Reference: Timothy, The First Epistle to
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FIRST EPISTLE. Its authenticity as Paul's writing, and its canonical authority as inspired, were universally recognized by the early church with the solitary exception of the Gnostic Marcion. 1 Timothy and 2 Timothy are in the Peshito Syriac of the second century. The Muratorian Fragment on the canon in the same century acknowledges them. The Pastoral Epistles, 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, and Titus, have a mutual resemblance. Irenaeus (adv. Haeres. i. and iii. 3,. section 3-4; 4:16, section 3; 2:14, section 8; 3:11, section 1; 1:16, section 3) quotes 1Ti 1:4,9; 6:20; 2Ti 4:9-21; Tit 3:10. Clement of Alex. (Strom. 2:383, 457; 3:534, 536; 1:350) quotes 1Ti 4; 20/type/anderson'>6:20-21,2 Timothy as to deaconesses; Tit 1:12. Tertullian (de praescriptione Haereticorum, 25 and 6) quotes 1Ti 1:18; 6:13,20; 2Ti 1:14; 2:2; Tit 3:10-11; and adv. Marcion, Scorp. 13, compare 2Ti 4:6.
Eusebius includes the two epistles to Timothy and Titus in "the universally acknowledged Scriptures." Theophilus of Antioch (ad Autolycum 3:14) quotes 1Ti 2:1-2; Tit 3:1. Caius (in Eusebius' Ecclesiastes Hist. vi. 20) recognizes their authenticity. Clement of Rome (First Epistle to Cor. 29) quotes 1Ti 2:8. Ignatius in the second century (epistle to Polycarp 6) alludes to 2Ti 2:4. Polycarp in the same century (Epistle to Philipp. 4-5) alludes to 1Ti 6:7,10; 2Ti 2:4,11-12; and (in chapter 9) to 2Ti 4:10. Hegesippus, in the end of second century (in Eusebius, Ecc. Hist. iii. 32), alludes to 1Ti 6:3,20. Athenagoras at the same period alludes to 1Ti 6:16.
Heresies opposed in the Pastoral Epistles. Ascetic Judaism and legalism (1Ti 1:7; Tit 1:10,14; 3:9) on the one hand, and incipient gnosticism on the other (1Ti 1:4), of which the theory that a twofold principle existed from the beginning, evil as well as good, appears in germ, 1Ti 4:3, etc. In 1Ti 6:20 the term gnosis, "science," itself occurs. Another Gnostic error, "that the resurrection is past," is noticed (2Ti 2:17-18; compare 1Co 15:12-33). The Judaism herein refuted is not that controverted in the earlier epistles, namely, that which joined the law with faith in Christ, for justification. The intermediate phase appears in epistle to Colossians (Colossians 2), namely, that which superadded ascetical will worship and angel worship to Judaism. In the epistle to Philippians (Php 3:2,18-19) the further stage appears, immoral practice accompanying false doctrine as to the resurrection. The pastoral epistles - 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, and Titus - exhibit the mattered godlessness which followed superstition as superstition had followed legalism.
Not knowing the true use of "the law" (1Ti 1:7-8) the false teachers "put away good conscience," as well as "the faith" (1Ti 1:19; 4:2), "spoke lies in hypocrisy, corrupt in mind," regarded "piety as a means of gain" (1Ti 6:5; Tit 1:11); "overthrew the faith" by heresies "eating as a canker, saying the resurrection is past, leading captive silly women, ever learning yet never knowing the truth, reprobate as Jannes and Jambres (2Ti 3:6-8), defiled, unbelieving, professing to know God but in works denying Him, abominable, disobedient, reprobate" (Tit 1:15-16). The universal epistles of John (1Jo 2:18-23; 4:1,3; 2Jo 1:7,11; 3Jo 1:9-10), Jude, and Peter (2Pe 2), and to the Hebrew (Heb 6:4-8) present the same features. This proves the later date of Paul's pastoral epistles. The Gnosticism opposed is not the anti-Judaic later Gnosticism which followed the overthrow of the Jerusalem temple worship, but the earlier phase which amalgamated with Judaism oriental and Greek elements.
