Reference: Agriculture
Easton
Tilling the ground (Ge 2:15; 4:2-3,12) and rearing cattle were the chief employments in ancient times. The Egyptians excelled in agriculture. And after the Israelites entered into the possession of the Promised Land, their circumstances favoured in the highest degree a remarkable development of this art. Agriculture became indeed the basis of the Mosaic commonwealth.
Illustration: Eastern Agriculture
The year in Palestine was divided into six agricultural periods:-
I. SOWING TIME.
Tisri, latter half
(beginning about the autumnal equinox.)
Marchesvan.
Kisleu, former half.
Early rain due = first showers of autumn.
II. UNRIPE TIME.
Kisleu, latter half.
Tebet.
Sebat, former half.
III. COLD SEASON.
Sebat, latter half.
Adar.
[Veadar.]
Nisan, former half.
Latter rain due (De 11:14; Jer 5:24; Ho 6:3; Zec 10:1; Jas 5:7; Job 29:23).
IV. HARVEST TIME.
Nisan, latter half.
(Beginning about vernal equinox. Barley green. Passover.)
Ijar.
Sivan, former half., Wheat ripe. Pentecost.
V. SUMMER (total absence of rain)
Sivan, latter half.
Tammuz.
Ab, former half.
VI. SULTRY SEASON
Ab, latter half.
Elul.
Tisri, former half., Ingathering of fruits.
The six months from the middle of Tisri to the middle of Nisan were occupied with the work of cultivation, and the rest of the year mainly with the gathering in of the fruits. The extensive and easily-arranged system of irrigation from the rills and streams from the mountains made the soil in every part of Palestine richly productive (Ps 1:3; 65:10; Pr 21:1; Isa 30:25; 32:2,20; Ho 12:11), and the appliances of careful cultivation and of manure increased its fertility to such an extent that in the days of Solomon, when there was an abundant population, "20,000 measures of wheat year by year" were sent to Hiram in exchange for timber (1Ki 5:11), and in large quantities also wheat was sent to the Tyrians for the merchandise in which they traded (Eze 27:17). The wheat sometimes produced an hundredfold (Ge 26:12; Mt 13:23). Figs and pomegranates were very plentiful (Nu 13:23), and the vine and the olive grew luxuriantly and produced abundant fruit (De 33:24).
Lest the productiveness of the soil should be exhausted, it was enjoined that the whole land should rest every seventh year, when all agricultural labour would entirely cease (Le 25:1-7; De 15:1-10).
It was forbidden to sow a field with divers seeds (De 22:9). A passer-by was at liberty to eat any quantity of corn or grapes, but he was not permitted to carry away any (De 23:24-25; Mt 12:1). The poor were permitted to claim the corners of the fields and the gleanings. A forgotten sheaf in the field was to be left also for the poor. (See Le 19:9-10; De 24:19.)
Agricultural implements and operations.
The sculptured monuments and painted tombs of Egypt and Assyria throw much light on this subject, and on the general operations of agriculture. Ploughs of a simple construction were known in the time of Moses (De 22:10; comp. Job 1:14). They were very light, and required great attention to keep them in the ground (Lu 9:62). They were drawn by oxen (Job 1:14), cows (1Sa 6:7), and asses (Isa 30:24); but an ox and an ass must not be yoked together in the same plough (De 22:10). Men sometimes followed the plough with a hoe to break the clods (Isa 28:24). The oxen were urged on by a "goad," or long staff pointed at the end, so that if occasion arose it could be used as a spear also (Jg 3:31; 1Sa 13:21).
Illustration: Ploughing
When the soil was prepared, the seed was sown broadcast over the field (Mt 13:3-8). The "harrow" mentioned in Job 39:10 was not used to cover the seeds, but to break the clods, being little more than a thick block of wood. In highly irrigated spots the seed was trampled in by cattle (Isa 32:20); but doubtless there was some kind of harrow also for covering in the seed scattered in the furrows of the field.
The reaping of the corn was performed either by pulling it up by the roots, or cutting it with a species of sickle, according to circumstances. The corn when cut was generally put up in sheaves (Ge 37:7; Le 23:10-15; Ru 2:7,15; Job 24:10; Jer 9:22; Mic 4:12), which were afterwards gathered to the threshing-floor or stored in barns (Mt 6:26).
The process of threshing was performed generally by spreading the sheaves on the threshing-floor and causing oxen and cattle to tread repeatedly over them (De 25:4; Isa 28:28). On occasions flails or sticks were used for this purpose (Ru 2:17; Isa 28:27). There was also a "threshing instrument" (Isa 41:15; Am 1:3) which was drawn over the corn. It was called by the Hebrews a moreg, a threshing roller or sledge (2Sa 24:22; 1Ch 21:23; Isa 3:15). It was somewhat like the Roman tribulum, or threshing instrument.
When the grain was threshed, it was winnowed by being thrown up against the wind (Jer 4:11), and afterwards tossed with wooden scoops (Isa 30:24). The shovel and the fan for winnowing are mentioned in Ps 35:5; Job 21:18; Isa 17:13. The refuse of straw and chaff was burned (Isa 5:24). Freed from impurities, the grain was then laid up in granaries till used (De 28:8; Pr 3:10; Mt 6:26; 13:30; Lu 12:18).
See Verses Found in Dictionary
And Jehovah God will take the man and will set him down in the garden of Eden to work it and to keep it.
And she will add to bear his brother Abel; and Abel shall be a feeder of sheep, and Cain was a laborer of the earth. And it shall be at the end of days, and Cain shall bring in from the fruit of the earth an offering to Jehovah.
When thou shalt work the earth she shall not add to give her strength to thee. Wandering and fleeing shalt thou be in the earth.
And Isaak will sow in that land, and will find in that year a hundred measures; and Jehovah will praise him.
And behold, we binding sheaves in the midst of the field; and behold, my sheaf arose, and also stood; and behold your sheaves will turn about and will worship to my sheaf.
And in your reaping the harvest of your land thou shalt not finish to reap the extremity of thy field, and thou shalt not gather the gleaning of thy harvest And thou shalt not glean thy vineyard, and the scattering of thy vineyard thou shalt not glean; to the poor and to the stranger thou shalt leave them: I am Jehovah your God.
Speak to the sons of Israel, and say to them, When ye shall come into the land which I give to you, and ye reaped its harvest, and brought a handful of the first-fruits of your harvest to the priest: And he lifted up the handful before Jehovah for your acceptance: on the morrow of the Sabbath the priest shall lift it up. read more. And in the day of your lifting up the handful, ye did a blameless lamb, the son of its year, for a burnt-offering to Jehovah. And its gift two tenths of fine flour mingled with oil; a sacrifice to Jehovah, an odor of sweetness: and its libation of wine, the fourth of the hin. And ye shall not eat bread, and parched, and early groats of grain, till the self-same day till that ye brought an offering to your God: a law forever to your generations, in all your dwellings And ye counted to you from the morrow of the Sabbath from the day ye brought the handful of lifting up; seven Sabbaths shall be complete.
And Jehovah will speak to Moses, in mount Sinai, saying, Speak to the sons of Israel and say to them, When ye shall come into the land which I gave to you, the land shall rest a Sabbath to Jehovah. read more. Six years thou shalt sow thy field, and six years thou shalt prune thy vineyard, and gather its produce; And in the seventh year, a Sabbath of rest shall be to the land, a Sabbath to Jehovah: thy field thou shalt not sow, and thy vineyard thou. shalt not prune. The overflowing of thy harvest thou shalt not reap, and the grapes of thy separation thou shalt not gather: a year of the Sabbaths shall be to the land. And the Sabbath of the land shall be to you for food; to thee and to thy servant, and to thy maid, and to thy hireling, and to thine inhabitant sojourning with thee. And to thy cattle, and to the beast which is in thy land shall all its produce be for food.
And they will go up to the valley of Esheol, and will cut off from there a branch and one cluster of grapes, and they will lift upon a rod upon two; and from the pomegranates, and from the figs.
And I gave the rain of your land in its time, the early and the latter rain; and gather thy grain and thy new wine and thy new oil.
From the end of seven years thou shalt make a remission: And this the word of the remission: Every lord to release the lending of his hand which he shall put upon his friend; he shall not exact his friend and his brother, for a remission was called to Jehovah. read more. Foreigners thou shalt exact of, and what shall be to thee with thy brother thine hand shall remit: Only when no needy shall be with thee; for Jehovah blessing will bless thee in the land which Jehovah thy God gave to thee an inheritance to possess it: Only if hearing, thou shalt hear to the voice of Jehovah thy God, to watch to do all these commands which I command thee this day. For Jehovah thy God blessed thee as he spake to thee: and thou didst lend to many nations, and thou shalt not borrow; and thou didst rule over many nations, and they shall not rule over thee. When the needy shall be among thee, from one of thy brethren, in one of thy gates in thy land which Jehovah thy God gave to thee, thou shalt not harden thy heart, and thou shalt not shut thy hand from thy needy brother. For opening, thou shalt open thy hand to him, and lending, thou shalt lend him a sufficiency for his want which he shall want Watch to thyself lest a word shall be with thy heart, of Belial, saying. The seventh year, the year of remission is drawing near; and thine eye be evil against thy needy brother and thou wilt not give to him; and he call against thee to Jehovah, and it was sin in thee. Giving, thou shalt give to him, and thy heart shall not be evil in thy giving to him; for because of this word Jehovah thy God will bless thee in all thy works, and in all the sending forth of thy hand.
