the lips of the intelligent, is found wisdom, but, a rod, is for the back of him that lacketh sense. read more. Wise men, treasure up knowledge, but, the mouth of the foolish, is a terror near at hand.
Wise men, treasure up knowledge, but, the mouth of the foolish, is a terror near at hand. The substance of the rich, is his strong city, the terror of the poor, is their poverty.
The substance of the rich, is his strong city, the terror of the poor, is their poverty.
The substance of the rich, is his strong city, the terror of the poor, is their poverty. The labour of the righteous, leadeth to life, the increase of the lawless, to sin. read more. On the way to life, is he that heedeth correction, but, he that hateth reproof, is going astray. He that concealeth hatred, hath false lips, and he that sendeth forth slander, the same, is a dullard. In the multitude of words, there wanteth not transgression, but, he that restraineth his lips, sheweth prudence. Choice silver, is the tongue of the righteous, but, the sense of the lawless, is very small. The lips of the righteous, feed multitudes, but, the foolish, for lack of sense, shall die. The blessing of Yahweh, itself maketh rich, and he addeth no grievance therewith.
A refuge for the blameless, is the path of Yahweh, but, destruction, awaiteth the workers of iniquity.
Wealth, shall not profit, in the day of wrath, but, righteousness, shall deliver from death.
He that sheweth contempt for his neighbour, lacketh sense, but, a man of understanding, observeth silence.
Hand to hand, the wicked man shall not be held innocent, but, the seed of the righteous, hath been delivered.
Hand to hand, the wicked man shall not be held innocent, but, the seed of the righteous, hath been delivered.
Lo! the righteous, in the earth shall be recompensed, how much more the lawless and the sinner.
A son of earth, shall not be established, by lawlessness, but, the root of the righteous, shall not be disturbed.
Indolence, roasteth not, his own game, but, the substance of a man, is precious, when he is diligent.
There is a way that enticeth a man, but, at the latter end thereof, are the ways of death!
The oppressor of the poor, hath reproached his Maker, but he that sheweth favour to the needy, is one who, holdeth Him in honour.
A wise son, maketh a glad father, - but, a dullard, despiseth his own mother.
The reverence of Yahweh, is the correction of wisdom, and, before honour, is humility.
An abomination to Yahweh, is every one who is haughty in heart, hand to hand, he shall not be held innocent.
There is a way that enticeth a man, but, at the latter end thereof, are the ways of death.
He that mocketh the poor, hath reproached his Maker, He that maketh merry at distress, shall not be held innocent.
He that returneth evil for good, evil shall not depart from his house.
Sparing of his words, is one who valueth knowledge, and, of a thoughtful spirit, is a man of intelligence.
The substance of a rich man, is his strong city, and like a high wall, in his imagination. Before grievous injury, a man's heart is haughty, and, before honour, is humility.
The lot causeth, contentions, to cease, and, the mighty, it parteth.
The growl as of a young lion, is the rage of a king, but, like dew upon the grass, is his good pleasure.
The growl as of a young lion, is the dread inspired by a king, he that provoketh him, endangereth his own life.
Who can say, I have cleansed my heart, I am pure from my sin?
Whoso revileth his father or his mother, his lamp shall be put out in deep darkness.
Every way of a man, may be right in his own eyes, but, he that testeth hearts, is Yahweh.
Better to dwell on the corner of the roof, than a quarrelsome wife, and a house in common.
Better to dwell in a desert land, than with a woman, quarrelsome and provoking.
He that soweth perversity, shall reap trouble, and, the rod of his wrath, shall be ready.
A deep chasm, is the mouth of strange women, he with whom Yahweh is indignant, falleth there.
Incline thine ear and hear the words of wise men, then, thy heart, wilt thou apply to my teaching;
Let not thy heart be envious of sinners, only of the reverence of Yahweh, all day long;
Be not thou envious of wicked men, neither crave to be with them;
For, seven times, may the righteous fall and yet arise, but, lawless men, shall stumble into calamity.
Burn not with vexation against evil doers, be not envious of lawless men;
These things also, concern he wise, To take note of faces in judgment, is not good.
These things also, concern he wise, To take note of faces in judgment, is not good. He that saith to the lawless man, Righteous, thou art, peoples shall denounce him, populations shall curse him;
He that saith to the lawless man, Righteous, thou art, peoples shall denounce him, populations shall curse him; But, to reprovers, one should be pleasant, and, upon them, should come an excellent blessing:
But, to reprovers, one should be pleasant, and, upon them, should come an excellent blessing: Lips, should one kiss with one who answereth in right words.
Lips, should one kiss with one who answereth in right words. Prepare, in the open, thy work, and make ready, in the field, for thyself, Afterwards, shalt thou build thy house.
Prepare, in the open, thy work, and make ready, in the field, for thyself, Afterwards, shalt thou build thy house. Do not become a needless witness against thy neighbour, so mightest thou open too wide thy lips:
Do not become a needless witness against thy neighbour, so mightest thou open too wide thy lips: Do not say - According to what he hath done to me, so, will I do to him, I will repay every one according to his work.
Do not say - According to what he hath done to me, so, will I do to him, I will repay every one according to his work. By the field of the sluggard, I passed, and by the vineyard of a man lacking sense;
By the field of the sluggard, I passed, and by the vineyard of a man lacking sense; And lo! there had come up all over it - thorns, there had covered the face thereof - thistles, and, the stone fence thereof, had been thrown down.