Directions in the Pastoral Epistles as to church ministers and officers. The apostle naturally directs Timothy, the church president for the time being at Ephesus, and Titus at Crete, concerning "bishop-elders and deacons," in order to secure due administration of the church at a time when heresies were springing up and when he must soon depart this life. He shows the same anxiety in his address to the elders of the same city Ephesus earlier (Ac 20:21-30). The presbyterate and diaconate existed long before (Ac 6:8; 11:30; 14:23). Paul's directions are not as to their appointment then first, but as to the due ordination and moral qualifications of elders and deacons thenceforth, according as vacancies might occur. Timothy and Titus exercised the same power in ordaining elders in Ephesus and Crete as Paul had in the Gentile churches in general (2Co 11:28).
Unique phrases and modes of thought in the Pastoral Epistles. The difference of subject and of circumstances of those addressed, and those spoken of, as compared with Paul's other epistles, accounts for these. They partly occur in Galatians also, where as here he with characteristic warmth controverts the perverters of the truth: 1Ti 2:6; Tit 2:4, "gave Himself for us," with Ga 1:4; 1Ti 1:17; 2Ti 4:18, "forever and ever," with Ga 1:5; 1Ti 5:21; 6:13; 2Ti 2:14; 4:22 with Ga 1:20; "a pillar," 1Ti 3:15, with Ga 2:9; "mediator," 1Ti 2:5, with Ga 3:20; 1Ti 2:6; 6:15; Tit 1:3, with Ga 6:9, "in due season." Fifty special phrases occur, e.g. "the faithful saying" (1Ti 1:15), "sound," "seared" (1Ti 4:2,7), "old wives' fables," "slow bellies" (Tit 1:12). Paul's writing with his own hand, instead of by an amanuensis, as he did to Galatians and Philemon, accounts for the more concise, abrupt, and forcible style and phraseology.
TIME OF WRITING: First Epistle to Timothy. Soon after Paul's leaving Ephesus for Macedon (1Ti 1:3). The object of leaving Timothy at Ephesus was primarily to restrain the false teachers (1Ti 1:3), not to organize the church for the first time. The institution for church widows implies a settled organization. Scandals occurring after the original institution rendered directions as to the existing ministry needful. The similarity in style, subject, and state of the church, of the second epistle to Timothy (written certainly just before Paul's death) with the first epistle, implies that the date of the latter is not much prior to that of the second. The mention of Timothy's "youth" (1Ti 4:12) is not inconsistent with a late date; he was "young" not absolutely but as compared with "Paul the aged" (Phm 1:9), and with some of the elders whom he had to superintend; probably 34 or 35, compare 1Ti 5:1.
As to Ac 20:25, "all" the Ephesian elders called to Miletus "never saw Paul's face" afterward; Paul "knew" this by inspiration; but this assertion of his is compatible with his visiting Ephesus again (1Ti 1:3; 2Ti 1:18; 4:20). Being at Miletum, so near Ephesus, after his first Roman imprisonment, he would be sure to visit Ephesus. In 1Ti 3:14 Paul says "I write, hoping to come unto thee shortly"; but on the earlier occasion of his passing from Ephesus to Macedon he had planned to spend the summer in Macedon and the winter in Corinth (1Co 16:6). Nor did Paul leave Timothy then as now (1Ti 1:3) at Ephesus, but sent him to Macedon (Ac 19:22). Paul in his address to the Ephesian elders (Ac 20:29-30) prophesies the rise of false teachers; in his epistle to the Ephesians from Rome at his first imprisonment he does not notice the Judaeo-Gnostic errors as yet; but in 1 Timothy he notices them as then actually prevailing.
PLACE OF WRITING: First Epistle to Timothy. Paul's using "went" not "came," "when I went (poreuomenos) into Macedonia" (1Ti 1:3), implies he was not there when he wrote the First Epistle to Timothy. Wherever he was he was uncertain how long he might be detained from coming to Ephesus to Timothy (1Ti 3:14-15). Corinth may have been the place. Between it and Ephesus communication was easy; his course on former occasions was from Macedon to Corinth (Acts 17-18). Coincidences occur between 1Ti 2:11-14 and 1Co 14:40 as to women being silent in church; 1Ti 5:17-18 and 1Co 9:8-10 as to ministers' maintenance, on the law's maxim not to muzzle the ox treading the grain; and 1Ti 5:19-20 and 2Co 13:1-4 as to charges against elders before witnesses. In the very place where these directions had been already enforced Paul naturally reproduces them in his First Epistle to Timothy.