Thou shalt not sow thy vineyard with a diversity, lest the fulness of thy seed which thou shalt sow shall be consecrated, and the produce of the vineyard. Thou shalt not plough with an ox and ass together.
Thou shalt not plough with an ox and ass together.
When thou shalt come into the vineyard of thy friend, and eat there grapes according to thy soul, to thy satisfying; and thou shalt not give into thy vessel. When thou shalt come into thy friend's standing grain, pluck off the ears with thine hand, and thou shalt not lift up a sickle upon thy friend's standing grain.
When thou shalt reap thy harvest in thy field and didst forget a sheaf in the field, thou shalt not turn back to take it: to the stranger and to the orphan and to the widow shall it be; so that Jehovah thy God shall bless thee in all the doing of thy hands.
Thou shalt not muzzle the ox treading.
Jehovah will command with thee the blessing in thy store-houses, and in all the sending forth of thy hand; and he blessed thee in the land which Jehovah thy God gave to thee.
And to Asher he said, Asher blessed from sons; he shall be accepted of his brethren, and he dipped his foot in oil.
And after him was Shamgar, son of Anath; and he will smite the Philistines, six hundred men with an ox-goad; and he also will deliver Israel
And she will say, I will gather now; and I collected among the sheaves after the reapers: and she will stand from that time of the morning, and even to this time of her sitting in the house a little
And she will rise up to gather, and Boaz commanded his young men, saying, Also she shall gather between the sheaves, and ye shall not shame her:
And she will gather in the field till the evening, and she will beat out what she gathered, and it will be about an ephah of barley.
And now take and make one new wagon, and two heifers giving milk, which a yoke came not up upon them, and make fast the heifers upon the wagon, and turn back their young from after them to the house.
And Araunah will say to David, My lord the king shall take and bring up the good in his eyes: see, the oxen for the burnt-offering, and the threshing-rollers, and the instruments of the oxen for wood.
And Solomon gave to Hiram twenty thousand cons of wheat food for his house, and twenty cors of beaten oil: thus Solomon will give to Hiram year by year.
And a messenger came to Job; and he will say, The oxen were ploughing, and the he asses were feeding upon their hands.
And a messenger came to Job; and he will say, The oxen were ploughing, and the he asses were feeding upon their hands.
They shall be as straw before the wind, and as chaff the storm stole it away.
They caused the naked to go without clothing, and from the hungry they took away the sheaf;
And they waited for me as the rain, and they opened wide their mouth for the latter rain.
Wilt thou bind the buffalo in the furrow with cords, or will he harrow the valleys after thee?
And he was as a tree planted by the streams of water which will give its fruit in its time; his leaf shall not fall away, and all which he shall do shall be prospered.
They shall be as chaff before the wind: and the messenger of Jehovah overthrowing.
Thou givest its furrows to drink to the full: thou wilt cause its incisions to flow down in showers: thou wilt bless its springing up.
And thy storehouses shall be filled with abundance, and thy wine-vats shall break forth with new wine.
Steams of waters the heart of the king, in the hand of Jehovah: upon all which he shall delight in he will turn it
Why will ye crush my people and grind the faces of the poor? says the Lord Jehovah of armies.
For this as the tongue of fire consumes the straw, and the dry grass of flame will collapse: their root shall be as rottenness, and their flower shall go up as dust: for they rejected the law of Jehovah of armies, and the saying of the Holy One of Israel they despised.
To the nations as the tumult of many waters they shall rage, and he rebuked him and he fled from far off and was pursued as the chief of the mountains before the wind and as stubble before the whirlwind.
Shall he ploughing, plough all the day to sow? shall he open and level his earth?
For the fennel flower shall not be beaten with the threshing sledge, and the wheel of a wagon shall not be turned about upon the cummin; for the fennel flower shall be beaten out with the rod and the cummin with the rod. Bread shall be beaten small; for threshing, he will not forever thresh it; and the wheel of his wagon he put in motion and his horsemen shall not beat it small.
And the oxen and the young asses working the land shall eat salted provender which was winnowed with the fan and by the winnower.
And the oxen and the young asses working the land shall eat salted provender which was winnowed with the fan and by the winnower. And there was upon every mountain being lofty and every hill lifted up, brooks and streams of water in the day of much slaughter, in the falling of the towers.
And a man was as a hiding of the spirit, and a covering of the tempest; as brooks of water in Zion, as the shadow of a weighty rock in a weary land.
Behold, I set thee to a new cutting threshing sledge having mouths: thou thalt thresh the mountains, and beat small, and the hills thou shalt set as chaff.
In that time it will be said to this people and to Jerusalem, A clear wind of the naked hills in the desert the way of the daughter of my people, not for winnowing, and not for separating.
And they said not in their heart, Now will we fear Jehovah our God, giving rain, and the early and latter rain in its time: the appointed sevenths of harvest he will watch for us
Speak: Thus says Jehovah, The carcasses of men fell as dung upon the face of the field, as the handful after the reaper, and none gathering.
Judah and the land of Israel, they thy merchants: in wheat of Minnith and Pannag, and honey, and oil, and balsam, they gave thy traffic.
And we shall know, we shall pursue to know Jehovah: as the morning his going forth was prepared; and he shall come as the rain to us, as the latter rain, the early rain of the earth.
If Gilead nothing? Surely they were vanity: in Gilgal they sacrificed oxen; also their altars as heaps upon the furrows of the field.
Thus said Jehovah: For three transgressions of Damascus, and for four, I will not turn back for their threshing Gilead with threshing-sledges of iron.
And they knew not the purposes of Jehovah, and they understood not his counsel for he gathered them as sheaves of the threshing-floor.
Ask ye from Jehovah rain in the time of the latter rain; Jehovah made lightnings, and he will give rain of heavy showers to them, to each the green herb in the field.
Look ye upon the fowls of heaven; for they neither sow, nor reap, nor collect into stores; and your heavenly Father nourishes them. Do ye not rather differ from them
Look ye upon the fowls of heaven; for they neither sow, nor reap, nor collect into stores; and your heavenly Father nourishes them. Do ye not rather differ from them
In that time Jesus went in the sabbaths through the standing corn and his disciples were hungry, and begen to pluck the ears, end eat.
And he spake to them many things in parables, saying, Behold, he, the sower, went forth to sow. And in his sowing some truly fell by the way, and the flying things came and swallowed them down. read more. And others fell upon rocky places where it had not much earth, and quickly it sprang forth, for it had no depth of earth. And the sun having risen, it was parched up; and for the not having a root, it was dried up. And others fell among thorns, and the thorns came up and choked them. And others fell upon good earth and gave fruit, some truly a hundred, and some sixty, and some thirty.
But he having sown upon good earth is he hearing the word, and understanding; who indeed bears fruit, and who makes truly a hundred, and who sixty, and who thirty.
Suffer both to grow together till harvest; and in time of harvest I will say to the reapers, Gather first the tares, and bind them in bundles to burn them; and gather the wheat into my barn.
And Jesus said to him, No one putting his hand upon the plough, and looking back, is adapted to the kingdom of God.
And he said, This will I do: I will pull down my stores, and build greater; and there will I collect all my produce and my good things.
Therefore be longsuffering, brethren, even to the arrival of the Lord. Behold, the farmer awaits the precious fruit of the earth, being longsuffering for it, even till he should receive the early and late rain.
Fausets
While the patriarchs were in Canaan, they led a pastoral life, and little attended to tillage; Isaac and Jacob indeed tilled at times (Ge 26:12; 37:7), but the herdsmen strove with Isaac for his wells not for his crops. The wealth of Gerar and Shechem was chiefly pastoral (Ge 20:14; 34:28). The recurrence of famines and intercourse with Egypt taught the Canaanites subsequently to attend more to tillage, so that by the time of the spies who brought samples of the land's produce from Eshcol much progress had been made (De 8:8; Nu 13:23). Providence happily arranged it so that Israel, while yet a family, was kept by the pastoral life from blending with and settling among idolaters around. In Egypt the native prejudice against shepherds kept them separate in Goshen (Ge 47:4-6; 46:34). But there they unlearned the exclusively pastoral life and learned husbandry (De 11:10), while the deserts beyond supplied pasture for their cattle (1Ch 7:21).
On the other hand, when they became a nation, occupying Canaan, their agriculture learned in Egypt made them a self subsisting nation, independent of external supplies, and so less open to external corrupting influences. Agriculture was the basis of the Mosaic commonwealth; it checked the tendency to the roving habits of nomad tribes, gave each man a stake in the soil by the law of inalienable inheritances, and made a numerous offspring profitable as to the culture of the land. God claimed the lordship of the soil (Le 25:23), so that each held by a divine tenure; subject to the tithe, a quit rent to the theocratic head landlord, also subject to the sabbatical year. Accumulation of debt was obviated by prohibiting interest on principal lent to fellow citizens (Le 25:8-16,28-55). Every seventh, sabbatic year, or the year of Jubilee, every 50th year, lands alienated for a time reverted to the original owner.