And lo! there had come up all over it - thorns, there had covered the face thereof - thistles, and, the stone fence thereof, had been thrown down. So I observed it, for myself, I applied my heart, I looked - I accepted correction:
So I observed it, for myself, I applied my heart, I looked - I accepted correction: A little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to rest:
A little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to rest:
These also, are proverbs of Solomon, - which the men of Hezekiah king of Judah transcribed.
These also, are proverbs of Solomon, - which the men of Hezekiah king of Judah transcribed.
The heavens for height, and the earth for depth, but, the heart of kings, cannot be searched.
As splendour of dress on a cold day - vinegar upon nitre, so is a singer with songs, unto a sad heart. If he that hateth thee hunger, give him bread to eat, and, if he be thirsty, give him water to drink; read more. For, burning coals, shalt thou be heaping upon his head, - and, Yahweh, will repay thee.
As, a dog, returneth onto his own vomit, a dullard, repeateth his folly. Thou hast seen a man wise in his own eye, - more hope of a dullard, than of him!
Do not boast thyself of to-morrow, for thou knowest not what a day may bring forth.
Thou hast seen a man hasty in his words, - there is, more hope of a dullard, than of him.
The words of Lemuel the king, - the strain which was taught him by his mother: - What, my son? and what, the son of my womb? aye what, the son of my vows? read more. Do not give, to women, thy strength, nor thy ways, to them who ruin kings. It is not for kings, O Lemuel, it is not for kings to drink wine, nor, for dignitaries, to desire strong drink, Lest he drink, and forget that which is decreed, and alter the plea of any who are sorely oppressed. Give strong drink, to him that is perishing, and wine, to such as are embittered in soul:
Besides that, the Proclaimer being wise, - still further taught knowledge unto the people, and weighed and searched, arranged proverbs in abundance.
Son of man What is this proverb ye have, concerning the so of Israel, saying, - The days, are prolonged, Therefore shall every vision come to nought? Therefore say unto them, Thus saith My Lord Yahweh, I will cause this proverb to cease, And they shall use it as a proverb no more in Israel, - But speak unto them, The days late drawn near, And the substance of every vision.
Son of man Put thou forth a riddle And speak thou a parable,- Unto the house of Israel:
Son of man Put thou forth a riddle And speak thou a parable,- Unto the house of Israel: So then thou shalt say, Thus, saith My Lord. Yahweh, - A great eagle, with large wings of long pinion, full of plumage, which had divers colours, came unto Lebanon, and took the highest branch of the cedar:
What occasion have ye, to be using this proverb, concerning the so of Israel, saying, - Fathers eat sour grapes, And the children's teeth are blunted?
Then said I, Ah! My Lord Yahweh: They are saying of me, Is not he a putter forth of parables?
Put thou forth therefore, against the perverse house a parable, and say unto them Thus saith My Lord, Yahweh: Sot on the caldron set it on, Moreover also pour into it water:
Shall not, these, all of them, against him, take up - a taunt, a mocking poem, enigmatical sentences - concerning him? And say - Alas! for him who maketh abundance in what is not his own, How long? that he should be burdening himself with heavy debts?
Shall not, these, all of them, against him, take up - a taunt, a mocking poem, enigmatical sentences - concerning him? And say - Alas! for him who maketh abundance in what is not his own, How long? that he should be burdening himself with heavy debts?
For, God, said - Honour thy father and thy mother, and - He that revileth father or mother, let him, surely die!
And he said unto them - By all means, ye will speak to me this similitude: Physician! heal, thyself, - Whatsoever things we have heard of coming to pass in Capernaum, do here also, in thine own country.
His disciples say - See! now, openly, art thou speaking, and, not a single similitude, art thou using:
Even as it is written - there is none righteous, not even one,
Swift, are their feet to shed blood;
The same thing, one to another regarding, - not the lofty things regarding, but, by the lowly, being led along. Be not getting presumptuous in your own opinion: Unto no one, evil for evil rendering: providing honourable things before all men:
But - if thine enemy hunger, be feeding him, if he thirst, be giving him drink; for, this doing, coals of fire, shalt thou heap upon his head.
Be not deceiving yourselves! God, is not to be mocked; for, whatsoever a man soweth, the same, shall he also reap, -
And, in doing that which is honourable, let us not be fainthearted; for, in due season, we shall reap, if we faint not.
For, even when we were with you, this, were we giving in charge unto you, - that, if any will not work, neither let him eat!
And ye have quite forgotten the exhortation which, indeed, with you as with sons, doth reason: - My son! be not slighting the discipline of the Lord, neither be fainting, when by him, thou art reproved; For, whom the Lord loveth, he doth, discipline, and scourgeth every son whom he doth welcome home.
Ye know, my brethren beloved, - but let every man be swift to hear, slow to speak, slow to anger,
Howbeit he giveth, greater, favour. Wherefore it saith - God, against the haughty, arrayeth himself, Whereas, unto the lowly, he giveth favour.
Come now! ye that say - Today or To-morrow, we will journey unto this city here, and will spend there a year, and will trade and get gain, -
I, as many as I tenderly love, I convict and put under discipline: be zealous, therefore, and repent.