DESIGN.
(1) To direct Timothy to restrain false teachers from teaching aught different from the gospel (1Ti 1:3,20; Re 2:1-6).
(2) To g
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And Stephen, full of faith and power, did great wonders and signs among the people.
which also they did; and they sent it to the elders by the hands of Barnabas and Saul.
And when they had appointed elders for them in every church, with prayer and fasting, they commended them to the Lord, on whom they believed.
So, having sent into Macedonia two of those who ministered to him, Timothy and Erastus, he remained for a time in Asia.
bearing full testimony both to Jews and to Greeks, of the repentance that leads to God, and of the faith that leads to our Lord Jesus Christ. And now, behold, I am going, bound in spirit, to Jerusalem, not knowing what shall befall me there, read more. except that in every city the Holy Spirit testifies to me, saying, That bonds and afflictions await me. But I esteem this a matter of no importance, nor do I hold my life dear to myself, so that I may finish my course with joy, and the ministry that I have received from the Lord Jesus, to bear full testimony to the gospel of the grace of God. And now, behold, I know that you all, among whom I have gone preaching the kingdom of God, will see my face no more.
And now, behold, I know that you all, among whom I have gone preaching the kingdom of God, will see my face no more. For this reason I solemnly affirm to you this day, that I am clean from the blood of all men. read more. For I have not shunned to declare to you the whole counsel of God. Therefore, take heed to yourselves, and to all the flock over which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers, that you be shepherds to the church of God, which he has purchased with his own blood. For I know this, that, after my departure, rapacious wolves will enter in among you, who will not spare the flock;
For I know this, that, after my departure, rapacious wolves will enter in among you, who will not spare the flock; and men will arise from among yourselves, speaking perverse things, that they may draw off disciples after them.
and men will arise from among yourselves, speaking perverse things, that they may draw off disciples after them.
Do I speak these things as a man? Or does not the law, also, say the same? For it is written in the law of Moses: You shall not muzzle the ox that treads out the grain? Has God a care for oxen? read more. or does he say it wholly for our sakes? For our sakes, no doubt, it was written: that he that plows should plow in hope, and that he that thrashes should thrash in hope of partaking.
Let all things be done with propriety, and in good order.
But if Christ is preached that he rose from the dead, how say some among you, that a resurrection of the dead is impossible? But if a resurrection of the dead is impossible, Christ has not been raised. read more. And if Christ has not been raised, then vain is our preaching, and vain also your faith. We are, indeed, also found false witnesses of God; for we have testified against God, that he raised the Christ, whom he did not raise, if, indeed, the dead are not raised. For if the dead are not raised, Christ has not been raised; and if Christ has not been raised, your faith is vain; you are yet in your sins. Then, also, those who have fallen asleep in Christ have perished. If in this life only we have hope in Christ, we are of all men the most miserable. But now, Christ has risen from the dead, the first-fruits of those who slept. For, since through man came death, through man comes also the resurrection of the dead. For, as in Adam all die, so, also, in Christ shall all be made alive: but each in his own order; Christ the first-fruit, afterward, those who are Christ's at his coming. Then comes the end, when he shall have delivered up the kingdom to God, even the Father; when he shall have put down every principality and authority and power: for he must reign till he has put all enemies under his feet. The last enemy, Death, shall be destroyed. For he has put all things under his feet. But when the scripture says, that all things are put under him, it is evident that he is excepted, who did put all things under him. And when all things shall have been put under him, then, also, shall the Son himself be subjected to him that did put all things under him, that God may be the all in all. For else, what shall those do, who are immersed for the dead, if the dead rise not at all? Why, then, are they immersed for the dead? And why are we in danger every hour? I protest, by the joy which I have over you in Christ Jesus our Lord, I die daily. If, to speak as a man, I have fought with wild beasts at Ephesus, what advantage is it to me, if the dead rise not? Let us eat and drink, for to-morrow we die. Be not deceived: Evil communications corrupt good manners.
and perhaps I may abide with you, or even spend the winter, that you may conduct me on my way to whatever place I may go.
besides those things which come upon me from other sources, I have a daily concourse of troubles my anxiety for all the churches.