Compare Isaiah's "woe" to them who "add field to field," clearing away families (1 Kings 21) to absorb all, as Ahab did to Naboth. Houses in towns, if not redeemed in a year, were alienated for ever; thus land property had an advantage over city property, an inducement to cultivate and reside on one's own land. The husband of an heiress passed by adoption into the family into which he married, so as not to alienate the land. The condition of military service was attached to the land, but with merciful qualifications (Deuteronomy 20); thus a national yeomanry of infantry, officered by its own hereditary chiefs, was secured. Horses were forbidden to be multiplied (De 17:16). Purificatory rites for a day after warfare were required (Nu 19:16; 31:19). These regulations, and that of attendance thrice a year at Jerusalem for the great feasts, discouraged the appetite for war. The soil is fertile still, wherever industry is secure. The Hauran (Peraea) is highly reputed for productiveness.
The soil of Gaza is dark and rich, though light, and retains rain; olives abound in it. The Israelites cleared away most of the wood which they found in Canaan (Jos 17:18), and seem to have had a scanty supply, as they imported but little; compare such extreme expedients for getting wood for sacrifice as in 1Sa 6:14; 2Sa 24:22; 1Ki 19:21; dung and hay fuel heated their ovens (Eze 4:12,15; Mt 6:30). The water supply was from rain, and rills from the hills, and the river Jordan, whereas Egypt depended solely on the Nile overflow. Irrigation was effected by ducts from cisterns in the rocky sub-surface. The country had thus expansive resources for an enlarging population. When the people were few, as they are now, the valleys sufficed to until for food; when many, the more difficult culture of the hills was resorted to and yielded abundance.
The rich red loam of the valleys placed on the sides of the hills would form fertile terraces sufficient for a large population, if only there were good government. The lightness of husbandry work in the plains set them free for watering the soil, and terracing the hills by low stone walls across their face, one above another, arresting the soil washed down by the rams, and affording a series of levels for the husbandman. The rain is chiefly in the autumn and winter, November and December, rare after March, almost never as late as May. It often is partial. A drought earlier or later is not so bad, but just three months before harvest is fatal (Am 4:7-8). The crop depended for its amount on timely rain. The "early" rain (Pr 16:15; Jas 5:7) fell from about the September equinox to sowing time in November or December, to revive the parched soil that the seed might germinate. The "latter rain" in February and March ripened the crop for harvest.
A typical pledge that, as there has been the early outpouring of the Spirit at Pentecost, so there shall be a latter outpouring previous to the great harvest of Israel and the Gentile nations (Zec 12:10; Joe 2:23,28-32). Wheat, barley, and rye (and millet rarely) were their cereals. The barley harvest was earlier than the wheat. With the undesigned propriety that marks truth, Ex 9:31-32 records that by the plague of hail "the flax and the barley were smitten, for the barley was in the ear, and the flax was bolled i.e. in blossom, but the wheat and the rye were not smitten, for they were not grown up." Accordingly, at the Passover (just after the time of the hail) the barley was just fit for the sickle, and the wave sheaf was offered; and not until Pentecost feast, 50 days after, the wheat was ripe for cutting, and the firstfruit loaves were offered. The vine, olive, and fig abounded; and traces everywhere remain of former wine and olive presses.
Cummin (including the black "fitches," Isa 28:27), peas, beans, lentils, lettuce, endive, leek, garlic, onion, melon, cucumber, and cabbage also were cultivated. The Passover in the month Nisan answered to the green stage of produce; the feast of weeks in Sivan to the ripe; and the feast of tabernacles in Tisri to the harvest home or ingathered. A month (Veader) was often intercalated before Nisan, to obviate the inaccuracy of their non-astronomical reckoning. Thus the six months from Tisri to Nisan was occupied with cultivation, the six months from Nisan to Tisri with gathering fruits. The season of rains from Tisri equinox to Nisan is pretty continuous, but is more decidedly marked at the beginning (the early rain) and the end (the latter rain). Rain in harvest was unknown (Pr 26:1).
The plow was light, and drawn by one yoke. Fallows were cleared of stones and thorns early in the year (Jer 4:3; Ho 10:12; Isa 5:2). To sow among thorns was deemed bad husbandry (Job 5:5; Pr 24:30-31). Seed was scattered broadcast, as in the parable of the sower (Mt 13:3-8), and plowed in afterward, the stubble of the previous crop becoming manure by decay. The seed was trodden in by cattle in irrigated lands (De 11:10; Isa 32:20). Hoeing and weeding were seldom needed in their fine tilth. Seventy days sufficed between sowing barley and the wave sheaf offering from the ripe grain at Passover. Oxen were urged on with a spearlike goad (Jg 3:31). Boaz slept on the threshingfloor, a circular high spot, of hard ground, 80 or 90 feet in diameter, exposed to the wind for winnowing, (2Sa 24:16-18) to watch against depredations (Ru 3:4-7). Sowing divers seed in a field was forbidden (De 22:9), to mark God is not the author of confusion, there is no transmutation of species, such as modern skeptical naturalists imagine. Oxen unmuzzled (De 25:4) five abreast trod out the grain on the floor, to separate the grain from chaff and straw; flails were used for small quantities and lighter grain (Isa 28:27).
A threshing sledge (moreg), Isa 41:15) was also employed, probably like the Egyptian still in use, a stage with three rollers ridged with iron, which cut the straw for fodder, while crushing out the grain. The shovel and fan winnowed the grain afterward by help of the evening breeze (Ru 3:2; Isa 30:24); lastly, it was shaken in a sieve. Am 9:9; Ps 83:10, and 2Ki 9:37 prove the use of animal manure. The poor man's claim was remembered, the self sown produce of the seventh year being his perquisite (Le 25:1-7): hereby the Israelites' faith was tested; national apostasy
See Verses Found in Dictionary
And Abimelech will take sheep and oxen and servants, and maid-servants, and will give to Abraham, and will return to him Sarah his wife.
And Abimelech will take sheep and oxen and servants, and maid-servants, and will give to Abraham, and will return to him Sarah his wife.
And Isaak will sow in that land, and will find in that year a hundred measures; and Jehovah will praise him.
And Isaak will sow in that land, and will find in that year a hundred measures; and Jehovah will praise him.
Their sheep and their oxen and their asses, and what was in the city, and what in the field, they took.
Their sheep and their oxen and their asses, and what was in the city, and what in the field, they took.
And behold, we binding sheaves in the midst of the field; and behold, my sheaf arose, and also stood; and behold your sheaves will turn about and will worship to my sheaf.
And behold, we binding sheaves in the midst of the field; and behold, my sheaf arose, and also stood; and behold your sheaves will turn about and will worship to my sheaf.
And saying, Thy servants were men of cattle from our childhood and till now; also we, also our fathers; that ye shall dwell in the land of Goshen; for every shepherd of sheep is an abomination to the Egyptians.
And saying, Thy servants were men of cattle from our childhood and till now; also we, also our fathers; that ye shall dwell in the land of Goshen; for every shepherd of sheep is an abomination to the Egyptians.
And they will say to Pharaoh, To sojourn in the land we came: for no pasture is to the sheep which are to thy servants, for the famine was heavy in the land of Canaan: and at this time now will thy servants dwell in the land of Goshen.
And they will say to Pharaoh, To sojourn in the land we came: for no pasture is to the sheep which are to thy servants, for the famine was heavy in the land of Canaan: and at this time now will thy servants dwell in the land of Goshen. And Pharaoh will speak to Joseph, saying, Thy father and thy brethren came to thee.
And Pharaoh will speak to Joseph, saying, Thy father and thy brethren came to thee. This land of Egypt is before thee; in the best of the land cause thy father and thy brethren to dwell; they shall dwell in the land of Goshen; and if thou knowest and there is among them men of strength, set them leaders of the cattle which are to me.
This land of Egypt is before thee; in the best of the land cause thy father and thy brethren to dwell; they shall dwell in the land of Goshen; and if thou knowest and there is among them men of strength, set them leaders of the cattle which are to me.
And the flax and the barley were struck: for the barley was ripe, and the flax high.
And the flax and the barley were struck: for the barley was ripe, and the flax high. And the wheat and spelt were not struck, for they were late.
And in your reaping the harvest of your land thou shalt not finish to reap the extremity of thy field, and thou shalt not gather the gleaning of thy harvest
And in your reaping the harvest of your land thou shalt not finish to reap the extremity of thy field, and thou shalt not gather the gleaning of thy harvest And thou shalt not glean thy vineyard, and the scattering of thy vineyard thou shalt not glean; to the poor and to the stranger thou shalt leave them: I am Jehovah your God.
And thou shalt not glean thy vineyard, and the scattering of thy vineyard thou shalt not glean; to the poor and to the stranger thou shalt leave them: I am Jehovah your God.
And Jehovah will speak to Moses, in mount Sinai, saying, Speak to the sons of Israel and say to them, When ye shall come into the land which I gave to you, the land shall rest a Sabbath to Jehovah.
Speak to the sons of Israel and say to them, When ye shall come into the land which I gave to you, the land shall rest a Sabbath to Jehovah. Six years thou shalt sow thy field, and six years thou shalt prune thy vineyard, and gather its produce;
Six years thou shalt sow thy field, and six years thou shalt prune thy vineyard, and gather its produce; And in the seventh year, a Sabbath of rest shall be to the land, a Sabbath to Jehovah: thy field thou shalt not sow, and thy vineyard thou. shalt not prune.
And in the seventh year, a Sabbath of rest shall be to the land, a Sabbath to Jehovah: thy field thou shalt not sow, and thy vineyard thou. shalt not prune. The overflowing of thy harvest thou shalt not reap, and the grapes of thy separation thou shalt not gather: a year of the Sabbaths shall be to the land.
The overflowing of thy harvest thou shalt not reap, and the grapes of thy separation thou shalt not gather: a year of the Sabbaths shall be to the land. And the Sabbath of the land shall be to you for food; to thee and to thy servant, and to thy maid, and to thy hireling, and to thine inhabitant sojourning with thee.
And the Sabbath of the land shall be to you for food; to thee and to thy servant, and to thy maid, and to thy hireling, and to thine inhabitant sojourning with thee. And to thy cattle, and to the beast which is in thy land shall all its produce be for food.
And to thy cattle, and to the beast which is in thy land shall all its produce be for food. And number to thee seven Sabbaths of years, seven years, seven times; and they shall be to thee the days of seven Sabbaths of years, nine and forty years.
And number to thee seven Sabbaths of years, seven years, seven times; and they shall be to thee the days of seven Sabbaths of years, nine and forty years. And cause the trumpet of shouts of joy to pass over: in the seventh month, in the tenth of the month, in the day of expiations, shall ye cause the trumpet to pass over in all your land.
And cause the trumpet of shouts of joy to pass over: in the seventh month, in the tenth of the month, in the day of expiations, shall ye cause the trumpet to pass over in all your land. And consecrate the year, the fiftieth year, and call a letting go free in the land, to all inhabiting it: it shall be a jubilee to you; and return ye each to his possession, and each to his family shall ye turn back.
And consecrate the year, the fiftieth year, and call a letting go free in the land, to all inhabiting it: it shall be a jubilee to you; and return ye each to his possession, and each to his family shall ye turn back. It a jubilee the year, the fiftieth year shall be to you: ye shall not sow and ye shall not reap its overflowings, and ye shall not gather its separations.
It a jubilee the year, the fiftieth year shall be to you: ye shall not sow and ye shall not reap its overflowings, and ye shall not gather its separations. For it a jubilee; holy shall it be to you: from the field ye shall eat its produce.
For it a jubilee; holy shall it be to you: from the field ye shall eat its produce. In the year of this jubilee ye shall turn back each to his possession.
In the year of this jubilee ye shall turn back each to his possession. And when ye shall sell a selling to thy neighbor, or buying of thy neighbor's hand, ye shall not oppress each his brother.
And when ye shall sell a selling to thy neighbor, or buying of thy neighbor's hand, ye shall not oppress each his brother. According to the number of years after the jubilee, thou shalt buy from thy neighbor; according to the number of the years' produce shall he sell to thee.
According to the number of years after the jubilee, thou shalt buy from thy neighbor; according to the number of the years' produce shall he sell to thee. According to the multitude of years thou shalt increase his purchase, and according to the fewness of years thou shalt diminish his purchase: for from the numbering of the produce, he sold to thee.
According to the multitude of years thou shalt increase his purchase, and according to the fewness of years thou shalt diminish his purchase: for from the numbering of the produce, he sold to thee.
And the land shall not be sold to be cut off, for the land is to me; for ye are strangers and sojourners with me.
And the land shall not be sold to be cut off, for the land is to me; for ye are strangers and sojourners with me.
And if his hand found not a sufficiency to return to him, and his selling was in the hand of him buying it, till the year of the jubilee: and it went forth in the jubilee, and he turned back to his possession.
And if his hand found not a sufficiency to return to him, and his selling was in the hand of him buying it, till the year of the jubilee: and it went forth in the jubilee, and he turned back to his possession. And when a man shall sell the house of dwelling in a walled city, its redemption of it shall be till it was completed: a year of days from its selling shall be its redemption.
And when a man shall sell the house of dwelling in a walled city, its redemption of it shall be till it was completed: a year of days from its selling shall be its redemption. And if it was not redeemed till the filling up of a complete year, and the house which is in the city, which, if walled, was set forever to him buying it for his generation: it shall not go forth in the jubilee.
And if it was not redeemed till the filling up of a complete year, and the house which is in the city, which, if walled, was set forever to him buying it for his generation: it shall not go forth in the jubilee. And the houses of the villages which to them not being walled round about, shall be reckoned for a field of the land: redemption shall be to it, and it shall go forth in the jubilee.
And the houses of the villages which to them not being walled round about, shall be reckoned for a field of the land: redemption shall be to it, and it shall go forth in the jubilee. And the cities of the Levites, the houses of the cities of their possession, redemption shall be always to the Levites.
And the cities of the Levites, the houses of the cities of their possession, redemption shall be always to the Levites. And whoever shall redeem from the Levites, and the selling of the house and the city of his possession went out in the jubilee; for the houses of the cities of the Levites, this their possession in the midst of the sons of IsraeL
And whoever shall redeem from the Levites, and the selling of the house and the city of his possession went out in the jubilee; for the houses of the cities of the Levites, this their possession in the midst of the sons of IsraeL And the field of the area of their cities shall not be sold, for it is a possession to them forever.
And the field of the area of their cities shall not be sold, for it is a possession to them forever. And when thy brother shall be poor, and his hand wavering with thee, hold fast to him; a stranger and sojourner to live with thee.
And when thy brother shall be poor, and his hand wavering with thee, hold fast to him; a stranger and sojourner to live with thee. Thou shalt not take from him interest and increase; thou shalt be afraid of thy God; and thy brother to live with thee.
Thou shalt not take from him interest and increase; thou shalt be afraid of thy God; and thy brother to live with thee. Thy silver thou shalt not give to him upon interest, and upon increase thou. shalt not give him thy food.
Thy silver thou shalt not give to him upon interest, and upon increase thou. shalt not give him thy food. I am Jehovah your God who brought you out of the land of Egypt, to give to you the land of Canaan, to be to you for God.
I am Jehovah your God who brought you out of the land of Egypt, to give to you the land of Canaan, to be to you for God. And when thy brother shall be poor with thee, and he was sold to thee, thou shalt not serve upon him the service of a servant.
And when thy brother shall be poor with thee, and he was sold to thee, thou shalt not serve upon him the service of a servant. As the hireling, as the sojourner, he shall be with thee; till the year of jubilee he shall serve with thee;
As the hireling, as the sojourner, he shall be with thee; till the year of jubilee he shall serve with thee; And he shall go forth from thee, he and his sons with him, and turn back to his family, to the possession of his fathers shall he turn back.
And he shall go forth from thee, he and his sons with him, and turn back to his family, to the possession of his fathers shall he turn back. For they are my servants whom I brought them out of the land of Egypt; they shall not be sold from the sale of a servant
For they are my servants whom I brought them out of the land of Egypt; they shall not be sold from the sale of a servant Thou shalt not rule over him with crushing, and thou shalt be afraid of thy God.
Thou shalt not rule over him with crushing, and thou shalt be afraid of thy God. And thy servant and thy maid which shall be to thee, from the nations which are round about you, from them ye shall buy servant and maid.
And thy servant and thy maid which shall be to thee, from the nations which are round about you, from them ye shall buy servant and maid. And from the sons of the sojourner sojourning with you, from them shall ye buy, and from their families which are with you, which were born in your land: and they were to you for a possession.
And from the sons of the sojourner sojourning with you, from them shall ye buy, and from their families which are with you, which were born in your land: and they were to you for a possession. And ye shall possess them for your sons after you to take possession forever; ye shall serve with them: and over your brethren the sons of Israel, ye shall not rule over him, each over his brother with oppression.
And ye shall possess them for your sons after you to take possession forever; ye shall serve with them: and over your brethren the sons of Israel, ye shall not rule over him, each over his brother with oppression. And if the hand of a stranger and sojourner with thee shall attain, and thy brother with him be poor, and he sold to the stranger, a sojourner with thee, or to the root of the stranger's family:
And if the hand of a stranger and sojourner with thee shall attain, and thy brother with him be poor, and he sold to the stranger, a sojourner with thee, or to the root of the stranger's family: After the selling, redemption shall be to him; one from his brethren shall redeem him:
After the selling, redemption shall be to him; one from his brethren shall redeem him: Or his uncle, or his uncle's son shall redeem him, or from the remainder of his flesh from his family, shall redeem him; or his hand attained, and he redeemed himself.
Or his uncle, or his uncle's son shall redeem him, or from the remainder of his flesh from his family, shall redeem him; or his hand attained, and he redeemed himself. And he reckoned with him buying him, from the year of his being sold to him till the year of the jubilee: and the silver of his selling was according to the number of years, as the days of a hireling, shall it be with him.
And he reckoned with him buying him, from the year of his being sold to him till the year of the jubilee: and the silver of his selling was according to the number of years, as the days of a hireling, shall it be with him. If yet a multitude of years, according to them he shall return his redemption from the silver of his sale.