The third time am I coming to you. By the mouth of two or three witnesses, every matter shall be established. I have foretold, and now the second time, as if I was present, though being absent, I foretell to those who have sinned, and to all others, that, if I come again, I will not spare; read more. since you seek a proof of Christ's speaking in me, who toward you is not weak, but who is mighty in you: for though he was crucified in weakness, yet he lives by the power of God. For we also are weak in him, but we shall live with him by the power of God toward you.
who gave himself for our sins, that he might deliver us from this present evil age, according to the will of our God and Father, to whom be glory from age to age. Amen.
With respect to the things which I now write to you, behold, before God I lie not.
and knowing the grace that was given to me, James and Cephas and John, who seemed to be pillars, gave to me and Barnabas the right hand of fellowship, that we should go to the Gentiles, but they to the circumcision,
Now, a mediator for one is impossible; but God is one.
Let us not become weary in well doing: for in due season we shall reap, if we faint not.
Beware of the dogs, beware of the evil workers, beware of the concision.
For many walk, of whom I often said to you, and now say even weeping, that they are enemies of the cross of the Christ, whose end is destruction, whose god is their appetite, and whose glory is in their shame, who mind earthly things.
As, on going into Macedonia, I besought you to remain in Ephesus, that you might charge some that they teach no other thing,
As, on going into Macedonia, I besought you to remain in Ephesus, that you might charge some that they teach no other thing,
As, on going into Macedonia, I besought you to remain in Ephesus, that you might charge some that they teach no other thing,
As, on going into Macedonia, I besought you to remain in Ephesus, that you might charge some that they teach no other thing,
As, on going into Macedonia, I besought you to remain in Ephesus, that you might charge some that they teach no other thing,
As, on going into Macedonia, I besought you to remain in Ephesus, that you might charge some that they teach no other thing, nor give heed to fables and endless genealogies, which produce disputes rather than godly edification, which is in faith;
nor give heed to fables and endless genealogies, which produce disputes rather than godly edification, which is in faith;
desiring to be teachers of law, though under standing neither what they say nor of what they boldly affirm.
desiring to be teachers of law, though under standing neither what they say nor of what they boldly affirm. But we know that the law is good, if any one use it lawfully; read more. knowing this, that law is not made for a righteous man, but for the lawless and disobedient, for the ungodly and for sinners, for the unholy and for scorners, for murderers of fathers and murderers of mothers, for man-slayers,
Assuredly true and worthy of all acceptation is this saying: that Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners, of whom I am chief.
This charge I commit to you, son Timothy, in accordance with the preceding prophecies concerning you, that by them you may war the good warfare, holding faith and a good conscience, which some having thrust from them, as it respects faith have made shipwreck; of whom are Hymenaeus and Alexander, read more. whom I have delivered to Satan, that they may learn not to revile.
I exhort, therefore, first of all, that supplications, prayers, intercessions, and giving of thanks be made for all men,
I exhort, therefore, first of all, that supplications, prayers, intercessions, and giving of thanks be made for all men, for kings, and for all that are in authority, that we may lead a quiet and peaceable life in all godliness and gravity.
for kings, and for all that are in authority, that we may lead a quiet and peaceable life in all godliness and gravity. For this is good and acceptable in the sight of God our Savior, read more. who is willing that all men should be saved, and come to the knowledge of the truth. For there is one God, and one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus,
For there is one God, and one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus, who gave himself a ransom for all, of which the testimony has been given in its proper times,
who gave himself a ransom for all, of which the testimony has been given in its proper times,
I will, therefore, that the men pray everywhere, lifting up holy hands without wrath and disputation.
Let the woman learn in silence with all subjection. I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to usurp authority over the man, but to be in silence. read more. For Adam was first formed, then Eve. And Adam was not deceived: but the woman being deceived, was in transgression;
I write these things to you, hoping to come to you shortly;
I write these things to you, hoping to come to you shortly; but if I delay, that you may know how you ought to conduct yourself in the house of God, which is the church of the living God, the pillar and support of the truth.
but if I delay, that you may know how you ought to conduct yourself in the house of God, which is the church of the living God, the pillar and support of the truth.
through the hypocrisy of liars, who are seared in their conscience,
through the hypocrisy of liars, who are seared in their conscience, who forbid to marry, and command to abstain from meats, which God has created to be received with thanksgiving by those who believe, and know the truth.