If yet a multitude of years, according to them he shall return his redemption from the silver of his sale. And if a fewness remained to the years till the year of jubilee; and he reckoned to him according to his years, he shall return his redemption.
And if a fewness remained to the years till the year of jubilee; and he reckoned to him according to his years, he shall return his redemption. As the hireling of the year by the year shall he be with him: he shall not rule him by crushing to thine eyes.
As the hireling of the year by the year shall he be with him: he shall not rule him by crushing to thine eyes. And if he shall not be redeemed in these, and he shall go forth in the year of the jubilee, he and his sons with him.
And if he shall not be redeemed in these, and he shall go forth in the year of the jubilee, he and his sons with him. For to me the sons of Israel are servants; they are my servants which I brought them forth out of the land of Egypt: I Jehovah your God.
For to me the sons of Israel are servants; they are my servants which I brought them forth out of the land of Egypt: I Jehovah your God.
Then shall the land delight with its Sabbaths, all the days of its desolation, and ye in the land of your enemies: then shall the land rest and delight with its Sabbaths.
Then shall the land delight with its Sabbaths, all the days of its desolation, and ye in the land of your enemies: then shall the land rest and delight with its Sabbaths. All the days of its desolation shall it rest, which it did not rest in your Sabbaths, in your dwelling upon it
All the days of its desolation shall it rest, which it did not rest in your Sabbaths, in your dwelling upon it
And they will go up to the valley of Esheol, and will cut off from there a branch and one cluster of grapes, and they will lift upon a rod upon two; and from the pomegranates, and from the figs.
And they will go up to the valley of Esheol, and will cut off from there a branch and one cluster of grapes, and they will lift upon a rod upon two; and from the pomegranates, and from the figs.
And every one who shall touch upon the face of the field, upon the wounded of the sword, or upon the dead, or upon the bone of man, or upon a grave, shall be unclean seven days.
And every one who shall touch upon the face of the field, upon the wounded of the sword, or upon the dead, or upon the bone of man, or upon a grave, shall be unclean seven days.
And encamp ye without the camp seven days: every one killing a soul, and every one touching upon the wounded, ye shall be purified in the third day, and in the seventh day, ye and your captivity.
And encamp ye without the camp seven days: every one killing a soul, and every one touching upon the wounded, ye shall be purified in the third day, and in the seventh day, ye and your captivity.
A land of wheat and barley and the vine and the fig tree and the pomegranate, a land of the olive tree, of oil and honey;
A land of wheat and barley and the vine and the fig tree and the pomegranate, a land of the olive tree, of oil and honey;
For the land where thou goest in there to possess it, it is not as the land of Egypt, where ye came from there, when thou shalt sow thy seed, and thou wateredst it with thy foot, as a garden of green things:
For the land where thou goest in there to possess it, it is not as the land of Egypt, where ye came from there, when thou shalt sow thy seed, and thou wateredst it with thy foot, as a garden of green things:
For the land where thou goest in there to possess it, it is not as the land of Egypt, where ye came from there, when thou shalt sow thy seed, and thou wateredst it with thy foot, as a garden of green things:
For the land where thou goest in there to possess it, it is not as the land of Egypt, where ye came from there, when thou shalt sow thy seed, and thou wateredst it with thy foot, as a garden of green things:
From the end of three years thou shalt bring all the tenth of thy produce in that year, and place thou it in thy gates:
From the end of three years thou shalt bring all the tenth of thy produce in that year, and place thou it in thy gates:
Only he shall not multiply. to himself horses, and he shall not turn back the people to Egypt in order to multiply the horse: and Jehovah said to you, Ye shall no more add to turn back that way.
Only he shall not multiply. to himself horses, and he shall not turn back the people to Egypt in order to multiply the horse: and Jehovah said to you, Ye shall no more add to turn back that way.
Thou shalt not sow thy vineyard with a diversity, lest the fulness of thy seed which thou shalt sow shall be consecrated, and the produce of the vineyard.
Thou shalt not sow thy vineyard with a diversity, lest the fulness of thy seed which thou shalt sow shall be consecrated, and the produce of the vineyard.
Thou shalt not muzzle the ox treading.
Thou shalt not muzzle the ox treading.
When thou shalt finish to tithe all the tenth part of thy produce, in the third year the year of the tenth part, and thou gavest it to the Levite and to the stranger and to the orphan and to the widow, and they ate in thy gates and were satisfied.
When thou shalt finish to tithe all the tenth part of thy produce, in the third year the year of the tenth part, and thou gavest it to the Levite and to the stranger and to the orphan and to the widow, and they ate in thy gates and were satisfied.
But the mountain shall be to thee, for it is a forest, and thou shalt cut it down; and its out-goings were to thee; for thou shalt drive out the Canaanite, if the chariot of iron is to him; if he is strong.
But the mountain shall be to thee, for it is a forest, and thou shalt cut it down; and its out-goings were to thee; for thou shalt drive out the Canaanite, if the chariot of iron is to him; if he is strong.
And after him was Shamgar, son of Anath; and he will smite the Philistines, six hundred men with an ox-goad; and he also will deliver Israel
And after him was Shamgar, son of Anath; and he will smite the Philistines, six hundred men with an ox-goad; and he also will deliver Israel
And now is not Boaz from our acquaintance of whom thou wert with his maidens? Behold him winnowing the threshing-floor of barley this night
And now is not Boaz from our acquaintance of whom thou wert with his maidens? Behold him winnowing the threshing-floor of barley this night
And it will be in his lying down, and know thou the place where he shall lie down there, and go in and uncover from his feet, and lie down; and he will announce to thee what thou shalt do.
And it will be in his lying down, and know thou the place where he shall lie down there, and go in and uncover from his feet, and lie down; and he will announce to thee what thou shalt do. And she will say to her, All that thou shalt say to me, I will do.
And she will say to her, All that thou shalt say to me, I will do. And she will go down to the threshing-floor' and she will do according to all that her mother-in-law commanded her.
And she will go down to the threshing-floor' and she will do according to all that her mother-in-law commanded her. And Boaz will eat and drink, and his heart will be done good to; and he will go to lie down upon the end of the heap: and she will come secretly and she will uncover from his feet, and lie down.
And Boaz will eat and drink, and his heart will be done good to; and he will go to lie down upon the end of the heap: and she will come secretly and she will uncover from his feet, and lie down.
And the wagon came into the field of Joshua of the House of the Sun, and it will stand there; and there a great stone: and they will cleave asunder the wood of the wagon, and the heifers they brought up a burnt-offering to Jehovah.
And the wagon came into the field of Joshua of the House of the Sun, and it will stand there; and there a great stone: and they will cleave asunder the wood of the wagon, and the heifers they brought up a burnt-offering to Jehovah.
And the messenger will stretch forth his hand to destroy Jerusalem, and Jehovah will lament for the evil, and he will say to the messenger destroying among the people, Much now: let go thy hand. And the messenger of Jehovah was near the threshing-floor of Araunah the Jebusite.
And the messenger will stretch forth his hand to destroy Jerusalem, and Jehovah will lament for the evil, and he will say to the messenger destroying among the people, Much now: let go thy hand. And the messenger of Jehovah was near the threshing-floor of Araunah the Jebusite. And David will say to Jehovah, in his seeing the messenger smiting the people, and he will say, Behold, I sinned and acted perversely; and these sheep, what did they? Now shall thy hand be upon me and upon my father's house.
And David will say to Jehovah, in his seeing the messenger smiting the people, and he will say, Behold, I sinned and acted perversely; and these sheep, what did they? Now shall thy hand be upon me and upon my father's house. And Gad will come to David in that day and say to him, Go up, raise up an altar to Jehovah in the threshing-floor of Araunah the Jebusite.
And Gad will come to David in that day and say to him, Go up, raise up an altar to Jehovah in the threshing-floor of Araunah the Jebusite.
And the carcass of Jezebel was as dung upon the face of the field in the portion of Jezreel; that they shall not say this is Jezebel
And the carcass of Jezebel was as dung upon the face of the field in the portion of Jezreel; that they shall not say this is Jezebel
And Zabad his son, and Shuthelah his son, and Ezer, and Elead; and the men of Gad killed them being born in the land, for they came down to take their cattle.
And Zabad his son, and Shuthelah his son, and Ezer, and Elead; and the men of Gad killed them being born in the land, for they came down to take their cattle.
Which his harvest the hungry one will devour, and not from thorns shall they take it, and destruction gaped after their substance.
Which his harvest the hungry one will devour, and not from thorns shall they take it, and destruction gaped after their substance.
They were destroyed at the fountain of the dwelling: they were dung to the earth.
They were destroyed at the fountain of the dwelling: they were dung to the earth.
In the light of the king's face is life, and his acceptance as the cloud of the latter rain.
In the light of the king's face is life, and his acceptance as the cloud of the latter rain.
I passed upon the field of the slothful man, and upon the vineyard of the man wanting heart;
I passed upon the field of the slothful man, and upon the vineyard of the man wanting heart; And behold, it came up all of it with thorns; brambles covered its face, and the wall of its stones was overthrown.
And behold, it came up all of it with thorns; brambles covered its face, and the wall of its stones was overthrown.
As snow in summer and as rain in harvest., so honor not becoming to the foolish one.
As snow in summer and as rain in harvest., so honor not becoming to the foolish one.
And he will dig it up, and he will free it from stones, and he will plant it with a vine of purple grapes, and build a tower in its midst, and he will also hew out a wine-vat in it: and he will wait for grapes to be made, and it will make wild grapes.
And he will dig it up, and he will free it from stones, and he will plant it with a vine of purple grapes, and build a tower in its midst, and he will also hew out a wine-vat in it: and he will wait for grapes to be made, and it will make wild grapes.
For the fennel flower shall not be beaten with the threshing sledge, and the wheel of a wagon shall not be turned about upon the cummin; for the fennel flower shall be beaten out with the rod and the cummin with the rod.
For the fennel flower shall not be beaten with the threshing sledge, and the wheel of a wagon shall not be turned about upon the cummin; for the fennel flower shall be beaten out with the rod and the cummin with the rod.
For the fennel flower shall not be beaten with the threshing sledge, and the wheel of a wagon shall not be turned about upon the cummin; for the fennel flower shall be beaten out with the rod and the cummin with the rod.
For the fennel flower shall not be beaten with the threshing sledge, and the wheel of a wagon shall not be turned about upon the cummin; for the fennel flower shall be beaten out with the rod and the cummin with the rod.
And the oxen and the young asses working the land shall eat salted provender which was winnowed with the fan and by the winnower.
And the oxen and the young asses working the land shall eat salted provender which was winnowed with the fan and by the winnower.
Behold, I set thee to a new cutting threshing sledge having mouths: thou thalt thresh the mountains, and beat small, and the hills thou shalt set as chaff.
Behold, I set thee to a new cutting threshing sledge having mouths: thou thalt thresh the mountains, and beat small, and the hills thou shalt set as chaff.
For thus said Jehovah to the men of Judah and to Jerusalem, Break up to you the fallow ground, and ye shall not sow to thorns.
For thus said Jehovah to the men of Judah and to Jerusalem, Break up to you the fallow ground, and ye shall not sow to thorns.
And thou shalt eat it cakes of barley, and it shall be baked with dung coming forth of man, before their eyes.
And thou shalt eat it cakes of barley, and it shall be baked with dung coming forth of man, before their eyes.
And he will say to me, See, I gave to thee the dung of oxen instead of man's dung, and make thy bread upon them.
And he will say to me, See, I gave to thee the dung of oxen instead of man's dung, and make thy bread upon them.
Sow to yourselves for justice, reap ye for the mouth of kindness; break up to you the fallow ground: and the time to seek Jehovah till he shall come and cast justice upon you.
Sow to yourselves for justice, reap ye for the mouth of kindness; break up to you the fallow ground: and the time to seek Jehovah till he shall come and cast justice upon you.
Ye sons of Zion rejoice and be glad in Jehovah your God; for he gave to you the early rain for justice, and he will bring down to you the rain, the early and latter rain in the first.
Ye sons of Zion rejoice and be glad in Jehovah your God; for he gave to you the early rain for justice, and he will bring down to you the rain, the early and latter rain in the first.
And it was after this I will pour out my spirit upon all flesh; and your sons and your daughters prophesied, your old men shall dream your young men shall see visions.
And it was after this I will pour out my spirit upon all flesh; and your sons and your daughters prophesied, your old men shall dream your young men shall see visions. And also upon the servants and upon the maids in those days I will pour out my spirit.
And also upon the servants and upon the maids in those days I will pour out my spirit. And I gave wonders in the heavens, and in the earth, blood and fire and pillars of smoke.
And I gave wonders in the heavens, and in the earth, blood and fire and pillars of smoke. The sun shall be turned to darkness and the moon to blood, before the coming of the great and the terrible day of Jehovah.
The sun shall be turned to darkness and the moon to blood, before the coming of the great and the terrible day of Jehovah. And it was all who shall call upon the name of Jehovah shall escape: for in Mount Zion and in Jerusalem shall be an escaping, as said Jehovah; and among those left whom Jehovah called.
And it was all who shall call upon the name of Jehovah shall escape: for in Mount Zion and in Jerusalem shall be an escaping, as said Jehovah; and among those left whom Jehovah called.
Come to the house of God and transgress: at Gilgal multiply to transgress; and bring your sacrifices for the morning, your tenths for three days:
Come to the house of God and transgress: at Gilgal multiply to transgress; and bring your sacrifices for the morning, your tenths for three days:
And I withheld from you the rain in yet three months to harvest: and I caused to rain upon one city, and upon one city I will not cause to rain: and one portion shall be rained upon, and the portion which shall not be rained upon, it shall dry up.
And I withheld from you the rain in yet three months to harvest: and I caused to rain upon one city, and upon one city I will not cause to rain: and one portion shall be rained upon, and the portion which shall not be rained upon, it shall dry up. And two, three cities wandered about to one city to drink water, and they will not be satisfied: and they turned not back even to me, says Jehovah.
And two, three cities wandered about to one city to drink water, and they will not be satisfied: and they turned not back even to me, says Jehovah.
For behold, I command, and I caused the house of Israel to move to and fro among all nations as it will move to and fro in a sieve, and a stone shall not fall to the earth.
For behold, I command, and I caused the house of Israel to move to and fro among all nations as it will move to and fro in a sieve, and a stone shall not fall to the earth.
And I poured out upon the house of David and upon the inhabitants of Jerusalem the spirit of grace and supplications: and they looked to me whom they pierced, and they mourned for him as mourning for the only begotten, and being embittered for him as being embittered for the first-born.
And I poured out upon the house of David and upon the inhabitants of Jerusalem the spirit of grace and supplications: and they looked to me whom they pierced, and they mourned for him as mourning for the only begotten, and being embittered for him as being embittered for the first-born.
And if the grass of the field, being this day, and to morrow cast into the furnace, God so clothes much rather you, ye of little faith!
And if the grass of the field, being this day, and to morrow cast into the furnace, God so clothes much rather you, ye of little faith!
And he spake to them many things in parables, saying, Behold, he, the sower, went forth to sow.
And he spake to them many things in parables, saying, Behold, he, the sower, went forth to sow. And in his sowing some truly fell by the way, and the flying things came and swallowed them down.
And in his sowing some truly fell by the way, and the flying things came and swallowed them down. And others fell upon rocky places where it had not much earth, and quickly it sprang forth, for it had no depth of earth.
And others fell upon rocky places where it had not much earth, and quickly it sprang forth, for it had no depth of earth. And the sun having risen, it was parched up; and for the not having a root, it was dried up.
And the sun having risen, it was parched up; and for the not having a root, it was dried up. And others fell among thorns, and the thorns came up and choked them.
And others fell among thorns, and the thorns came up and choked them. And others fell upon good earth and gave fruit, some truly a hundred, and some sixty, and some thirty.
And others fell upon good earth and gave fruit, some truly a hundred, and some sixty, and some thirty.
Therefore be longsuffering, brethren, even to the arrival of the Lord. Behold, the farmer awaits the precious fruit of the earth, being longsuffering for it, even till he should receive the early and late rain.
Therefore be longsuffering, brethren, even to the arrival of the Lord. Behold, the farmer awaits the precious fruit of the earth, being longsuffering for it, even till he should receive the early and late rain.
Hastings
Throughout the whole period of their national existence, agriculture was the principal occupation of the Hebrews. According to the priestly theory, the land was the property of Jahweh; His people enjoyed the usufruct (Le 25:23). In actual practice, the bulk of the land was owned by the towns and village communities, each free husbandman having his allotted portion of the common lands. The remainder included the Crown lands and the estates of the nobility, at least under the monarchy. Husbandry
See Verses Found in Dictionary
And she will add to bear his brother Abel; and Abel shall be a feeder of sheep, and Cain was a laborer of the earth.
If thou shalt meet thine enemy's ox or his ass wandering, turning back, thou shalt turn him back to him.
Six years shalt thou sow thy land, and gather its produce:
And in your reaping the harvest of your land thou shalt not finish to reap the extremity of thy field, and thou shalt not gather the gleaning of thy harvest
My laws shall ye watch: thou shalt not let thy cattle gender with two diverse kinds: thy field thou shalt not sow with two diverse kinds; and a garment of two diverse kinds (of linen and woolen) shall not come upon thee.
And ye counted to you from the morrow of the Sabbath from the day ye brought the handful of lifting up; seven Sabbaths shall be complete.
And number to thee seven Sabbaths of years, seven years, seven times; and they shall be to thee the days of seven Sabbaths of years, nine and forty years.
And the land shall not be sold to be cut off, for the land is to me; for ye are strangers and sojourners with me.
I Jehovah your God, which brought you out of the land of Egypt, from being servants to them, and I will break the rod of your yoke, and I will cause you to go erect
Seven weeks shalt thou number to thee: from the beginning of the sickle upon the standing grain, thou shalt begin to number seven weeks.
Seven weeks shalt thou number to thee: from the beginning of the sickle upon the standing grain, thou shalt begin to number seven weeks.