But reject those profane and oldwomanish fables, and exercise yourself for godliness.
Let no one despise your youth; but be an example to the believers, in word, in behavior, in love, in spirit, in faithfulness, in purity.
Do not rebuke an elderly man, but entreat him as a father; the younger men, as brothers:
Let the elders who rule well, be counted worthy of double honor, especially those who labor in word and teaching. For the scripture says: You shall not muzzle the ox that treads out the grain; and, The laborer is worthy of his hire. read more. Receive not an accusation against an old man, unless before two or three witnesses. Those who sin rebuke before all, that the rest also may fear.
If any one teaches other things, and does not assent to the sound words of our Lord Jesus Christ, and to the teaching which is according to godliness,
If any one teaches other things, and does not assent to the sound words of our Lord Jesus Christ, and to the teaching which is according to godliness, he is mad with conceit, knowing nothing, but has a morbid fondness for questions and contentions about words, out of which come envy, strife, railing, evil suspicions, read more. and wranglings, on the part of men who are corrupt in mind, and destitute of the truth, who suppose that godliness is a source of gain. From such withdraw yourself.
and wranglings, on the part of men who are corrupt in mind, and destitute of the truth, who suppose that godliness is a source of gain. From such withdraw yourself. But godliness, with a contented disposition, is great gain. read more. For we brought nothing into this world, and it is certain that we can carry nothing out.
For we brought nothing into this world, and it is certain that we can carry nothing out. And having food and raiment, with these let us be content. read more. But those who will be rich fail into temptation and a snare, and many foolish and hurtful desires, which drown men in destruction and perdition. For the love of money is the root of all evil; through the desire of which, some have erred from the faith, and pierced themselves through with many sorrows.
For the love of money is the root of all evil; through the desire of which, some have erred from the faith, and pierced themselves through with many sorrows. But do you, man of God, shun these things, and pursue righteousness, godliness, faithfulness, love, patience, meekness. read more. Fight the good fight of the faith; lay hold on eternal life, to which you have been called, and for which you confessed the good confession before many witnesses. I charge you, in the sight of God, who makes all things alive, and before Christ Jesus, who, before Pontius Pilate, confessed a good confession,
I charge you, in the sight of God, who makes all things alive, and before Christ Jesus, who, before Pontius Pilate, confessed a good confession, that you keep this commandment, so that you may be spotless and blameless till the appearing of our Lord Jesus Christ, read more. which, in his own times, he will show, who is the blessed and only Potentate, the King of kings, and Lord of lords; who alone has immortality, dwelling in light unapproachable, whom no man has seen, nor can see, tn whom be honor and power eternal. Amen.
who alone has immortality, dwelling in light unapproachable, whom no man has seen, nor can see, tn whom be honor and power eternal. Amen. Charge those who are rich in this age, that they be not proud, nor trust in uncertain riches, but in the living God, who gives us all things richly for our enjoyment, read more. that they do good, that they be rich in good works, that they be ready to distribute, liberal, treasuring up for themselves a good foundation for the time to come, that they may lay hold on eternal life. Timothy, keep that which is committed to your charge, avoiding those profane and empty babblings, and disputations about knowledge falsely so called;
Timothy, keep that which is committed to your charge, avoiding those profane and empty babblings, and disputations about knowledge falsely so called;
Timothy, keep that which is committed to your charge, avoiding those profane and empty babblings, and disputations about knowledge falsely so called;
Timothy, keep that which is committed to your charge, avoiding those profane and empty babblings, and disputations about knowledge falsely so called;
Every one that serves as a soldier keeps himself free from the business of this life, that he may please him that has chosen him to be a soldier.
and their word will eat as a gangrene: of whom are Hyrnenaeus and Philetus, who, as it respects the truth, have erred, saying that the resurrection has already taken place; and they overthrow the faith of some.
For of this sort are those who worm themselves into houses, and lead captive silly women that are laden with sins, and influenced by various desires, that are always learning, and never able to come to the knowledge of the truth. read more. Now as Jannes and Jambres withstood Moses, so these also will withstand the truth; men corrupt in mind, rejected as it respects the faith.