Thou shalt not remove the boundary of thy neighbor which they at first set bounds in thine inheritance which thou shalt inherit in the land which Jehovah thy God gave to thee to inherit it.
Thou shalt not see the ox of thy brother or his sheep wandering, and thou shalt not hide from them: turning back, thou shalt turn them back to thy brother.
Thou shalt not plough with an ox and ass together.
When thou shalt reap thy harvest in thy field and didst forget a sheaf in the field, thou shalt not turn back to take it: to the stranger and to the orphan and to the widow shall it be; so that Jehovah thy God shall bless thee in all the doing of thy hands.
Thou shalt not muzzle the ox treading.
Cursed he removing the boundary of his neighbor: and all the people said, Amen.
Jehovah shall strike thee with consumption, and with burning fever, and with inflammation, and with sword and with burning, and with blasting, and with yellowness: and they shall pursue thee till he have destroyed thee.
And a messenger of Jehovah will come and sit under an oak which is in Ophrah, which is to Joash, father of Ezri: and Gideon his son threshed wheat in the wine press to place in safety from the face of Midian.
And Ruth the Moabitess will say to Naomi, I will now go to the field and I will gather among the ears after; whom I shall find favor in his eyes. And she will say to her, Go, my daughter.
And she will gather in the field till the evening, and she will beat out what she gathered, and it will be about an ephah of barley.
And all Israel went down to the rovers, to hammer each his plough-shares, and his coulter, and his axe, and his plough-shares.
And Araunah will say to David, My lord the king shall take and bring up the good in his eyes: see, the oxen for the burnt-offering, and the threshing-rollers, and the instruments of the oxen for wood.
And he will build towers in the desert, and hew out many wells: for there were many cattle to him; and in the low country and in the plain; and husbandmen and vine-dressers in the mountains, and in Carmel: for he was loving the earth.
Not so the unjust: but as the chaff which the wind shall drive away.
A wise king scatters the unjust, and he will turn back a wheel over them.
And I will make it a desolation; it shall not be pruned and it shall not be dressed, and there came up sharp points and thorns: and upon the clouds I will command from raining rain upon it
And all the mountains which shall be dressed with the hoe, the fear of sharp points and thorns shall not come there: and it was for the sending forth of the ox and for the treading of sheep.
Did he not make level its face and disperse the fennel flower, and he will scatter the cummin, and he set the wheat in order, and designated the barley, and the spilt in his bound? He will instruct him, according to judgment his God will teaeh read more. For the fennel flower shall not be beaten with the threshing sledge, and the wheel of a wagon shall not be turned about upon the cummin; for the fennel flower shall be beaten out with the rod and the cummin with the rod.
And the oxen and the young asses working the land shall eat salted provender which was winnowed with the fan and by the winnower.
And his spirit as the torrent overflowing, shall divide even to the neck, to shake the nations in the sieve of ruin: and a curb upon the cheeks of the people, causing to err.
Behold, I set thee to a new cutting threshing sledge having mouths: thou thalt thresh the mountains, and beat small, and the hills thou shalt set as chaff.
And ten men were found among them, and they will say to Ishmael, Thou shalt not slay us: for there is to us treasures in the field, wheat and barley and oil and honey. And he will desist and kill them not in the midst of their brethren.
For thus said Jehovah of armies, God of Israel: the daughter of Babel is as a threshing-floor, the time of her treading; yet a little while and the time of harvest coming to her.
Behold, I am pressed under you as a wagon will be pressed being filled with the sheaf to it
I struck you with blasting and with yellowness: the multitudes of your gardens and your vineyards and your fig-trees and your olives the creeping locust shall eat: and ye turned not back even to me, says Jehovah.
I struck you with blasting and with yellowness: the multitudes of your gardens and your vineyards and your fig-trees and your olives the creeping locust shall eat: and ye turned not back even to me, says Jehovah.
Shall horses run upon the rock? will he plough with oxen? for ye turned judgment to poison and the fruit of justice to wormwood.
For behold, I command, and I caused the house of Israel to move to and fro among all nations as it will move to and fro in a sieve, and a stone shall not fall to the earth.
I struck you with blasting and with yellowness and with hail in all the work of your hands; and none with you to me, says Jehovah.
Look ye upon the fowls of heaven; for they neither sow, nor reap, nor collect into stores; and your heavenly Father nourishes them. Do ye not rather differ from them
And others fell upon good earth and gave fruit, some truly a hundred, and some sixty, and some thirty.
Smith
Agriculture.
This was little cared for by the patriarchs. The pastoral life, however, was the means of keeping the sacred race, whilst yet a family, distinct from mixture and locally unattached, especially whilst in Egypt. When grown into a nation it supplied a similar check on the foreign intercourse, and became the basis of the Mosaic commonwealth. "The land is mine,"
was a dictum which made agriculture likewise the basis of the theocratic relation. Thus every family felt its own life with intense keenness, and had its divine tenure which it was to guard from alienation. The prohibition of culture in the sabbatical year formed a kind of rent reserved by the divine Owner. Landmarks were deemed sacred,
De 19:14
and the inalienability of the heritage was insured by its reversion to the owner in the year of jubilee; so that only so many years of occupancy could be sold.
Rain.--Water was abundant in Palestine from natural sources.
De 8:7; 11:8-12
Rain was commonly expected soon after the autumnal equinox. The period denoted by the common scriptural expressions of the "early" and the "latter rain,"
De 11:14; Jer 5:24; Ho 6:3; Zec 10:1; Jas 5:7
generally reaching from November to April, constituted the "rainy season," and the remainder of the year the "dry season." Crops.--The cereal crops of constant mention are wheat and barley, and more rarely rye and millet(?). Of the two former, together with the vine, olive and fig, the use of irrigation, the plough and the harrow, mention is made ln the book of
Job 31:40; 15:33; 24:6; 29:19; 39:10
Two kinds of cumin (the black variety called fitches),
and such podded plants as beans and lentils may be named among the staple produce. Ploughing and Sowing.--The plough was probably very light, one yoke of oxen usually sufficing to draw it. Mountains and steep places were hoed.
New ground and fallows,
were cleared of stones and of thorns,
early in the year, sowing or gathering from "among thorns" being a proverb for slovenly husbandry.
Sowing also took place without previous ploughing, the seed being scattered broad cast and ploughed in afterwards. The soil was then brushed over with a light harrow, often of thorn bushes. In highly-irrigated spots the seed was trampled by cattle.
Seventy days before the passover was the time prescribed for sowing. The oxen were urged on by a goad like a spear.
The proportion of harvest gathered to seed sown was often vast; a hundred fold is mentioned, but in such a way as to signify that it was a limit rarely attained.
Sowing a field with divers seed was forbidden.
De 22:9
Reaping and Threshing.--The wheat etc., was reaped by the sickle or pulled by the roots. It was bound in sheaves. The sheaves or heaps were carted,
to the floor--a circular spot of hard ground, probably, as now, from 50 to 80 or 100 feet in diameter.
On these the oxen, etc., forbidden to be muzzled,
De 25:4
trampled out the grain. At a later time the Jews used a threshing sledge called morag,
Isa 41:15; 2Sa 24:22; 1Ch 21:23
probably resembling the noreg, still employed in Egypt --a stage with three rollers ridged with iron, which, aided by the driver's weight crushed out, often injuring, the grain, as well as cut or tore the straw, which thus became fit for fodder. Lighter grains were beaten out with a stick.
The use of animal manure was frequent.
etc. Winnowing.--The shovel and fan,
indicate the process of winnowing--a conspicuous part of ancient husbandry.
Evening was the favorite time,
when there was mostly a breeze. The fan,
was perhaps a broad shovel which threw the grain up against the wind. The last process was the shaking in a sieve to separate dirt and refuse.
Fields and floors were not commonly enclosed; vineyard mostly were, with a tower and other buildings.
Nu 22:24; Ps 80:13; Isa 5:5; Mt 21:33
comp. Judg 6:11 The gardens also and orchards were enclosed, frequently by banks of mud from ditches. With regard to occupancy, a tenant might pay a fixed money rent,
or a stipulated share of the fruits.
A passer by might eat any quantity of corn or grapes, but not reap or carry off fruit.
De 23:24-25; Mt 12:1
The rights of the corner to be left, and of gleaning [CORNER; GLEANING], formed the poor man's claim on the soil for support. For his benefit, too, a sheaf forgotten in carrying to the floor was to be left; so also with regard to the vineyard' and the olive grove.
See Corner
See Gleaning
Le 19:9-10; De 24:19
See Verses Found in Dictionary
And God will call to the dry, earth; and to the gathering of the waters he called seas: and God will see that it is good. And God will say the earth shall bring forth the tender grass, and the green herb bearing seed, and the fruit tree making fruit according to its kind, in which is the seed in it upon the earth: and it shall be so.
And Isaak will sow in that land, and will find in that year a hundred measures; and Jehovah will praise him.