For I am now ready to be poured out, and the time of my departure is at hand.
for Demas has forsaken me, having loved the present age; and he has gone to Thessalonica, Crescens to Galatia, Titus to Dalmatia.
but he has in his own times manifested his word by preaching, which was committed to me ac cording to the commandment of God our Savior;
For there are many unruly and vain talkers and deceivers, especially those of the circumcision, whose mouths must be stopped: these subvert whole houses by teaching, for the sake of base gain, things which they ought not to teach. read more. One of themselves, a prophet of their own, has said: The Cretans are always liars, evil wild beasts, lazy gluttons.
One of themselves, a prophet of their own, has said: The Cretans are always liars, evil wild beasts, lazy gluttons.
and not give heed to Jewish fables, and commandments of men that turn away from the truth.
and not give heed to Jewish fables, and commandments of men that turn away from the truth. To the pure, all things are pure: but to the denied and unbelieving, nothing is pure; but their mind and their conscience are denied. read more. They profess that they know God, but in their works they deny him, being detestable and disobedient, and, as it respects every good work, rejected.
that the aged men be vigilant, grave, sober-minded, sound in faith, in love, in patience;
that the aged men be vigilant, grave, sober-minded, sound in faith, in love, in patience;
That they may teach the young women to be sober-minded, to love their husbands, to love their children,
That they may teach the young women to be sober-minded, to love their husbands, to love their children,
Exhort the young men likewise to be sober-minded,
For the grace of God, which brings salvation to all men, has appeared, teaching us, that denying ungodliness and worldly desires, we should live soberly and righteously and godly in the present age;
who gave himself for us, that he might redeem us from all iniquity, and purify for himself a peculiar people, zealous of good works.
Put them in mind to be subject to principalities and authorities, to obey rulers, to be ready for every good work,
But foolish questions and genealogies and strifes and contentions about the law, avoid; for they are unprofitable and vain. A man that is a sectary, reject, after the first and second admonition,
A man that is a sectary, reject, after the first and second admonition, knowing that such a one is perverted, and sins, being self-condemned.
yet, on account of my love, I rather exhort you, being such a one as Paul the aged, and now also a prisoner on account of Jesus Christ.
For it is impossible to renew again to repentance those who have once been enlightened, and have tasted of the heavenly gift, and have been made partakers of the Holy Spirit, and have tasted the good word of God, and the powers of the coming age, read more. if they fall away; since they again crucify in themselves the Son of God, and put him to an open shame. For the land which drinks up the rain that comes often upon it, and produces herbs suitable for those for whom it is cultivated, receives blessing from God. But that which produces thorns and thistles is rejected, and is near the curse, the end of which is to be burned.
Little children, it is the last time; and, as you have heard that the antichrist is coming, even now there are many antichrists; by which we know that it is the last time. They went out from us, but they were not of us: for, if they had been of us, they would have remained with us; but they went out, that they might be made manifest that they were not all of us. read more. And you have an anointing from the Holy One, and know all things. I have not written to you because you do not know the truth, but because you know it, and because no lie is of the truth. Who is a liar, but he that denies that Jesus is the Christ? He is antichrist, who denies the Father and the Son. "Whoever denies the Son, has not the Father: he that con fesses the Son, has the Father also.
Beloved, believe not every spirit; but prove the spirits, whether they are from God: for many false prophets have gone out into the world.
and whatever spirit confesses not that Jesus Christ came in the flesh, is not from God: and this is the spirit of antichrist, of which you have heard that it comes, and is now already in the world.
To the angel of the church in Ephesus, write: These things says he that holds the seven stars in his right hand, that walks in the midst of the seven golden candlesticks; I know your works, and your labor, and your patience; and that you can not bear with those who are evil, and that you have tried those who say they are apostles, and are not, and have found them liars; read more. and that you have patience, and have endured for my name's sake, and have not fainted. But I have this against you, that you have left your first love. Remember, therefore, whence you have fallen, and repent, and do your first works; if not, I will come to you quickly, and I will remove your candlestick from its place, unless you repent. But you have this, that you hate the works of the Nicolaitanes, which I also hate.