And number to thee seven Sabbaths of years, seven years, seven times; and they shall be to thee the days of seven Sabbaths of years, nine and forty years. And cause the trumpet of shouts of joy to pass over: in the seventh month, in the tenth of the month, in the day of expiations, shall ye cause the trumpet to pass over in all your land. read more. And consecrate the year, the fiftieth year, and call a letting go free in the land, to all inhabiting it: it shall be a jubilee to you; and return ye each to his possession, and each to his family shall ye turn back. It a jubilee the year, the fiftieth year shall be to you: ye shall not sow and ye shall not reap its overflowings, and ye shall not gather its separations. For it a jubilee; holy shall it be to you: from the field ye shall eat its produce. In the year of this jubilee ye shall turn back each to his possession. And when ye shall sell a selling to thy neighbor, or buying of thy neighbor's hand, ye shall not oppress each his brother. According to the number of years after the jubilee, thou shalt buy from thy neighbor; according to the number of the years' produce shall he sell to thee. According to the multitude of years thou shalt increase his purchase, and according to the fewness of years thou shalt diminish his purchase: for from the numbering of the produce, he sold to thee.
And the land shall not be sold to be cut off, for the land is to me; for ye are strangers and sojourners with me.
And the land shall not be sold to be cut off, for the land is to me; for ye are strangers and sojourners with me. And in all the land of your possession ye shall give a redemption to the land. read more. When thy brother shall be poor, and he sold his possession, and he being near to him came to redeem it, and he redeemed the selling of his brother. And when to a man there shall be none to him to redeem, and his hand attained and found a sufficiency to redeem it; And he reckoned the years of his selling, and he returned that remaining over to the man to whom he sold it, and turned back to his possession. And if his hand found not a sufficiency to return to him, and his selling was in the hand of him buying it, till the year of the jubilee: and it went forth in the jubilee, and he turned back to his possession. And when a man shall sell the house of dwelling in a walled city, its redemption of it shall be till it was completed: a year of days from its selling shall be its redemption. And if it was not redeemed till the filling up of a complete year, and the house which is in the city, which, if walled, was set forever to him buying it for his generation: it shall not go forth in the jubilee. And the houses of the villages which to them not being walled round about, shall be reckoned for a field of the land: redemption shall be to it, and it shall go forth in the jubilee. And the cities of the Levites, the houses of the cities of their possession, redemption shall be always to the Levites. And whoever shall redeem from the Levites, and the selling of the house and the city of his possession went out in the jubilee; for the houses of the cities of the Levites, this their possession in the midst of the sons of IsraeL And the field of the area of their cities shall not be sold, for it is a possession to them forever. And when thy brother shall be poor, and his hand wavering with thee, hold fast to him; a stranger and sojourner to live with thee.
And the messenger of Jehovah will stand in the hollow of the vineyards, an enclosure hence, and an enclosure thence.
For Jehovah thy God brings thee to a good land, a land of torrents of water, fountains, and depths going forth in the valley and in the mountain;
And watch ye every command which I command thee this day, so that ye shall be strengthened and go in and possess the land where ye are passing over there to possess it; And so that ye shall prolong the days upon the land which Jehovah sware to your fathers to give to them, and to their seed; a land flowing milk and honey. read more. For the land where thou goest in there to possess it, it is not as the land of Egypt, where ye came from there, when thou shalt sow thy seed, and thou wateredst it with thy foot, as a garden of green things: And the land where ye are passing over there to possess it, a land of mountains and valleys; according to the rain of the heavens it will drink water. A land which Jehovah thy God sought for it: continually are the eyes of Jehovah thy God upon it from the beginning of the year, and even to the last of the year.
And I gave the rain of your land in its time, the early and the latter rain; and gather thy grain and thy new wine and thy new oil.
Thou shalt not remove the boundary of thy neighbor which they at first set bounds in thine inheritance which thou shalt inherit in the land which Jehovah thy God gave to thee to inherit it.
Thou shalt not sow thy vineyard with a diversity, lest the fulness of thy seed which thou shalt sow shall be consecrated, and the produce of the vineyard.
When thou shalt come into the vineyard of thy friend, and eat there grapes according to thy soul, to thy satisfying; and thou shalt not give into thy vessel. When thou shalt come into thy friend's standing grain, pluck off the ears with thine hand, and thou shalt not lift up a sickle upon thy friend's standing grain.
When thou shalt reap thy harvest in thy field and didst forget a sheaf in the field, thou shalt not turn back to take it: to the stranger and to the orphan and to the widow shall it be; so that Jehovah thy God shall bless thee in all the doing of thy hands.
Thou shalt not muzzle the ox treading.
And after him was Shamgar, son of Anath; and he will smite the Philistines, six hundred men with an ox-goad; and he also will deliver Israel
And a messenger of Jehovah will come and sit under an oak which is in Ophrah, which is to Joash, father of Ezri: and Gideon his son threshed wheat in the wine press to place in safety from the face of Midian.
And now is not Boaz from our acquaintance of whom thou wert with his maidens? Behold him winnowing the threshing-floor of barley this night
And work for him the land, thou and thy sons, and thy servants, and bring in and it being bread for the son of thy lord, and they shall eat: and Mephibosheth, son of thy lord, shall eat always bread upon my table. And to Ziba, fifteen sons and twenty servants.
Which his harvest the hungry one will devour, and not from thorns shall they take it, and destruction gaped after their substance.
He will shake off as a vine his unripe grapes, and he will cast his flower as the olive.
They shall be as straw before the wind, and as chaff the storm stole it away.
In the field they will harvest his meslin, and they will glean the vintage of the unjust one.
The thorn shall come forth, instead of wheat, and the weed instead of barley. The words of Job were completed
Wilt thou bind the buffalo in the furrow with cords, or will he harrow the valleys after thee?
They shall be as chaff before the wind: and the messenger of Jehovah overthrowing.
The swine from the forest will lay it waste, and the Moving thing of the field will feed upon it
They were destroyed at the fountain of the dwelling: they were dung to the earth.
I passed upon the field of the slothful man, and upon the vineyard of the man wanting heart; And behold, it came up all of it with thorns; brambles covered its face, and the wall of its stones was overthrown.
A vineyard was to Solomon in the place of a multitude; he gave the vineyards to those watching; each shall bring in its fruit a thousand of silver.
And he will dig it up, and he will free it from stones, and he will plant it with a vine of purple grapes, and build a tower in its midst, and he will also hew out a wine-vat in it: and he will wait for grapes to be made, and it will make wild grapes.
And now I will make known to you now what I do to my vineyard, taking away its hedge, and it was for consuming, breaking down its wall, and it was for a treading down.
And all the mountains which shall be dressed with the hoe, the fear of sharp points and thorns shall not come there: and it was for the sending forth of the ox and for the treading of sheep.
To the nations as the tumult of many waters they shall rage, and he rebuked him and he fled from far off and was pursued as the chief of the mountains before the wind and as stubble before the whirlwind.
For the fennel flower shall not be beaten with the threshing sledge, and the wheel of a wagon shall not be turned about upon the cummin; for the fennel flower shall be beaten out with the rod and the cummin with the rod.
For the fennel flower shall not be beaten with the threshing sledge, and the wheel of a wagon shall not be turned about upon the cummin; for the fennel flower shall be beaten out with the rod and the cummin with the rod.
And the oxen and the young asses working the land shall eat salted provender which was winnowed with the fan and by the winnower.
Behold, I set thee to a new cutting threshing sledge having mouths: thou thalt thresh the mountains, and beat small, and the hills thou shalt set as chaff.
For thus said Jehovah to the men of Judah and to Jerusalem, Break up to you the fallow ground, and ye shall not sow to thorns.
And they said not in their heart, Now will we fear Jehovah our God, giving rain, and the early and latter rain in its time: the appointed sevenths of harvest he will watch for us
And they spread them to the sun and to the moon, and to all the army of the heavens which they loved, and which they served, and which they, went after, and which they sought and which they worshiped to them: they shall not be gathered and they shall not be buried; they shall be for dung upon the face of the earth.
And we shall know, we shall pursue to know Jehovah: as the morning his going forth was prepared; and he shall come as the rain to us, as the latter rain, the early rain of the earth.
Sow to yourselves for justice, reap ye for the mouth of kindness; break up to you the fallow ground: and the time to seek Jehovah till he shall come and cast justice upon you.
Behold, I am pressed under you as a wagon will be pressed being filled with the sheaf to it
For behold, I command, and I caused the house of Israel to move to and fro among all nations as it will move to and fro in a sieve, and a stone shall not fall to the earth.
Ask ye from Jehovah rain in the time of the latter rain; Jehovah made lightnings, and he will give rain of heavy showers to them, to each the green herb in the field.
Whose winnowing fan is in his hand, and he will thoroughly cleanse his threshing floor, and gather his wheat into the store; but he will burn down the chaff in inextinguishable fire.
In that time Jesus went in the sabbaths through the standing corn and his disciples were hungry, and begen to pluck the ears, end eat.
And others fell upon good earth and gave fruit, some truly a hundred, and some sixty, and some thirty.
Hear another parable: A certain man was master of a house, who planted a vineyard, and put a hedge around it, and digged in it a winepress, and let it out to farmers, and went abroad: And when the time of the fruits drew near, he sent his servants to the farmers, to receive his parts.
Therefore be longsuffering, brethren, even to the arrival of the Lord. Behold, the farmer awaits the precious fruit of the earth, being longsuffering for it, even till he should receive the early and late rain.